LCTeTeT ae) (WOGABULARY! Offering assistance 11 |SHEAKING Work with a partner and discuss the difference between the pairs of words. 1 voluntary vocational 2 donation contribution 3. beneficial profitable 4 motive incentive 5 empathy sympathy 6 protests campaigns Ib Choose the correct alternative. 1 The decision raised a storm of protests/campaigns among people living in the countryside. It’s his own fault, He'll get no empathy/sympathy from me. 3 Voluntary/Vocational courses offer job-focussed training for specific roles or careers. Exercise is beneficial/profitable to your health. Rosie has made a massive donation/contribution to the project, putting in lots of late nights and extra hours. 6 Have you been watching that new detective series? Its intriguing! What do you think is the motive/ incentive behind the crime? oe 1c Complete these questions with words from 1a. Then discuss them with your partner. 1 How much do you have for celebrities whose private lives are exposed in the media? 2. Do you agree that a person doing work should not expect a high salary? 3 Which group of people do you think should receive greatest recognition for their to society? 4 In your opinion, is it OK for parents to offer their teenagers money as an to study hard? 5 Do government aimed at changing the behaviour of young people work? Why/Why not? 2 RODE Read the article, ignoring the gaps and paragraphs A-G. What point is the author making? 1. Its hard to know how best to help people in need, 2. Helping both friends and strangers is a moral duty. 3. Online tools have enhanced our ability to do good. You are going to do a reading activity where there are paragraphs missing from a text. in this type of activity, underline examples of referencing in the removed paragraphs, e.g. it, this, those and synonyms for words in the main text. > EXAM SUCCESS page 129 Read the article again. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one that fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Think! Then compare ideas with your class. = Find evidence in the text where the author is for/against people travelling to volunteer. |= When the author discusses the value of people going to another country to volunteer, what are they basing their argument on? What would make their argument more valid? Match the underlined words and phrases in the icle to tl initions. turn away your eyes or thoughts from something limit the development and progress of something to be affected by emotion in a very strong way to unwillingly let go of something, or give it up 2 person who is standing near and observing something but is not participating fora very long time Hewnage No a difficult or terrible situation 8 the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened 9 allack of, scarcity 10 to challenge an idea, a view [SPEAK What about you? 1 To what extent do you agree with the author's views on going to other countries to volunteer your help? 2 What social media campaigns do you know of that have made a difference?CHARITY Na) ARE OUR ACTS OF KINDNESS AS STRAIGHTFORWARD AS THEY SEEM? It's a bitterly cold morning as you set off to meet your friend, and the coins in your pocket are sufficient for a hot chocolate. ‘As you turn the corner with the café in sight, you spot a very thin young boy, shivering in a torn and dirty T-shirt. Would you avert your eyes and rush past? Or might you act in a more altruistic way, despite the fact that this child is unknown to you, and buy the hot drink for him instead? e Inhhis defence, the other person said he was stressed out and was dealing with personal issues, but my friend knew their tutor had warned him not to let personal problems impede his academic goals. Eventually her altruistic raits won through and she told him he could sake the credit as well as her, but that he would ave to hurry up and sort his life out. Although similar dilemmas have existed since time immemorial, the term ‘altruism’ was coined by mite, the French philosopher and father of sociology, in 1851. He defined it as intentional Qe Displays of ‘niceness' have an underlying, selfish motive, according to this school of thought. For example, in the second scenario above, it may be a case of You scratch my back, then I scratch yours nd by donating a drink to the child, are you just stroking your own ego? While these arguments are nothing new, with the davm of the digital age, the controversy hhas grown. But let's start with a belief that is rarely contested. Many people claim that modern technology has made the id a smaller place, and has eliminated international borders, 8 though some will respond to these in weary resignation, others, refusing to feel powerless, will want to take action, But ‘which action? I was recently in aman who had once jumped on to help out in a region severely affected by flooding, We'll call him ‘John’, He said he had been deey the people's plight and had wanted to do something ‘proactive’ Students sorting clothes for a disaster relief effort GQ Bis eta not just by