VIP SimDataStudio User's Guide

VIP SimDataStudio User’s
Guide
© 2007 Landmark Graphics Corporation
R2003.19.1
© 2007 Landmark Graphics Corporation
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Landmark VIP SimDataStudio User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................................ iii
Overview .............................................................................................................................. 13
What is SimDataStudio? ..................................................................................................... 13
Initialization Data ........................................................................................................ 13
Recurrent Data ............................................................................................................. 14
Basic Operations ............................................................................................................ 15

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 15
Working with Case Files..................................................................................................... 16
Opening a New Case .................................................................................................... 17
Fill New Case by Parsing Existing Data Set .......................................................... 18
Opening an Existing Case ............................................................................................ 18
Saving and Closing the Current Case .......................................................................... 19
Working with Simulation Data Files .................................................................................. 20
Creating a New Simulation File ................................................................................... 20
Opening an Existing Data File ..................................................................................... 21
Saving the Data File ..................................................................................................... 22
Closing the Current Data File ...................................................................................... 22
Customizing the View ........................................................................................................ 24
Changing the Location of Toolbars ............................................................................. 24
Controlling the Display of Toolbars and Status Bar .................................................... 25
Customizing the Toolbars ............................................................................................ 26
Creating a New Toolbar ............................................................................................... 28
Resetting or Deleting Toolbars .................................................................................... 30
Setting User Preferences ........................................................................................... 15

Setting Preferences for Dates - Units - Formats .......................................................... 16
Setting the Default Color and Chart Options ............................................................... 18
Setting the Default Reservoir Model Options .............................................................. 20
Observed Data .............................................................................................................. 22
Setting the VIP Data File Generation .......................................................................... 23
Setting the Parsing Options .......................................................................................... 25
Defining Initialization Utility Data .......................................................................... 45

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 45
R2003.19.1 Table of Contents iii

VIP SimDataStudio User’s Guide Landmark
Unit Grid System ................................................................................................................ 46

General Information ..................................................................................................... 46
Grid System ................................................................................................................. 47
Specify GridGenr Files .......................................................................................... 47
Define Simple Grid ................................................................................................ 48
Use Grid from VDB ............................................................................................... 50
Local Grid Refinements ......................................................................................... 51
Exclude or Add gridblocks to LGR ....................................................................... 56
Fluid Model......................................................................................................................... 58
Output Data......................................................................................................................... 62
Results Files Control (Map Output) ............................................................................. 62
Print Options ................................................................................................................ 65
Individual Group Print Controls ............................................................................ 66
Print Format ........................................................................................................... 67
Output Region Definition ............................................................................................ 67
Fluid Reservoir Constants................................................................................................... 71
Water Properties .......................................................................................................... 72
Reservoir Constants ..................................................................................................... 72
Standard conditions ...................................................................................................... 73
Dimension Data .................................................................................................................. 74
Reservoir Model ................................................................................................................. 77
Initialization Options .......................................................................................................... 87
Initialization Type ........................................................................................................ 87
Initialization Algorithm ............................................................................................... 88
Grid Input Options .............................................................................................................. 90
Offband Connections ................................................................................................... 90
Tolerance for Individual Grids .................................................................................... 92
Corner Point Options ................................................................................................... 93
EOS-PVT Options .............................................................................................................. 96
Initialization Data ............................................................................................................ 97

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 97
Initial PVT Conditions........................................................................................................ 98
Phase Contact...................................................................................................................... 99
Initial Composition and Saturation Pressure ...................................................................... 100
Constants ................................................................................................................ 100
Varying by Depth ................................................................................................... 101
Defining Table Data ....................................................................................................... 105

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 105
Region Management ........................................................................................................... 106
Add Region Pane ......................................................................................................... 106
Add/Edit Region Description and Comments ............................................................. 106
Select Region Pane ...................................................................................................... 107
iv Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Delete Region Pane ...................................................................................................... 107

Build Tables ................................................................................................................. 108
Define Tables ............................................................................................................... 108
Import Tables ............................................................................................................... 109
View and Edit Tables ................................................................................................... 110
Rock Property Tables.......................................................................................................... 111
Water-Oil Table ........................................................................................................... 112
Gas-Oil Table (Gas-Water Fluid Model) ..................................................................... 112
Corey Model Saturation Curves Correlation ............................................................... 113
Advanced Reservoir Model Tables .............................................................................. 113
Saturation Table Parameters ........................................................................................ 114
Capillary Pressure ........................................................................................................ 114
Relative Permeability ................................................................................................... 115
3-Phase Relative Permeability ..................................................................................... 116
Fluid Property Tables.......................................................................................................... 118
PVT Table Definitions ................................................................................................. 119
Differential Expansion Tables ............................................................................... 119
Define Density/Molecular Weight Data ...................................................................... 122
Define Undersaturated Data ......................................................................................... 123
EOS Data Tables (Compositional Models) ................................................................. 124
Reservoir EOS ....................................................................................................... 124
Separator EOS ........................................................................................................ 128
Define Separator Batteries (Black Oil, K Values, and Compositional Model Only) .. 129
NGL Plant Definition.......................................................................................................... 131
LPG Plant Definition .......................................................................................................... 132
MI........................................................................................................................................ 133
Defining Grid Array Data ............................................................................................ 135

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 135
Array Panel ......................................................................................................................... 136
Use the Roadmap ......................................................................................................... 136
Import Arrays ............................................................................................................... 136
Define Arrays ............................................................................................................... 137
Define Constant Array ........................................................................................... 137
Define Multiple ...................................................................................................... 137
Define Variable ...................................................................................................... 138
Overview of Array Data ..................................................................................................... 139
Definition Arrays ......................................................................................................... 139
Physical Properties ....................................................................................................... 139
Other Arrays ................................................................................................................ 141
Advanced Reservoir Model Arrays ............................................................................. 142
Functions for Array Definition ........................................................................................... 143
Function Management and Selection ........................................................................... 144
Add or Delete a Function ....................................................................................... 144
Rename a Function ................................................................................................ 144
R2003.19.1 Table of Contents v

