1:

English novel
A novel is a reasonably long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as
a book. A novel is a narrative work of prose fiction that tells a story about specific human
experiences over a considerable length. Prose style and length, as well as fictional or semi-
fictional subject matter, are the most clearly defining characteristics of a novel. The English
novel concerns novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant
part of their lives in England, Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland.

An essential component of English literature is the novel. This study focuses on English-
language novels written by authors who were either born or resided in England, Scotland, Wales,
or Northern Ireland for a considerable portion of their lives (or any part of Ireland before 1922).
Given the nature of the subject, this piece has been handled sensibly, and
with appropriate references and dates of books written in other languages or by authors who are
not predominantly British. 

Early novels in English

The First English Novels

The English novel is traditionally thought to have started with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
(1719) and Moll Flanders (1722), but according to contemporary scholarship, Aphra Behn's
Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister (1684), John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress
(1678), and Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) are more likely contenders. Earlier works like Sir
Thomas Malory.  The Irish author and clergyman Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726,
revised in 1735), which is both a critique of human nature and a parody of travelogues like
Robinson Crusoe, is another significant early work. Generally speaking, the development of the
novel as a significant literary genre is linked to the growth of the middle class in England.

Other notable 18th-century English novelists include Tobias Smollett (1721-1771), a Scottish
writer best known for his humorous picaresque novels like The Ad (1740), Samuel Richardson
(1689-1761), Henry Fielding (1707-1754), Laurence Sterne (1713-1768), who published
Tristram Shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767, Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774), and Laurence
Sterne (1713-1768), who wrote Joseph Andrews (1742).

A striking feature of in both the 18th and 19th century novels is manner the author addressed the
reader directly. For instance, the author might take a break from telling the story to criticize one
of the characters, to feel sorry for or laud another, or to remind the reader of another important
topic.

Romantic period

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 2:
Romantic Literature in English
The term "romantic novel" can signify a number of things. The Romantic era in literary history,
which extends from the late 18th century to the year 1837, is referred to in this context as the
period of novels. However, there are books created in the romantic tradition by authors like
Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and George Meredith that further confuse the situation.
Additionally, the expression is frequently used in modern speech to describe the popular pulp
fiction subgenre that emphasises romantic love. The poets William Blake, William Wordsworth,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Byron, Percy Shelley, and John Keats are particularly
associated with the Romantic era; however two significant novelists, Jane Austen and Walter
Scott, also published in the early 19th century.

The Gothic literature genre was established by Horace Walpole's book The Castle of Otranto,
published in 1764. The term "gothic" was first used to refer to mediaeval architecture.  The
"macabre, bizarre, and supernatural" are combined in this genre, which frequently features
haunted castles, cemeteries, and other attractive settings. The Gothic villain was later presented
by author Ann Radcliffe, who later transformed him into the Byronic hero. The Mysteries of
Udolpho (1794), her most well-known and significant work, is generally referred to be the
prototypical Gothic novel.

The Gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, published in 1818, is also a pioneering work of
science fiction.  The Vampyre by John William Polidori marked the start of the vampire theme in
literature (1819). The biography of Lord Byron and his poem The Giaour served as the basis for
this short narrative. Varney the Vampire (1845), a significant later work, is where many common
vampire tropes first appeared. Varney has fangs, punctures his victims' necks twice, possesses
hypnotic abilities, and is extraordinarily strong. The "sympathetic vampire," who despises his
predicament but is a slave to it, was also first personified in Varney.

Maria Edgeworth (1768-1849) and Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) are two lesser-known
novelists from this era who merit mention. As "the first fully developed regional fiction in
English" and "the first authentic historical novel in English," Edgeworth's 1800 book Castle
Rackrent had a significant impact on Walter Scott.

The novels of sensibility written in the second half of the 18th century are criticised in Jane
Austen's (1775–1817) works, which also mark the beginning of the transition to 19th-century
realism. Despite being primarily comedic, her tales underscore how women rely on marriage to
maintain their social status and financial stability. Austen highlights the challenges faced by
women, who typically did not inherit wealth, were unable to work, and whose entire chance at
success in life hinged on the man they married.
She discusses not only the challenges women faced in her time, but also what was expected of
men and the professions they were required to pursue. She accomplishes this with wit, humour,
and happy endings in which every character—good or bad—gets what they deserve.

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 3:
Her writing garnered her little personal popularity and just a few favourable reviews during her
lifetime, but after her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen was published in 1869, she was
introduced to a larger audience, and by the 1940s, she had established herself as a famous author.