photo journalists but by anyone with @ tuations in far-flung ‘And the images, taken recording device, have became far mi The situation tums out not to| as it seems. In order to do so, y ssychologists, easier eaid than done. Certainly it can help people to feel part ofa global aring community, However, this is ilusory in terms of creating impact ritical situation. real-time updates and liv feeds allow 1 the needs of others, According to ul change, and it may also lead them to overlook the mast practical thingin a Scent and psychologists hhave been debating the nature and evolutionary origins of altruistic behaviour ever since, thas also been suggested that altyulsth doesn't realy exist ‘Then consider a slightly different situation in which the potential recipient of your goodwill s more familiar to you. This happened to a friend recently: her contribution toa collaborative project far more significant in terms of time, effort and i © vever, he was soon brought down earth, realising that in a disaste zone, he was a useless bystander. AS we talked, he confessed that he lacked any specialist training or skills, but this had only occurred to him in hindsight, His heart had been in the right place, but he had ended up eating food that could have been handed aut ta local people, and requiring medical attention om di t were alread) overwhelmed. 8 Online campaigning appears to offer native approach, It's easy tobbelieve you can be a catalyst for change without looking up from your sptop. In the digital age, we can watch videos of our favourite celebrities protesting against injustice, click on like’ to endorse a worthy cause, tweet 140 characters about a humanitarian crisis, and generate viral slogans from hashtags. But what does this accomplish? @ According to relief agencies, there is plenty of goodwill, but a dearth of donations — possibly a result of ‘charity fatigue’. Indeed, it was estimat ‘that donations fell by 20% last yeai ‘Then the concem that your money won't end up ‘in the right place’ is also a deterrent. Just as the motives for altruism can sometimes be questionable, you can also be rendered powerless by questions about how best to show it. Vague notions of tending to the sick, or helping to rebuild the infrastructure had begun to form. As with many other willing volunteers, the relinquishing of ne comforts fara few months seemed im a small sacrifice to make, This, according to relief agencies, is not ‘unique case, In the haste to assist needy, many would-be volunteers rush in without weighing up what they can realistically contribute against how much they might actually hinder relief effoGrammar in context ee 1b 2 3. Choose the correct alternative( 1 2 3 Look at the sentences. How could you rewrite them using direct speech? a Inhis defence, the other person said he was stressed out and was dealing with personal issues. She told him he could take the credit instead of her, but that he would have to hurry up and sort his life out. What parts of sentences a and b needed to change? Look at the sentences from the article and answer the questions. 1... their tutor had warned let personal problems impede his academic goals. What are the missing words? Can you think of reporting verbs that could replace ‘warn’? 2. Many people claim that modem technology has made the world a smaller place. Why can we use present perfect? 3 He said he had been deeply moved by the people's plight and had wanted to do something ‘proactive’ ‘Why is it necessary to use past perfect in this sentence? 4... he confessed that he lacked any specialist training ‘What other verb pattern can be used here? 5. It was estimated that donations fell by 20% last year. ‘What form of reported speech is this? Why does the author use it? Cee Joe insisted us to go/that we went/on us going to the protest with him. Lisa instantly regretted posting/that she had posted/having posted that comment, My parents discouraged me to volunteer/ from volunteering/not to volunteer for the programme. Itis believed to be/that it is/to have been the most ‘liked’ social media campaign ever. Enrique announced he would be/to us he would be/he has been stepping down as leader. Leo objected that he had to share/to sharing/ to us that he would share the credit with Bruno. Ben regretted that he had not taken/not taking/ not having taken the opportunity to train abroad. oe 4. Use the direct speech to make reported speech ntences with these verbs. Use no more than two words in each gap. admitted * announced * conceded * congratulated demanded + denied + pointed out + urged 1. ‘We didn't reach our target this year which sadly means that we can no longer rely on public donations.” The organiser (a) that they (b) reached their target (c) year and (d) that they (e) no longer rely on donations. ‘We'll be doing further research because we aren't certain how effective our campaign was.” The director (a) that they (b) doing further research and (c) about how effective their campaign (d) 3. ‘You've done a great job! Don't let any negative ‘comments on the Internet put you off The team leader (a) the volunteers (b) a great job and (c) them () pay attention to negative comments. 