Select a Function .................................................................................................... 145

Define the Function ..................................................................................................... 145
Analytical ............................................................................................................... 145
Interpolation ........................................................................................................... 148
Volume Averaged (Cartesian Grids Only) ............................................................ 150
Define Range ............................................................................................................... 151
Gridblock Range .................................................................................................... 151
Value Range ........................................................................................................... 152
Grid Coarsening .................................................................................................................. 155
Multipliers - Overrides ................................................................................................. 157

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 157
Data Management and Selection ................................................................................. 157
Add an Array Name and Range ............................................................................. 157
Delete Array Name and Range .............................................................................. 157
Move between Lines .............................................................................................. 157
Connections Transmissibility Modification........................................................................ 158
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 159
Transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications..................................................................... 161
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 162
Half Transmissibilities ........................................................................................................ 164
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 165
Arbitrary Gridblock Connections ....................................................................................... 166
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 166
Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers................................................. 168
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 169
Named Fault Multipliers ..................................................................................................... 170
Procedures .................................................................................................................... 171
Defining Aquifer Data ................................................................................................... 173

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 173
Create Multiple Aquifers .................................................................................................... 175
Define Carter-Tracey Aquifer............................................................................................. 176
Define Fetkovich Aquifer ................................................................................................... 179
Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid................................................................................ 181
Working with Production Data ................................................................................ 183

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 183
Importing ............................................................................................................................ 184
Importing Production Data ................................................................................................. 185
Importing Other Types of Well Data Files .................................................................. 202
Adjusting the Start Date ............................................................................................... 203
Import File Examples ............................................................................................. 204
vi Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Appending Production Data to an Existing Case with Production Data - Examples

211
............................................................................................................................... 214
Reviewing and Editing the Worksheet ............................................................................... 215
Viewing Production Data by Well Hierarchy .............................................................. 215
Changing the Worksheet .............................................................................................. 217
Changing Column Widths ........................................................................................... 218
Hiding Columns ........................................................................................................... 218
Changing the Display Format ...................................................................................... 219
Reviewing and Editing the Charts ...................................................................................... 221
Zooming In and Out ..................................................................................................... 221
Changing a Plotted Value ............................................................................................ 222
Inserting/Removing Charts .......................................................................................... 222
Changing the Chart Properties ..................................................................................... 223
Searching for Inconsistent Data .......................................................................................... 225
Manual Search for Switchovers ................................................................................... 226
Automatic Search for Switchovers .............................................................................. 227
Averaging the Data ............................................................................................................. 228
Setting Up and Performing the Averaging .................................................................. 229
Interactively Adjusting Averaged Data ....................................................................... 232
Generate Types and Constraints ......................................................................................... 233
Clearing the Worksheet ...................................................................................................... 239
Defining Utility Data ..................................................................................................... 241

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 241
Defining Output Options ............................................................................................ 243

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 243
Viewing the Output Options Worksheet............................................................................. 244
Setting Up the Date List...................................................................................................... 246
Changing the Date List ....................................................................................................... 252
Adding a Date Record .................................................................................................. 252
Adding or Changing the Selected Options in a Cell .................................................... 253
Changing the Restart Dates .......................................................................................... 255
Changing the Output Frequency .................................................................................. 255
Working with Well Data ............................................................................................... 259

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 259
Viewing the Well Names and Locations Worksheet .......................................................... 261
Setting Up the Well List ..................................................................................................... 263
Displaying Common Well IDs ........................................................................................... 265
Changing the Well List ....................................................................................................... 266
R2003.19.1 Table of Contents vii

Changing the Effective Date or Other Cells ................................................................ 266

Sorting the Worksheet ................................................................................................. 266
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Cells ............................................................................. 266
Inserting a New Well ................................................................................................... 267
Deleting Individual Wells ............................................................................................ 268
Deleting Multiple Wells ............................................................................................... 269
Viewing the Perforations Worksheet .................................................................................. 271
Setting Up the Well Perforation List .................................................................................. 272
Importing from an FPF File ......................................................................................... 274
Importing using the Perforation Wizard ...................................................................... 275
ASCII file format to import Well Perf Data .......................................................... 283
Importing from an ASCII File ..................................................................................... 287
Perforation Data Import Results .................................................................................. 288
Changing the Perforation List............................................................................................. 290
Changing the Effective Date or Other Data ................................................................. 290
Sorting the Worksheet ................................................................................................. 290
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Cells ............................................................................. 290
Adding or Removing Columns in the Worksheet ........................................................ 291
Inserting a New Perforation Record ............................................................................ 292
Adding a Perforation to an Existing Well .................................................................... 293
Deleting Well Perforation Records .............................................................................. 294
Deleting Layer Perforations ......................................................................................... 295
Clearing the Worksheet ............................................................................................... 296
Viewing/Editing Well Constraints...................................................................................... 297
Well Type Color Code ................................................................................................. 298
View Mode Selection ................................................................................................... 298
Setting Constraints ....................................................................................................... 299
Definitions ............................................................................................................. 299
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 300
Setting Global Options........................................................................................................ 309
Time Interval ................................................................................................................ 309
Hydraulics Tables ........................................................................................................... 311

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 311
Well Management Level Data................................................................................... 313

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 313
Add, Delete, or Rename Components ................................................................................ 315
Assign Targets and Rates ............................................................................................. 315
Targeting Options ............................................................................................................... 318
Target Management ..................................................................................................... 319
Import a File ........................................................................................................... 319
Define a Target ...................................................................................................... 319
viii Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Connections List Management .............................................................................. 325

Guide Rate Management ............................................................................................. 327
Target Value Plot ......................................................................................................... 327
Gaslift Data ......................................................................................................................... 328
Global ........................................................................................................................... 328
Group ........................................................................................................................... 330
Well .............................................................................................................................. 331
Optimal GLR Tables .................................................................................................... 332
Injection Regions ................................................................................................................ 333
Gas Cycling......................................................................................................................... 334
Gas Plant Group Data ......................................................................................................... 335
Time-Dependent Grid Data ........................................................................................ 337