A Janeite fan culture emerged and Austen study proliferated in the second half of the 20th
century. Mansfield Park, Persuasion, Emma, Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice
(1813), and others are among Austen's writings. Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), who was not only
a very famous British novelist but also "the greatest single effect on literature in the 19th century
and a European character," was the other significant novelist at the start of the early 19th
century. With his Waverley Novels series, which included Waverley (1814), The Antiquary
(1816), and The Heart of Midlothian, Scott invented the historical fiction genre (1818).
However, whereas Scott is less frequently read today, Austen is still extensively read and has
been the inspiration for movies and television shows.

Victorian novel
During the Victorian era (1837–1901), the novel rose to prominence as the primary literary form
in English. Several female novelists found success in the 19th century, despite frequently having
to write under a male pseudonym. The majority of novels were published in three volumes at the
start of the 19th century. But with the release of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in 20
installments between April 1836 and November 1837, monthly serialization was once again
popular. To keep readers interested, there was a great demand for each episode to introduce a
new element, whether it was a plot surprise or a new character. Dickens and Thackeray both used
this method of publication regularly.

Social novels, often referred to as social problem novels, became popular in the 1830s and 1840s
as a result of the social and political changes that followed the Reform Act of 1832. This was in
many respects a response to the social, political, and economic problems that came with fast
industrialization and it served as a method to remark on industry and governmental excesses as
well as the suffering of the poor, who did not benefit from England's economic boom. To evoke
empathy and encourage reform, tales of the working-class impoverished were told to the middle
class. Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is a prime example (1837–38).

The two novels already stated were Charles Dickens' first works when he first entered the literary
world in the 1830s. Dickens described London life and the plight of the poor in graphic detail,
but he did so in a lighthearted way that was understandable to readers of all social classes. A
Christmas Carol remains among his most widely read works (1843).
Dickens' later works, including ‘Dombey and Son’ (1846–48), ‘Great Expectations’ (1860–61),
‘Bleak House’ (1852–53), ‘Little Dorrit’ (1855–57), and ‘Our Mutual Friend’, have garnered the
most admiration in recent years (1864–65). William Makepeace Thackeray was an early rival of
Dickens, ranking second only to him throughout the Victorian era, but he is today considerably
less read and is virtually entirely remembered for Vanity Fair (1847). He satirizes large segments
of humanity in the book while still keeping it lighthearted. His most enduring figure is Becky
Sharp, a captivatingly roguish character.

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 4:
Other notable novelists of the 1840s and 1850s included the Brontë sisters. Their books created a
stir when they were first released but have since become classics. They began writing
obsessively as children and were first published as poets in 1846 using the aliases Currer, Ellis,
and Acton Bell. The following year, the sisters moved back to prose and each wrote a novel:
Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre, Emily wrote Wuthering Heights, and Anne wrote Agnes Grey. Later,
Charlotte's Villette (1853) and Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) were also published.
Successful author Elizabeth Gaskell also had a book called Mary Barton published in 1848 under
a pseudonym. The lifestyle in England's industrial north is contrasted with that in the country's
affluent south in Gaskell's novel North and South. Although Gaskell's writing follows Victorian
standards, she frequently uses her stories to attack modern mindsets. Her early writings primarily
focused on factory work in the Midlands. She consistently emphasized the importance of
women, creating compelling stories with strong female leads.

One of the most popular, prolific, and well-respected English novelists of the Victorian era was
Anthony Trollope (1815–82). His most well-known works, such as The Warden (1855) and
Barchester Towers are situated in the fictional county of Barsetshire (1857). He also penned
insightful novels on current events, such as The Way with Live Now, and social, political, and
gender issues (1875). The landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England were
depicted in Trollope's works.

Adam Bede, the debut book by Mary Ann Evans (1819–80), was released in 1859. Her novels,
particularly Middlemarch (1871–1872), are notable literary realism examples and are renowned
for their high Victorian literary detail paired with an intellectual breadth that frees them from the
constricting geographic focus.

Thomas Hardy's works display an interest in rural issues and the shifting social and economic
conditions of the countryside (1840–1928). He was a Victorian realism, following in George
Eliot's footsteps, and Romanticism, particularly William Wordsworth, had an impact on both his
fiction and poetry. Thomas Hardy was also greatly influenced by Charles Darwin. He was
equally as harshly critical of many aspects of Victorian society as Charles Dickens, while Hardy
concentrated more on a collapsing rural civilization.