4. ‘Ididn't take bribes, and | expect an apology from the media for accusing me!’ He (a) taking bribes, and (b) the media (c) for accusing him, be to being uncertain that 5. Use the verbs in bold and the underlined text to rewrite the article in reported speech. Use linking phrases if needed. Middle School Fundraiser o (predict) that child poverty will continue to rise over the next few years. On Friday, our school will be holding a fundraising event in response. Last week I spoke to the four student organisers to find out what motivated them, Organiser Mia Hall told me (2)'l feel the issue is being i ' i vy. at ing’ Like Mia, Leo Mills also felt a sense of obligation: he said (2)'Once all the money has been it". c some videos of celebrities protesting about the situation,’ admitted Luke King and Isla Brown. Now they are determined to make a difference. ‘The students have now set up their own webpage to promote awareness of the issue. Last Monday, Isla urged her Classmates to share the page as much as possible. (5) If you wa huge crowd, That’ rget’ she explained. (6) lebrity will be attending - so come along! 6 (SPEAKING Work with a partner. Make notes about their opinion on the role that celebrities play in raising awareness of global issues. Now ‘report’ what your partner said to a different person.Expressions and phrases with self Developing vocabulary 1 (SPEMRING] How might this behaviour be considered either selfish or selfless? 1. A father runs into a burning building to rescue someone else's child, 2 Awealthy friend pays for a poorer friend's meal in an expensive restaurant. 2 Match the phrases (A-F) to the definitions (1-6) below. AQ self-doubt B self-expression © seltindulgence D self-serving E self-preservation F self-deprecating 1. being excessively modest, or undervaluing oneself 2 how one shows their feelings, thoughts or ideas, especially through music, art and writing 3. the instinctive protection of oneself from harm, danger 4 allack of confidence in oneself and abilities 5 having concern only for one's own interests 6 behaviour in which a person does exactly what they want, often for the purpose of pleasure or through laziness Complete the sentences with the phrases in 2. 1. Feeling tired and stressed? Come to Muses Spa for a weekend of and relaxation. 2. In some extreme cases, when comments have become very vicious, people have deleted their social media accounts as a means of 3. Many teenagers go through periods of and wonder who they are and how they fit in 4. I prefer people who make ‘comments to people who take themselves too seriously. 5. Sara says her haircut is a form of Fe and no-one should criticise her for it. 6 Everything that Liam does is completely ~ he just manipulates people to get what he wants. \SPEMINS| Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. 1. Iffriends make self-deprecating comments, how do, you respond? Is ita good thing to frequently make these kinds of comments? 2 What forms of selfexpression can you think of? How do you express yourself? 3. To what extent do you think people are self-serving? 5 Here are some other expressions with ‘self’. Choose the best word to fill the gap. 1. My grandfather is the epitome of the self- man. He was very poor as a child, but through his hard work and business-sense, he became incredibly successful. A created B styled € formed D made 2 My uncle was a top footballer player in his youth, but now he’s a of his former self. ‘A shade B shadow C trace hint 3 | think my sister can be a bit up in herself at times, She thinks she's the only one with problems. ‘A wrapped B folded —€ turned =D bound 4 When | feel down, | prefer to myself in my music. I'm not the kind of person to open up to others. C evade D drop A lose B escape 5 It’s. a movie about a woman who hates her job and her life in general ~ she goes on a long journey in order to herself again A shape B acquire € find D define Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use one word only in each gap. TAKING SELFIES For teens, taking selfies is (a) wry... pach part of a daily routine, but now other groups have ‘become hooked, too. Ordinary people of all ages are now caught up in the phenomenon, (b) to mention self-serving politicians and celebrities so wrapped up (c) the ‘importance’ of their own lives that they think the public wants a new photo every day. But for most of us, no matter (d) generation we may be, we engage in this activity without any real thought simply (e) everyone else is doing it. Often wwe post them to social media in (f) to develop our own personal ‘brand’, which is done by careful editing of the photos we choose to show. @ posting selfies can offer some people a sense of connection and freedom of self-expression, (h) is concern amongst researchers that for others it may lead to self-doubt when they don’t receive enough ‘likes’. I's worth