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 337
Data Management and Selection ................................................................................. 337
Add an Array Name and Range ............................................................................. 337
Delete Array Name and Range .............................................................................. 337
Move between Lines .............................................................................................. 337
Input Array Modification.................................................................................................... 338
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 338
Arbitrary Gridblock Connections ....................................................................................... 340
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 340
Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers................................................. 342
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 343
Named Fault Multipliers ..................................................................................................... 344
Procedures .................................................................................................................... 345
Interface Pressure Threshold .............................................................................................. 346
Procedures .................................................................................................................... 346
Simulation Control ......................................................................................................... 349

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 349
Procedures .................................................................................................................... 350
Define Timestep Method ....................................................................................... 350
Define Controls ...................................................................................................... 351
Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options...... 353
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 353
Include Files........................................................................................................................ 355
External Data ...................................................................................................................... 357
Index ...................................................................................................................................... 359
R2003.19.1 Table of Contents ix

x Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Overview
What is SimDataStudio?
SimDataStudio is an application which automates the creation of the

initialization and recurrent data files that are submitted to the reservoir
simulator.
The output files created by SimDataStudio are in the ASCII keyword/

option format used by the simulator. SimDataStudio lets you enter data
within a context-driven interface and automatically translates the
information into the required format. As you enter data, the interface
dynamically changes to reflect data-dependent options. The application
also traps for and identifies some basic input errors so you can correct
them before you begin the simulation.
SimDataStudio includes the most common simulation options.

However, it does not include all the specialized options. It provides file
selection options and an Include File panel through which you can add
include files or enter advanced keyword options. Or you can use a text
editor to modify the initialization and recurrent data files output by
SimDataStudio to include additional keyword options. A complete list
of keyword options is provided in the VIP CORE and VIP EXECUTIVE
Keyword Documents.
Initialization Data
Initialization contains the data needed to define the initial reservoir
model. The required data is listed below:
• Utility Data, including simulation start date, grid size and number
of components, and physical property constants.
• Tabular Data, including equilibrium table, relative permeability/

capillary pressure table, and black-oil phase behavior table.
• Array Data, including gridblock dimensions or cornerpoints,

porosity/pore volume arrays, and permeability/transmissibility
arrays by grid definition and properties.
R2003.19.1 Overview: What is SimDataStudio? 11

Recurrent Data
Recurrent data contains the data needed to take the initialized model
and move it forward in time, calculating migration of fluids through the
reservoir and production or injection flow at wells. It contains the data
needed to accurately describe the time-dependent characteristics of the
reservoir.
• Recurrent data, including a definition of each well that is active

in the simulation, specific days during the simulation at which key
events occur (e.g., output reported, wells added, flow rate change,
etc.).
• Output data, including the content and frequency of output files.
• Multi-reservoir data, including interconnect networks, constraints,

and PVT and hydraulic tables.
SimDataStudio lets you import and edit well production history data,
well name/location data, and well perforation data for use in your
reservoir model. It also lets you generate certain types of data
automatically from production data, such as a list of well constraints to
be applied on specific days during the simulation.
12 Overview: What is SimDataStudio? R2003.19.1

Basic Operations
Introduction
There are several basic operations on the File and View menu that you
should understand before getting started, including:
• Knowing the difference between case files and data files
• Creating, opening, saving and closing case files (including using

the wizard to create a case)
• Opening, saving and closing data files
• Setting the toolbar display
• Setting the user options
• Printing data
This chapter explains how to perform each of the operations listed

above.
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Introduction 15

Working with Case Files
VIP organizes the simulation process around the concept of a “Case

study.” You open a “Study” and then open a series of “Cases” within
that study. All data being prepared for use in a particular simulation are
typically saved as a “case” in the database file for that study
(studyname.vdb).
The same is true with SimDataStudio. However, SimDataStudio sets

up its own unique case file (using a file extension of .vds) that differs
from the case information stored in the .vdb. Specifically,
SimDataStudio case files contain all the data you have compiled during
a particular work session within SimDataStudio. This case file is used
so that you can easily save a work session and retrieve it within
SimDataStudio.
When you select SimDataStudio from the application executive, you

must have selected a Study and Case. When you are finished working
with a Case and save it, SimDataStudio saves its own case file using the
borrowed case name (e.g., case3.vds). You can reopen that case file at
any time when you want to resume a work session.
Within SimDataStudio you can:
• open a new case file with your own preferred case name
• open an existing VDS case file created previously
• select from a menu of recently-opened Cases
You can work on the Case file, and then save it using the current name
or any other name you want to save it as. The following procedures
explain how to open, close and save case files in VIP SimDataStudio.
16 Basic Operations: Working with Case Files R2003.19.1

Opening a New Case

Perform the following steps to define a completely new case in
SimDataStudio.
1. Open the dialog box. Select File > New Case on the
SimDataStudio menu bar, or press Ctrl-N. This opens the New
Case dialog box.
Filename Folder where

to use new file will
for new file be saved
Creation Mode
Options
2. Change directory if necessary. The current directory is shown in

the Location field. Click the next to the Location field to
open the Selection dialog box. Filter to the directory and click the
OK button to close the dialog box.
3. Enter Case name. Type the Case name in the Case Name entry
field. As you type the name, the simulation and well file names are
also created.
4. Select creation mode option. The default is to create an empty

Nexus Case. Click to deactivate the Nexus toggle to create a VIP
Case.
5. Click to activate the appropriate toggle to parse data from an

existing VIP Case into the new one. This option options are
described below.
6. Save the Case. Click the OK button to create and open the new
Case. Notice that your new Case name now appears on the title bar
at the top of the SimDataStudio main window. .
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Working with Case Files 17