Although Hardy considered himself primarily a poet and composed poetry throughout his life,
his first collection was not released until 1898. As a result, he initially rose to recognition as the
author of novels like Far from the Madding Crowd’ (1874) and ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’’.
After receiving negative feedback for his most recent book, he stopped producing novels. In
novels like ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ and ‘Tess of the d'Urbervilles’, Hardy makes an effort
to produce contemporary tragedies that are modelled after Greek drama, particularly that of
Aeschylus and Sophocles, but written in prose rather than poetry, as novels rather than plays, and
with characters of commoners rather than nobility. George Gissing (1857–1903), a notable late
19th-century author, produced 23 books between 1880 and 1903. His most popular book is called
New Grub Street (1891).

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 5:
In this time period, genre fiction underwent significant developments. The famous author of The
Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes, George MacDonald, is often credited with founding the
modern fantasy genre, even though his 1841 novel The King of the Golden River predates it
(1858). Popular English poet William Morris produced a number of fantasy books in the final
decades of the nineteenth century. The Woman in White is one of the best suspense novels,
whereas Wilkie Collins' 1868 epistolary novel The Moonstone is generally regarded as the first
detective story in the English language.

The Time Machine (1895) and The War of the Worlds (1898), two science fiction books by H.
G. Wells (1866–1946), debuted in the 1890s. Science fiction novels like ‘The Time Machine’
(1895) and ‘The War of the Worlds’ (1898), which depict a Martian invasion of late Victorian
England, launched H. G. Wells' (1866–1946) writing career in the 1890s. Wells is regarded,
along with the Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a key figure in the development of the
science fiction genre. Additionally, he created realistic fiction about the lower middle class in
books like ‘The History of Mr. Polly and Kipps’ (1905-1910).

The 20th Century Novels

Irishman James Joyce (1882–1941), American Henry James (1843–1916), and Pole Joseph
Conrad were the major novelists working in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century (1857–
1924). The modernist tradition in literature begins with James and Conrad's The Ambassadors
(1903), The Golden Bowl (1904), and Lord Jim, which place an emphasis "towards the ever
more minute and analytic presentation of mental life" (1900). D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930), who
wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes and the personal
life of those who could not adapt, and Dorothy Richardson (1873-1957), whose novel Pointed
Roof (1915) is one of the earliest examples of the stream of consciousness technique. His first
truly great work is largely considered as Sons and Lovers (1913). The novel's unexpurgated form
wasn't released until 1959, nevertheless. James Joyce's influential modernist book Ulysses then
came out in 1922. "A manifestation and synthesis of the entire movement" has been said of
Ulysses. It is a one-day story set in Dublin in June 1904 that Joyce compares to Homer's epic
masterpiece The Odyssey.

Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), a key feminist and stylistic pioneer linked with the stream-of-
consciousness approach, was another significant modernist in the 1920s. Mrs. Dalloway (1925),
To the Lighthouse (1927), and The Waves are some of her books (1931). Her well-known
maxim, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction," may be
found in her essay collection A Room of One's Own (1929).

But despite modernism's rise to prominence as a literary movement in the first decades of the
twenty-first century, there were still many excellent novelists who did not subscribe to the
modernist school. A few examples of this are E. M. Forster (1879–1970), John Galsworthy
(1867–1933) (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), author of The Forsyte Saga, Arnold Bennett
(1867–1931), and H. G. Wells (1866–1946).

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 6:
Despite the fact that Forster's writing is "often seen as possessing both modernist and Victorian
aspects." While his previous works, such as A Room with a View (1908) and Howards End
(1910), probed the limitations and hypocrisy of Edwardian society in England, E. M. Forster's A
Passage to India (1924) expressed challenges to imperialism. Rudyard Kipling, who wrote
novels, short tales, and poems, was undoubtedly the most well-known British author of the early
20th century. He was also the youngest person to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature (1907).
George Orwell (1903–1955), a notable English author of the 1930s and 1940s, is best known for
his totalitarian satires Nineteen Eighty–Four (1949) and Animal Farm (1945). A Handful of Dust
(1934), Decline and Fall (1928), and other works by Evelyn Waugh (1903-66) made fun of the
"bright young things" of the 1920s and 1930s, while Brideshead Revisited (1945) had a
theological underpinning and sought to analyse how divine grace affected its primary characters.
The dystopian classic Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) was released in 1932,
the same year as A Glastonbury Romance by John Cowper Powys (1872–1963). The novel
Murphy, by Samuel Beckett (1906–89), was released as his first significant work in 1938.
Brighton Rock, Graham Greene's (1904–91) first significant book, was released in the same year.
James Joyce then released Finnegans Wake in 1939. In this piece, Joyce invents a unique
vocabulary to convey a character's dreaming awareness.