remembering, ‘however, that self-portraiture is nothing new and artists engaged in this genre have often depicted @ ‘ina less-than-accurate fashion, 7 (GPEMKING| How often do you take selfies? Which points in 6 do you agree or disagree with?1 SHEARING Work with a partner. What can you see in the photo? What might the people be doing and why? While listening, don't just write the first ‘possible answer’ that seems to fit the gap as this may be a distractor. Listen carefully: does the speaker give other information that may provide a better answer? > EXAM SUCCESS page 130 2. SHEIK Work with a partner. You are going to listen to a podcast in which Silvia talks about a conservation programme. Read the notes and predict Silvia’s answers in 3 3c STERN © 26 Listen and complete the sentences with a word or short phra: | otepad es + Silvia describes the accommodation as (1) | « She hadh2 expected vs cllct so much (2) | fecieee es | when she constructed the forces + She describes the researcher’ efforts to save the seals as (4) = | + Silvia’s team leader sometimes asked her te take on the rile | £6) + She is surprised at the number of (6) | developed during the time on the island. + She admits t feling nervaus about the (7) at the end of the week. + Silvia uses the word (8) | fel while ta convey ker Is about her time. on the canservation pragranime. 3b © 26 Listen again and check your answers. 4. SREIKHIG| Would you be interested in taking part in this programme? Why/Why not? UTE 5. Look at the sentences and complete the text with the words. a. As the researchers told us, on no account should you get too close to the seals. b_ Not only do you have to perform in front of all the other volunteers, but you have to do it without music. form adverbial + emphasis There are some (1) (@) ‘or restrictive meaning that can occur at phrases with a the beginning of a sentence for (3) ‘occur mainly in written English or more (4) speech, and occasionally in less formal speech for dramatic effect. When using an inversion, don’t forget 10 (5) the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb. Use do, does or did if no auxiliary verb is present. They 6 Rewrite these sentences as non-inverted. 1 Never had the programme seen such huge number of volunteers. 2. Hardly ever do the seals come to shore. GUIs oaes) 7 Complete the second sentence, using the word given. Use no more than six words. 1. After we started the beach clean-up we realised it was a bigger job than we'd thought. Just Not until we started the beach clean-up big a job it was, 2. We stopped filming the seals only after the battery died, RAN Only we stop filming the seals. 3. Scientists didn’t understand how rare the birds were until recently RECOGNISED Only recently an endangered species by scientists. 4. Its against the rules to swim alone at that beach. ACCOUNT On yourself at that beach. 5 We had to unpack as soon as we arrived. HAD No we had to unpack 6 We didh’t understand how challenging the programme would be. DEMANDS Little of the programme would be.Developing writing Areport 1 \SPEKIG Work with a partner and discuss. Do you agree that: = charities should be funded by ordinary people? today’s young generation is more interested in social issues than previous generations? = the richer you are, the more money you should give to charity? Which of these causes would you be more likely to give money to? ® building of a new school in a developing country = improving recreational facilities for teens in your town/city = providing abandoned animals with a safe home Read the task below and answer the questions. ‘An international research group is investigating the extent to which teenagers make donations to good causes. You have been asked by the research group to write a report about your country, including the following points: = the attitudes of teens towards donation the factors that affect their ability to donate = suggestions to encourage teen donation. In order to write this report, how would you go about getting your information, so that you could answer the first two points above? What suggestions do you have for the third point? Read the student's report, ignoring the underlined words/phrases. 1 How has the writer got their information? 2 Are their suggestions the same as yours? 