Fill New Case by Parsing Existing Data Set

This option opens two additional fields that let you select an existing
simulation file from which data will be copied into the new name.
Click the Folder icon located beside each field to open the File
Selection dialog box. Filter to the file to select and click the OK button.
Recognized data from each file will populate the SimDataStudio

panels. If the original data files contain any keywords that are not
available in SimDataStudio, you receive a message similar to the one
shown below:
If you click the NO button, only the data recognized by SimDataStudio

will be included in the new data file(s). If you click the YES button, the
data will be saved to a *.inc file in the current directory so you can
create an include file.
Opening an Existing Case

Use the following steps if you want to open an existing case in VIP
SimDataStudio. When you do so, all worksheets and editing windows
will be filled with the data previously compiled and saved for that case.
1. Select File > Recent Cases on the VIP SimDataStudio menu bar,
to see if the case you want to open is available on the Recent Cases
submenu. If not, select File > Open Case, or press Ctrl-O to
18 Basic Operations: Working with Case Files R2003.19.1

display the Open Case dialog box.
Folder being
viewed
List of files in
this folder
File selected
for opening
File Type filters to
*.vds
2. If you do not see the desired case, use the Look in drop-down list
to locate the folder where the case is located.
3. Select the desired File name from the file list and click Open.
4. Notice that your selected case name now appears on the title bar at
the top of the SimDataStudio main window.
Saving and Closing the Current Case

You can save your work in VIP SimDataStudio at any time using File >
Save Case, or by pressing Ctrl-S. You can also close the current case
using File > Close Case. Closing a case affects only the contents in the
top half of the main window. If you have a data file displayed in the
bottom half of the main window (as explained next), it remains open.
If you have just started using SimDataStudio, do not close the case until
you have finished studying this manual. In particular, use the options in
the following chapters to compile and generate new data.
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Working with Case Files 19

Working with Simulation Data Files
In addition to Case files, SimDataStudio also lets you work with

simulation data files. In fact the main purpose of SimDataStudio is to
produce these files for use in a simulation. When working with these
files, it is important to understand the difference between them:
• SimDataStudio case files (*.vds) store the data and program

options that you use when working on a case. They make it easy to
start up SimDataStudio and resume work on a particular case.
• VIP-CORE (*i.dat) and VIP-EXEC (*r.dat) simulation files are

specially formatted to work with the VIP simulators.
You can use SimDataStudio to create new simulation files or work with
existing ones. The following set of procedures explains how to do this.
Creating a New Simulation File

A new simulation file is created automatically in the lower half of the
main window, as you work within SimDataStudio.
As you work with and build the simulation file, you can use the options
on the File menu to save the data file, save it using a different name, or
close the file. These options are explained on the following pages.
20 Basic Operations: Working with Simulation Data Files R2003.19.1

Opening an Existing Data File

SimDataStudio also lets you open existing simulation data files. For
instance, you may have already created a simulation data file and now
you want to open it in SimDataStudio to augment it with new data.
To work with an existing simulation data file, you must first open it in
SimDataStudio. The file you are opening can be an existing VIP i.dat
and/or r.dat files from which you intend to generate the simulation
data). Use these steps:
1. Select File > Recent VIP CORE Data Files or Recent EXEC or
Data Files to see if the data file you want to open is listed on the
submenu. If so, select it. If not, select File > Open VIP Data File
and select VIP CORE or VIP EXEC from the submenu to
display the following dialog box:
Folder being
viewed
List of files in
this folder
File selected
for opening
File Type filters to
*i.dat and then *r.dat
2. If you do not see the desired data file in this list, use the Look in
drop-down list to locate the folder where the data file is stored.
3. Click the desired File name in the file list and click the Open
button.
Notice that the selected simulation data file now appears in the
editing window at the bottom of the VIP SimDataStudio main
window. You can use this window to view and edit the contents of
the data file. Standard editing controls are provided. You can insert
the text cursor on any line, type new text, backspace, delete, cut/
copy/paste, insert, move the cursor up or down, and perform other
standard editing operations.
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Working with Simulation Data Files 21

Saving the Data File

You can save the simulation file at any time using File > Save Case.
Once you save the simulation file, this menu option is dimmed (turns
gray) until the next time you make changes the data file in the lower
half of the VIP SimDataStudio main window.
Occasionally, you may want to save different versions of the data file
for use in different simulations. To save a different version of the
current data file.
1. Select File > Save Data File as and select VIP CORE or VIP
EXEC from the submenu. This displays the following dialog box:
Folder where
file will
be saved
List of
existing
files
Filename
to use
for new
version
2. Use the Save in drop-down list to locate the folder where you want
the data file to be stored.
3. Type in the File name you want to use for saving this data file.
The data file must have a file extension of *i.dat (CORE) and
*r.dat (EXEC) which is the standard filename ending for this type
of file.
4. Click the Save button to begin saving the data file under a new
name. You will see a progress box, informing you that the file is
being copied.
Closing the Current Data File

Once you have saved your changes, you can close the data file using
File > Close Case. Closing a data file affects only the contents in the
22 Basic Operations: Working with Simulation Data Files R2003.19.1

bottom half of the main window. If you have a case already working in
the top half of the main window, it remains open and you can continue
working with it as you generate or open other data files.
If you have just started using SimDataStudio, do not close the Data File
until you have finished studying this manual. In particular, use the
options in the following chapters to compile and generate new data.
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Working with Simulation Data Files 23

Customizing the View
As you work with SimDataStudio, there are many options available

that let you customize the view.
Changing the Location of Toolbars

Each toolbar in the SimDataStudio main window has its own handle
that you can use to interactively move it around. To move a toolbar:
1. Use the mouse to grab the handle. In other words, move the mouse
over the handle and hold down the left mouse button.
Toolbar
handle
2. Drag the mouse to any other location in the main window where
you want the toolbar to be located and release the left mouse
button. This “drops” the toolbar at the selected location.
3. If you drop the toolbar into any gray area of the main window, it
reappears at that location. If you drop the toolbar into any white
area of the main window (e.g., into the production data
worksheet), it “floats” at the selected location inside its own tiny
“inset window,” as shown here:
4. You can continue adjusting the position of the toolbar, even if it is

displayed in an inset window. To do this, use the mouse cursor to
grab the blue title bar at the top of the inset window (e.g., the bar
with “Well Options” in the image above), then release the mouse
when the inset window has moved to a new location.
24 Basic Operations: Customizing the View R2003.19.1