The important novelist Graham Greene produced works from the 1930s to the 1980s. Greene, a
Catholic convert, explores the complex moral and political dilemmas of the contemporary world
in his works. His novels The Heart of the Matter (1948), A Burnt-Out Case (1961), and The
Human Factor are notable for his ability to combine critical praise and widespread success
(1978). After the war, Evelyn Waugh's (1903–1966) career continued, and in 1961 he finished
his most important work—a trilogy on the conflict titled Sword of Honour. Under the Volcano
by Malcolm Lowry was published in 1947, and 1984, George Orwell's critique of
authoritarianism, was released in 1949. William Cooper wrote one of the most influential books
in the immediate post-war era.

Other authors who produced works in the 1950s and later included: Anthony Powell (1905-
2000), whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time (1951-75) is a
humorous examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political,
cultural, and military life in the middle of the 20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis, best
known for his academic satire Lucky Jim (1954). Using a group of British schoolboys marooned
on a desert island as its model, Nobel Prize winner William Golding's allegorical novel Lord of
the Flies (1954) examines how culture created by man fails; philosopher Iris Murdoch was a
prolific author of novels that deal with issues like sexual relationships, morality, and the power
of the unconscious. Her works include The Green Knight (1973), The Black Prince (1973), and
Under the Net (1954-1993). Muriel Sparks, a Scottish author, also started writing in the 1950s. In
her books, she pushed the limits of realism.

Her works include The Green Knight (1973), The Black Prince (1973), and Under the Net
(1954). (1993). Muriel Sparks, a Scottish author, also started writing in the 1950s. In her books,

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 7:
she pushed the limits of realism. Her first book, The Comforters, was published in 1957 and is
about a lady who learns she is a character in a book.

Her second book, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, published in 1961, occasionally transports the
reader into the distant future to witness the different destinies that befall its protagonists.
Anthony Burgess is well known for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange, which was
published in 1962 and was later, adapted into a 1971 Stanley Kubrick film.

Between 1946 and 1959, Mervyn Peake (1911–1968) published his enormously popular
Gormenghast trilogy in a totally distinct subgenre called Gothic fantasy. A significant portion of
post-war literature was written by immigrants. After immigrating to England, Doris Lessing
(1919), a native of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), wrote her debut book, The Grass is
Singing, in 1950. She began by writing about her travels in Africa. Lessing published often
throughout the century and quickly rose to prominence in the English literary landscape. In 2007,
she was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. One of the post-secondary writers from the former
British colonies who made their home in Britain permanently is Salman Rushdie (born 1947).

With Midnight's Children, which won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, the Booker Prize,
and was named Booker of Bookers in 1993, Rushdie rose to celebrity. His most contentious
book, ‘The Satanic Verses’ (1989), was somewhat influenced by Muhammad's biography.
Another immigrant, V. S. Naipaul (1932–2018), was born in Trinidad and is best known for his
works ‘A House for Mr. Biswas’ (1961) and ‘A Bend in the River’ (1979). The Nobel Prize in
Literature went to Naipaul. George Lamming (1927–1922), a native of the West Indies, is best
known for his novel In the Castle of the Skin (1953).
Kazuo Ishiguro, another significant immigrant author, was born in Japan in 1954, but his parents
moved to Britain when he was six years old. ‘The Remains of the Day’ (1989) and ‘Never Let
Me Go’ (2005) are two of his masterpieces.

James Kelman, born in 1946, is one of the notable novelists from Scotland who emerged in the
latter half of the 20th century. Like Samuel Beckett, Kelman can find humour in even the most
hopeless circumstances. In 1994, ‘How Late it Was’, ‘How Late’ won the Booker Prize; in 2007,
A. L. Kennedy's novel Day won the Costa Book Award for Novel of the Year. Alasdair Gray
(1934-2019), whose dystopian fantasy Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) is set in his home
town of Glasgow, was the recipient of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 2007,
and she is a Glasgow native. Irvine Welsh, a fellow modern Scot, provided a scathing portrayal
of the lives of working-class heroin users in Edinburgh in his 1993 novel 'Trainspotting'.

Novelist and journalist Angela Carter (1940–1992) is renowned for her feminist, magical
realism, and picaresque writings. Her novels from the 1960s to the 1980s include Nights at the
Circus and The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972). (1984). Margaret Drabble,
a novelist, biographer, and critic, was born in 1939 and has been active in publishing since the
1960s. Possession, a 1990 publication by her older sister A. S. Byatt (born 1936), is her most
well-known work.