3. How is the report structured? What register is used? Teenagers Donating to Charitable Causes Introduction The aim of this report is to outline the attitudes of teens towards donating money, clothing and other possessions to good causes. Furthermore, it will. consider factors that limit their ability to donate and suggest ideas that may lead to increased donation. The report is based on a survey completed by 50 teenage students at my school. Attitudes towards donation Not only did 75% of students agree with the concept of charitable donation, but most also believed that our generation was more concerned with social issues than their predecessors, What is 63% thought that wealthier people had an obligation to give more, Indeed, fellow students particularly supported constructing educational facilities in less well-off nations, as well as improving opportunities for teen recreation in their own neighbourhoods. Reasons donations may be limited Clearly the lack of a disposable income is a major factor for teenagers, Despite this, 70% of students had donated to one good cause this year and in fact half had made multiple donations. Moreover, a significant number said that they would donate more but had concerns about what their money would be spent on. Promoting donation Schools certainly have a role in encouraging social responsibility and it would be a good step forward if the curriculum included lessons on how charities worked, in order to increase young people's knowledge. In addition, 1 would propose that organisations target young people more effectively by making better use of social media and crowdfunding, Giving clear information about the projects a charity is funding would provide further motivation to donate.4. Add the underlined words and phrases in the report in 3 to the relevant sections in the Writing bank. EA BIGIIEI Useful words and expressions for reports Introducing and setting a context 1 This report is intended to evaluate/describe/ analyse, ete. It will also assess/include/recommend/look at, etc. This report is based on interviews/research conducted at . Adding/Developing a point = Additionally, Making suggestions = (strongly) recommend that ... = It would be worth considering whether = One (possible) course of action would be to (VOCABULARY! Personal growth 5a Complete the sentences with these words. enhance + expectations + interact + make personal + step Some people choose to take part in voluntary work so that they can with other like-minded people. their practical skis development. ‘out of their comfort zone. use and ensure continual 1 2 3 4 5 a difference in a hands-on way. 6 meet the of a peer group. ‘5b (SPEMIG| Work with a partner. Put the motives in 5a in order of importance. 6 (SAKING! Work with a partner. Which of these volunteer programmes would you be most/least likely to take part in? Explain your decisions. What other things might you volunteer to do? teaching elderly people to use modern technology looking after children on a summer holiday camp coaching children in a sporting activity creating artwork for the walls of your town or city PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 8 Read the task and answer the questions. 7 Correct the eight mistakes in this student's but rnast also organise after-school activities like —deama or music. Mare. over, around 24% devote _such as campaigns t0 protect the environment, —Whad's mare, students who don't volunteer tend 20 —achieve lower grades —_ — Persuading others to take. part One. passible cause of action would be to encourage schools ta develop strong, eelations with local — charities. This would in. deed provide young people with more opportunities to become volunteers, _ _ Tt would also be worth consider whether... When writing a report, make sure that the target, reader is fully informed by answering all parts of the question. It's a good idea to use headings, so that each main point is clearly introduced ~ therefore making it easier for your reader to follow. > EXAM SUCCESS page 132 ‘An online magazine is planning a feature on young people and volunteer programmes. You have been asked by the magazine to write a report about volunteering in your country to be published as part of the feature, You should include: = reasons why young people choose to volunteer = the kind of things that they volunteer to do = suggestions to encourage more young people to take part in volunteer programmes. ‘Who is the target reader of the report? What register should you use? Now write your report. (eesReading 1 You are going to read a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use. asec) In gapped-text activities, study the wording immediately before each gap. This will tell you the are looking for. Remember to also look at the wording after a gap - this may be what you need to confirm the answer, > EXAM SUCCESS page 129 rts stars born or made? What separates a competent player in @ school or local team, from a gold- ‘medal winning star? At what stage is it possible to identify potential new stars ~ in childhood, the teenage years or not until adulthood? Is that potential determined by their genes or their environment? Certainly, there is plenty of superficial evidence for the importance of genes. © D ween, the short answer is, maybe ec eee ee eee ie ee eee eae ia eres far eee tac Task ballet jurap: Andlvesearel as also established that its a highly heritable C1 aren't important, It's ust that aspects of sports performa: to be easier to identify a re are other that are going ‘manipulate, For /oung athletes would be able to get involved with sports at all without help from their parents, who provide valuable resources including transportation, finance and emotional support. Then it’s also widely recognised