Controlling the Display of Toolbars and Status Bar

You can display or hide both the toolbar at the top and the status bar at
the bottom of the SimDataStudio main window. Follow these steps:
1. Click open the View menu and examine the first two options:
When these options are checked, it means that the toolbar and/or
status bar are currently displayed. When unchecked, the toolbar
and status bar are hidden.
2. Selecting the Status Bar option turns the status bar on/off
automatically.
3. Selecting the Toolbar option opens the Toolbars control panel:
4. In the Toolbar control panel, click any of the check boxes to turn
them on or off: You will see the VIP SimDataStudio window
change dynamically as you click each option:
• Menu bar - cannot be turned off.
• File - shows or hides the 10 icons related to File menu and Edit
menu options (new, open, save, cut, copy, paste, delete, print).
R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Customizing the View 25

• Production Data - shows or hides the four toolbar icons

related to production data.
• Wells Options - shows or hides the four toolbar icons related

to well data.
• Simulation Def -- shows or hides the five icons related to the

CORE initialization (grid, regions and fluids, water and rock
properties, advanced options and grid model).
• Show Tooltips - shows or hides the pop-up descriptions that

appear when you hover the mouse over a toolbar icon.
• Cool Look - changes the appearance of the toolbar icons from

flat to raised. The “cool look” is a flat appearance, more in line
with recent versions of Microsoft products.
• Large Buttons - changes the size of the toolbar icons - makes

them larger and more visible.
5. Click the Close button when finished to close the panel. Other
options that you can perform using this panel are covered next.
Customizing the Toolbars

In addition to displaying or hiding toolbars, you can actually customize
the icons shown on each toolbar. Follow these steps:
1. Select View > Toolbar to open the Toolbars control panel:

2. Click the Customize button to display the following control panel:
This panel has two “tabs” displayed across the top of it: Toolbars
and Commands.
• The Toolbars tab shows the same basic options found on the
Toolbars control panel.
• The Commands tab shows the complete set of icons available
with each standard toolbar category.
3. Click the Commands tab to see the available icons for each
toolbar.
4. Use this panel interactively with the toolbar at the top of the
window.

• Click on each toolbar type in the Categories list to see the

icons (Buttons) normally associated with it. These are the
default icons for each toolbar set.
• Click on each icon to view its purpose in the Description field.
• You can drag any icon from this panel and drop it into any
toolbar currently displayed in the VIP SimDataStudio main
window, as desired. To do this, move the mouse over the icon
in the panel and hold down the left mouse button as you move
the mouse into the VIP SimDataStudio main window.
Continue dragging the icon until it is at the location where you
want to insert it, then let go of the mouse button to insert it.
• You can remove any icon from the toolbars currently displayed
In the VIP SimDataStudio main window. To do this, move the
mouse over the icon to be discarded and hold down the left
mouse button as you move the mouse away from the toolbar.
When you let go of the mouse button, the icon disappears.
5. Click the OK button to close the Customize panel and the Close
button to close the Toolbar control panel.
Creating a New Toolbar

You can create and name an entirely new toolbar, then drag any of the
available icons to it. Follow these steps.
1. Select View/Toolbar and click the Customize button to view the

Customize panel.
2. When the Customize panel appears, click the New button under
the Toolbars tab. This displays the following field:

3. Enter the desired Toolbar name and click OK. You will see an
empty toolbar inset floating inside the main window:
4. Select the Commands tab on the Customize panel, then select the
Category containing the icons you want to place on the new
toolbar.
5. Drag the icons from the Customize panel into the new Tool inset
area.
6. Drag the toolbar inset containing the new icons into the Toolbar
area of the main window and drop it between any other two
existing toolbars.

Resetting or Deleting Toolbars

Even after making all these changes, you can still reset the toolbars to
their original configurations by using the following steps. You can also
delete any new toolbars you have added.
1. Select View/Toolbar to view the Toolbars control panel.
2. To reset any of the original toolbars to their original status, click

the name of the toolbar to be reset and then click the Reset button.
3. To delete any of the new toolbars that you created, click the name
of the toolbar and then click the Delete button.

Setting User Preferences
Before starting to work extensively with SimDataStudio, it may be a

good idea to review and set up all of the User Options on the View
menu. There are four sets of user options, as described in the following
procedures. They can be set individually or all at once, since there are
all on different parts of the same control panel that you can see by
selecting View >User Options.
Setting the User Options tells SimDataStudio what your preferences

are when using the program. These are the “default selections” that will
appear in other dialog boxes later in the program. Instead of having to
make the same selections over and over -- each time you use a dialog
box -- you can set them once here so that they will be automatically
selected when encountered later.
It is important to recognize that setting your preferences here does not

force you to use these options every time they apply. In every dialog
box where you see these options applied, you will still be able to
change your selection, within the context of that specific dialog.
Many of these options will make more sense once you start using the
program. If so, you can always return to the User Options panel and
reset your preferences anytime. Complete instructions are provided on
the following pages.
R2003.19.1 Setting User Preferences: 15

Setting Preferences for Dates - Units - Formats

You can specify the default date formats and measurement units to be
used in SimDataStudio. To set these preferences, follow these steps:
1. Select View > User Options to display the User Options control
panel.
2. Make sure the Dates-Units tab is selected at the top of this panel.
3. Review the available options and make appropriate changes as

desired. These are the default date settings that will be applied to
dates generated by SimDataStudio. A complete description of
available options is provided in the following table.
4. When finished viewing and/or changing the Date-Unit options, go

to the next tab in the User Options panel, or click the OK button to
close the User Options panel.
User Options on the Dates-Units Tab