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 8:
Novelist and journalist Angela Carter (1940–1992) is renowned for her feminist, magical
realism, and picaresque writings. Her novels from the 1960s to the 1980s include Nights at the
Circus and The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972). (1984). Margaret Drabble,
a novelist, biographer, and critic, was born in 1939 and has been active in publishing since the
1960s. Possession, a 1990 publication by her older sister A. S. Byatt (born 1936), is her most
well-known work. Popular novelists include Daphne Du Maurier, who published the mystery
Rebecca in 1938, and W. Somerset Maugham, whose highly autobiographical novel Of Human
Bondage (1915) is often regarded as his best work. Agatha Christie was a significant author of
crime novels, short tales, and plays, best known for her 80 detective novels and her well-received
West End stage productions. Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and
‘And Then There Were None’ are three of Christie's books (1939). While Georgette Heyer
invented the historical romance genre, Dorothy L. Sayers was a well-known author during the
Golden Age of detective fiction.

Conclusively, the real beginning of the English novel took place in the 18th century. Its roots can
be traced back thousands of years, though its origins in English are traditionally placed in the
18th century. As an invented prose narrative of significant length and complexity, the novel deals
imaginatively with human experience .The rise of the novel was a result of the democratic
movement for widespread education. Narrative prose was meant to entertain and tell a story. It is
a description of a chain of events which includes a cast of characters, a setting, and an ending.

REFERNCES:
 Scholes, R., Phelan, J., & Kellogg, R. (2006). The nature of narrative: Revised and expanded.
OUP USA.
 Holzberg, N. (2005). The ancient novel: an introduction. Routledge.
 Letellier, R. I. (2002). The English Novel, 1700-1740: An Annotated Bibliography (No. 56).
Greenwood Publishing Group.
 Hunter, J. P., Novak, M. E., Seidel, M. A., Rawson, C. J., Spencer, J., Mullan, J., & Carson, J.
(1996). The Cambridge companion to the eighteenth-century novel. Cambridge University Press.
 Richetti, J., Bender, J., David, D., & Seidel, M. (Eds.). (1994). The Columbia history of the
British novel. Columbia University Press.
 Letellier, R. I. (1997). The English novel, 1660-1700: an annotated bibliography (No. 53).
Greenwood Publishing Group.
 Downie, J. A. J. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Oxford
University Press.
 Wheeler, M. (2014). English fiction of the Victorian period. Routledge.
 Peers, E. A. (1964). A history of the romantic movement in Spain (Vol. 1). CUP Archive.
 Kelly, G. (2016). English Fiction of the Romantic Period 1789-1830. Routledge.
 Rossato, B. D. (2018). The portrayal of women in Pride and prejudice (1813) and the Lizzie
Bennet diaries (2012/2013).
 Chaucer, G., Shakespeare, W., Byron, L., Browning, R., Eliot, T. S., Thomas, E., ... & Carver, R.
(1700). English literature. Restoration, 1660, 1700.
 Smothers, A. (2016). Jane Austen uncensored: a critical and pedagogical study of Austen's letters
for the college classroom. Northern Illinois University.
 Hawkins, A. R., & Ives, M. C. (Eds.). (2012). Women Writers and the Artifacts of Celebrity in the
Long Nineteenth Century. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature
 9:
 Sutherland, J. (1995). The Victorian Novelists: Who Were They?. In Victorian Fiction (pp. 151-
164). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
 Nako, A. (2021). George Eliot and Realism: a Reading of the Early Novels, from Adam Bede to
Brother Jacob.
 Jedrzejewski, J. (2008). George Eliot. Routledge.
 Shattock, J. (Ed.). (2001). Women and literature in Britain 1800-1900. Cambridge University
Press.
 Kastan, D. S. (Ed.). (2006). The Oxford encyclopedia of British literature: 5-volume set. Oxford
University Press.
 Stade, G., & Karbiener, K. (2010). Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present (Vol. 2).
Infobase Publishing.
 Jeffares, A. N., & Morony, M. (1986). Twentieth-century English literature. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
 Meyers, J. (2010). Orwell: Life and Art. University of Illinois Press.
 Merz, C. (2003). Post-War Literature: 1945 to the Present Day. Evans Brothers.
 Dawson, A. (2012). The Routledge Concise History of Twentieth-century British Literature.
Routledge.
 Caserio, R. L. (Ed.). (2009). The Cambridge companion to the twentieth-century English novel.
Cambridge University Press.
 McCourt, J. (Ed.). (2009). James Joyce in Context. Cambridge University Press.

RISE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL LECTURE NOTES BY: I. M. FOFANAH

LITERATURE 225 B.A (Ed) & M. A (Ed) - Literature