that coaches contribute to a athlete's development in numer oO formerly the Engl that there are very few things that cannot coached. However, most coaches would also recognise that there are certain influences that they do not control and one of the most crucial of these is the wider culture. Why do so many go% allers from Brazil? Rugby © LD Aamittedty, there's ittle that most eres ee ee ee ee eel eeeeeceetoae Pee ae eit ee and in larger centres the facilities become dee, There's also the debate about Eee okies slate cena iiceeiamnet eae eae sort of information you © C civen this, specialising Deena But whichever route an athlete takes, thishas nothing to do with Ban aatere tnecseaes Evironment. So is there any role ata for geneties in determining op athletes? The answer seers to be qualified ‘yes. That's becau rnake-up can provide information of great value toathletes © CO tre truth, then, is mat top athletes need both nature and nurture, Few, if any, are going to make it to the very top on raw talent alone; it will take y dedicated training and coaching as well. But certain inherent physical abilities may predispos: an individual ta reach the highest ranks of a particular sport, ars of ‘The most obvious is to optimise the athlete's training and so enable them to advance to higher levels of attainment. But their role is wider than is generally understood and may include everything from nutrition to psychology. ‘The choice may vary depending on the individual. Remember, however, that many sports complement each other, lending skills that can transfer to another discipline and enhance a youthful athlete's abilities. ¢ However, that’s where the simplicity ends. Scientists have - so far - identified hundreds of thousands of different variations in DNA that unt for haw tall someone is, « else can we explain why some athlete become world class within 12 months of taking up a sport, while others train for years and are never more than mediocre? Is there any oth explanation for why certain countries like Jamaica seem to dominate sprint races while East African athletes often dominate distance ning events? E It may be the sort of foods or training programmes that are most beneficial for ir body type, or learning more about their susceptibility to certain injuries. And it might provide insights into which sport they're most likely to excel at, That's because athletes have so shown very little enthusiasm for this sort of experimentation. instead, they have preferred to rely on established techniques. G This is one aspect of elite sporting success that's difficult to pin down, but, say the exper hard to overstate. The fact certain national identities seem to have so much. invested in one particular sport that it makes further success in that sport inevitable.Work with a partner. Take turns to compare two of the photos and describe what the people are doing. Speak for about one minute. Then discuss in which peat seu) When discussing photos, you may be asked to describe what is happening in the photographs, to compare them, to express opinions about them or speculate about something. Make sure you address the question(s) the examiner has asked you being most/least selfish. Writing Dm Re For guidance on describing graphs, see page 132 For guidance on writing reports, see page 132, > EXAM SUCCESS page 132 > EXAM SUCCESS page 131 oe) mae ECU y In multiple-matching listening activities, use the second listening to focus on Task 2, and to answer any parts of Task 1 that you didn't hear the first time. > EXAM SUCCESS page 130 3. Choose one of these two writing tasks. Then write your answer Summarise the information in the graph by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. ‘The graph below shows volunteer ats by age group InWeetern Europe trom 1978 to 2010, 40% Voluteeing| sie — 00a —~ —» Research shows that the environment people live in is extremely important. Write a report on recreational facilities for young people in your area and make recommendations for how they could be improved. Write your report, 4 (USIENNG © 28 You are going to listen to five people talking about doing voluntary work. Listen and complete both tasks. TASK 1 For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) what type of voluntary work each speaker is talking about. There are three extra letters which you do not need to use. collecting money on the streets environmental work Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5 helping at a homeless shelter helping at a hospital helping at a library charity shop assistant building a skate park website creation TASK 2 For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) the reason each speaker gives for doing this voluntary work. There are three extra letters which you do not need to use. A researching a future career developing business contacts Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5 getting to know a new area relieving stress acquiring new skills keeping physically fit being part of a team believing in the cause