Category Option How To Use It
Default Date Full Date or Click the toggle to display either the full data (DD-Month-YYYY) or the time
Formats Time from from the start of the simulation.
Simulation
Start Date
Y2K Pivot Use the scroll arrows or retype the number to reflect the correct Y2K Pivot
Year Year. This number will be used to convert from two- to four-digit dates for Y2K
purposes. Any two-digit years below this number will be converted to 20xx
dates and years above this number will be converted to 19xx dates. Specifying
30 as the Y2K Pivot Year, for example, converts years from 1-30 as 2001,
2002, etc. and years from 31-99 as 1931, 1932, etc.
Default Unit Field Units/ Select whether you want default units to be field units (English units) or metric
Formats Metric Units units. Metric unit pressure options are kPa, kg/cm2, or bar.
Floating point Use the scroll arrows or retype the number to indicate the default number of
precision decimal positions for display of numeric values.
Default Time Well Select the default time interval over which you want to average well data. For
Frequencies Averaging example, you may want to average data over six month intervals. If so, select 6
Frequency as the frequency number and Month as the date unit.
Print Options / This lets you specify the types and frequency of reports to be generated during
Frequency the simulation. To see a list of all available reports, click the button to the right
of the Print Options field. Use the Frequency field to the right of the Print
Options field to select a default frequency for reports. For example, you may
want the reports to be generated every three months during the simulation.
16 Setting User Preferences: R2003.19.1

User Options on the Dates-Units Tab (Continued)

Default Time Plot Options / PLOT options are a standard feature that let you specify data sets to be
Frequencies Frequency generated for use with PLOTVIEW. To see a list of all available options, click
(cont’d) the button to the right of the PLOT Options field. Use the Frequency field to
the right of the PLOT Options field to select a default frequency for generating
data sets. For example, you may want plot data to be generated at the gathering
center level and at the field level every three months during the simulation
Map Options/ MAP options are a standard feature that let you specify data sets to be generated
Frequency for use with 3DVIEW. To see a list of all available options, click the button to
the right of the MAP Options field. Use the Frequency field to the right of the
MAP Options field to select a default frequency for generating data sets. For
example, you may want to generate a set of pressures, saturations, and fluid
volumes every month during the simulation. Click the ellipse button to open a
selection box to change the plot well averaging options.
Restart Use the check box to indicate whether you want restart records to be written
Options / that will allow you to restart the simulation at a specific point in time. Use the
Frequency Frequency field to specify the default frequency of the restart records.
Well By Well/ By Within the well constraints table, you have the option of viewing data by well or
Constraints Constraint by wells meeting specific criteria (i.e., gas producers at maximum rate). This
View Mode toggle lets you define the default display when you first open a session.

Setting the Default Color and Chart Options

You can specify the colors and line widths to be used in charting
production data and other information. To set these preferences, follow
these steps:
panel.
2. Make sure the Color and Chart tab is selected at the top of this
panel.
3. Notice the color codes in the top half of this panel. These are the
colors that will be used to chart the indicated values in any
displayed charts. This type of color-coding makes it easy to
distinguish between different types of data.
4. You can change any color by clicking on it. This brings up a

detailed color palette that you can use to select a new color.
5. Select an appropriate color from the list of Basic Colors at left, or

click inside the color field at right to select a random hue. You will
see a comparison of the previous/selected color demonstrated in
the Color Solid field, along with the actual HSL and RGB values.
If you like a particular color and want to reuse it, click on Add to
Custom Colors and the new color will appear in your Custom
Colors list. Otherwise, just click on OK to apply the your color
selection to the Display Options panel.
6. Repeat the last two steps for each color that you want to change.
7. Notice the line width values in the bottom half of the Display
Options panel. These are the line widths (in pixels) that will be
used to chart the indicated values in any displayed charts. You can
make the line widths thicker or thinner for each data type by
incrementing/decrementing this value. To change a line width
value, click on it and retype or use the scroll arrows that appear
when the cursor is focused in the current table cell.
8. Notice the line types and symbols. These are the line types and
symbols that will be used to chart the indicated values in any
displayed charts. Click in the field to display the drop-down menu.
Select the line type or symbol from the menu.
9. Notice the chart background, required field, and optional field

color displays at the bottom of the dialog box. Click to down arrow

to open a color selection chart. Select the color. Or select Other to

open the color palette. Select the default background color for
charts. Or change the default color-coding for required and
mandatory fields within the application.
10. When finished viewing and/or changing the Display Options, go to

the next tab in the User Options panel, or click the OK button to
close this dialog box.

Setting the Default Reservoir Model Options

You can specify the reservoir model that will be used by default for
fluid formulation, table entries and rate constraints. To set these
preferences, follow these steps:
panel.
2. Make sure the Reservoir Model tab is selected at the top of this
panel.

dates generated by SimDataStudio and used in your Data File. A
complete description of available options is provided in the
following table.
4. When finished viewing and/or changing the Date-Unit options, go

to the next tab in the User Options panel, or click the OK button to
close the User Options panel.
User Options on the Reservoir Model Tab

Default Fluid Original black Click the toggle to define the default fluid model and corresponding molecular
Formulation oil, gas-water, weight that will be selected under the CORE - Basic Utilities tab. If you select
water-oil, enhanced black oil, you can also specify oil and gas phase.
enhanced
black oil,
black-oil with
K values K-
Values,
compositional
Default saturation, Click the stepper to define the number of table entries when the correlation
Number of black oil option is used.
Table Entries (above bubble
point and
below bubble
point)

User Options on the Reservoir Model Tab (Continued)

Default Oil or Gas This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a maximum oil rate,
Producer Rate Producer at which point the well may automatically switchover to gas production. The
Constraints gas-oil ratio (GOR) controlling switchover is entered on this panel, as well.
Total Liquid This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a maximum liquid
Producer rate, which is the sum of the oil and water phase.
Producer with This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a specified rate for
Each Phase each of the oil, gas and water phases. These rates are specified elsewhere in
Specified SimDataStudio, and are covered where appropriate in this manual.
GOR Switch The gas-oil ratio switch for converting to/from oil-gas production. Available
only if you select the Oil or Gas Producer option.

Observed Data
You can specify how observed data files should be generated and
reported. To set these preferences, follow these steps:
panel.
2. Make sure the Observed Data tab is selected at the top of this
panel.

dates generated by SimDataStudio and used in your Data File. A
complete description of available options is provided in the
following table.
4. When finished viewing and/or changing the Observed Data

options, go to the next tab in the User Options panel, or click the
OK button to close the User Options panel.
User Options on the Reservoir Model Tab

Default Source Raw or Click the toggle to define the default observed data source.
averaged
Default Start, end Select the production cycle interval to select
Production middle
Interval
Default Oil or Gas This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a maximum oil rate,
Producer Rate Producer at which point the well may automatically switchover to gas production. The
Constraints gas-oil ratio (GOR) controlling switchover is entered on this panel, as well.
Write names
to OBS
Use million
unit for field/
region class
cumulative
water
Write region
data

Setting the VIP Data File Generation

You can specify various preferences indicating how you want data to
be used or how you want it to appear in the data files and other types of
data generated by VIP SimDataStudio. To set your preferences, use
these steps:
panel.
2. Make sure the VIP Data File Generation tab is selected at the top
of this panel.

desired. A complete description of available options is provided in
the following table.
User Options on the File Generation Tab

Category How To Use It
OS ascii Data The default it to write data files in PC ASCII data format.
Format When opening data files for viewing, differences in line
feeds and other characters cause the files to look
somewhat nicer if they are written the format on which
they are read. Click the toggle to write the data files to
UNIX format if this where you would normally read
them.
Path for Include Depending on how your include file directories are
File Card organized, click the toggle to select the desired option.
Formats For example, if your include files are normally stored in a
subdirectory under the Case, you may want to always
maintain the relative path. On the other hand, if you have
a standard directory under which all include files are
stored, you may want to always maintain the full path.
Date Cards Specify whether you want the date records in your data
file to be in DATE format (DDMMYYYY) or in TIME
format (number of days since beginning of simulation).
By default all dates seen get generated in the data set. If
the Generate Cards At First Day of Month Only toggle
is active, then only dates at first day of the month are
written out to data set. Activating this option can avoid
having so many cards in a data that the simulation process
is slowed.
Well List Specify whether you want to use well names or well
numbers when generating well lists.

User Options on the File Generation Tab

Comments Specify whether to use standard, user-defined, or no
comments. User-defined comments are those provided on
the Region Management Table Description and
Comments option. If you activate the Write Wells
Production and Perforation Source Data at beginning
of Recurrent File toggle, this data will always be written
at the top of the file.
Observed Data Specify whether you want observed data files to be
File generated from the raw production data that you have
imported or the “averaged” data that you have produced.
Click the Date for Reporting Production Data toggle to
specify the start, middle, or end of the production interval.
4. When finished viewing and/or changing the Well Constraint

options, go to the next tab in the User Options panel, or click the
OK button to close this dialog box.

Setting the Parsing Options

You can specify various preferences indicating what data you want to
include when you parse in a VIP CORE or EXEC data file. To set your
preferences, use these steps:
panel.
2. Make sure the Parsing Options tab is selected at the top of this
panel.

desired. These are the default date settings that will be applied
when files are parsed into VIP SimDataStudio. A complete
description of available options is provided in the following table.
User Options on the Parsing Options Tab

Comments The default it to import comments from the CORE or
EXEC file. Deactivate the toggle to ignore comments.
Skip Cards VIP allows SKIP and NOSKIP cards to be placed
between data the simulator should ignore. By default, data
between these cards are placed in an external include file
(.inc) when parsed in. Deactivate this toggle to set a
default that will ignore the data between skip cards.
Unrecognized The default is to write unrecognized data to an include
Data file. You can select to write the data instead as external
include data (on the External Include panel) or to ignore
it.
Grid Arrays The default is to keep include files for arrays and
modifiers. You can deactivate the toggle to write the
include data directly into the Case file.
You can click the ellipse button to open the Array List and
use the check boxes to indicate which arrays within the
VDB you want to import or ignore when parsing the data.
Precision for When reading binary data from the VDB for export as a
data in binary text file, click the stepper to indicate the precision for the
files floating point decimals.


Production Data For production data that uses a full date format
(day+month+year), that date can be interpreted as the start
or the end of the production interval. For the first case,
make sure the checkbox "Production data are reported
….) is marked and unmarked for the second case, or
production data might get allocated to the wrong time
slot.
Example, assuming monthly data:
Ascii input data:
WELL DATE OIL
W1 1-Jun-80 250
W1 1-Jul-80 150
W1 1-Aug-80 200
If production data are reported at start of production
interval, vds will use the following
1-Jun-80 to 1-Jul-80 => 250 units of oil
1-Jul-80 to 1-Aug-80 => 150 units of oil
1-Aug-80 to 1-Sep-80 => 200 units of oil
If production data are reported at end of production
interval, vds will use the following
1-May-80 to 1-Jun-80 => 250 units of oil
1-Jun-80 to 1-Jul-80 => 150 units of oil
1-Jul-80 to 1-Aug-80 => 200 units of oil


Perforation When the end of a perforation interval is not specified
Wizard (MD2 / MD2 column), the perforation interval is assumed
to go to the end of the trace.
WELL X Y Z MD
W1 6100 5000 0.00 0.00
W1 0 50007 937.50 11704.77
DATE WELL EVENT MD1 MD2
1-1-2000 w1 perf 5835.51 6249.06
1-1-2000 w1 perf 6666.98
In the above example the second perf interval will be
[6666.98, 11704.77].
If the following format is used instead to specify that a
well is shut down at a given time:
1-1-2000 w1 perf 5800 6000
1-1-2001 w1 perf 6200 6300
1-1-2002 w1 plug 0
the perforation wizard will by default create a perforation
interval from [0, end of trace] which will perforate the
well over all the intersection of the trace with the grid.
However, if you activate the "Only shut existing perfs
…." toggle, only the already existing perf intervals will be
shutin, ie it will be equivalent to enter the following:
1-1-2000 w1 perf 5800 6000
1-1-2001 w1 perf 6200 6300
1-1-2002 w1 plug 5800 6000
1-1-2002 w1 plug 6200 6300
Refer to “ASCII file format to import Well Perf Data” on
page 283 for a description of perforation file formats.
4. When finished viewing and/or changing the Parsing options, click

the OK button to close the User Options panel.


Defining Initialization Utility Data
Introduction
General utility data is divided into two branches: basic and advanced.
Basic options include the options used in most datasets: grid system,
fluid model, output array controls, fluid and reservoir constants, and
dimensions data. Advanced data options allow more specialized input
for defining a special reservoir model: initialization options, EOS-PVT
options, and saturation table and hysteresis options.Click the (+) button
beside Utility Data on the options tree. Then double-click on the utility
data icon beside the Basic Options or Advanced Options branch to
open the associated tabs. When you double-click on a tab, the related
entry pane opens. Each option is described in detail.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Introduction 45

Unit Grid System
Perform the following steps to complete the Grid System panel.
General Information
1. Specify simulation start date. Click the down arrow beside the
Start Date field. Select the simulation start date from the pop-up
calendar as shown below.
Time is initialized to zero at this date. VIP-CORE accounts for

leap years.
2. Specify units. Click the down arrow beside the Units field and
select the data units. The default is field units.
Changing Units
The current Case units display in the Units field. If you change the units for
the Case, the production data units do not change. But the production data
will be converted to the specified units when used to calculate production
rates and rate constraints for the current Case. For example, if you have a
production data rate of 1 barrel per day, production data in which you have
specified metric units will be output as a QMAX of 0.159 m3/day.
Production data in which you have specified field units will be output as a
QMAX of 1/barrel/day.
3. Provide title(s). Click in the Title field(s) and enter up to three

lines (80 characters each) of optional title information. The title
will print in the initialization (i.dat) output reports. Use these
fields to identify the simulation runs.
46 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Unit Grid System R2003.19.1

Grid System
There are three ways to define the grid. You can specify grid files that
were created within the GridGenr application, within an existing VDB,
or by defining a simple cartesian or radial grid.
Note: Unstructured Grid
You can only define a structured grid within SimDataStudio. Use the
appropriate keywords to build an unstructured (refer to the Nexus Keyword
Document).
GridGenr Recommended
The GridGenr application lets you easily create complex grids. This is the
recommended method for defining all but very simple grids.
You can define a simple grid within the Utilities panel.
Defining Arrays for a Simple Grid
If you define a simple grid, you must also define the grid arrays located
under the Grid Data branch.
Or you can select to use the grid from a VDB.
Procedures for specifying GridGenr files and defining simple grids are
described below.
Specify GridGenr Files

Perform the following steps to specify GridGenr files:
1. Open the File Definition pane. Click the Use Gridgenr Grid Files
toggle. The file definition pane opens as shown below.
Click to define LGR file
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Unit Grid System 47

2. Define grid file. Click the Folder icon located next to the Grid
Definition File field. The File Selection dialog box opens. Filter
and select the grid (.lgr) file. When the file is selected, click the
Open button to close the dialog box.
The corresponding .cor is entered in the Physical Properties

File field. If a corresponding .fml file exists, the Fault in Model
toggle activates, and the corresponding .fml file is entered in the
Fault Definition field. (Deactivate the toggle if you do not want to
include the fault file.) Include statements for these files are added
to the initialization file.
Editing Local Grid Refinements
You can add, edit, or remove LGRs from the GridGenr definitions. Procedures
for defining local grid refinements are provided in “Local Grid Refinements” on
page 51.
Define Simple Grid

Click the Define Simple Grid toggle. The Main Grid menu options
open.
VIP-CORE offers two choices of reservoir geometry: cartesian and

radial (cylindrical). The cylindrical grid commonly is referred to as
"radial." It is most often used for single-well studies.
The simple grid definition is written directly into the initialization file.
Define Cartesian Grid

Perform the following steps to define a cartesian grid.
1. Open cartesian definition fields. Click the Define Cartesian Grid

toggle. The cartesian grid definition fields open as shown below.

2. Enter number of gridblocks. Enter the root grid in number of

gridblocks in the X direction (NX), Y direction (NY), and Z
direction (NZ).
Adding Local Grid Refinements
Procedures for defining local grid refinements are the same for both
cartesian and radial grids. Refer to “Local Grid Refinements” on page 51.
Define Radial Grid

Perform the following steps to define a radial grid.
1. Open radial definition fields. Click the Define Radial Grid

toggle. The radial grid definition fields open as shown below.
2. Enter number of gridblocks. Enter the number of gridblocks in the

R direction (NR), theta direction (NTHETA), and Z direction
(NZ).
Note that if NR = 1, then NTHETA cannot be greater than 1.
3. Enter inner radius. Then enter in the Inner Radius field the
distance in (ft) m from the origin to the inner edge of the first
gridblock. For a single well study, it is usually the wellbore radius.
The inner radius must be greater than zero.

Adding Local Grid Refinements
Procedures for defining local grid refinements are the same for both
cartesian and radial grids. Refer to “Local Grid Refinements” on page 51.
Use Grid from VDB

Perform the following steps to select a grid from a VDB:
1. Specify option. Click the Use Grid from VDB toggle to activate
the option. Two selection fields open to allow you to specify the
VDB and the Case.
2. Specify the VDB. Click the folder icon located next to the
VDB Database field. Filter and select the VDB.
3. Specify the Case. Click the folder icon located next to the
Case field. A dialog box opens listing all Cases for the specified
VDB. Click on the Case to select and click OK to close the dialog
box.

Local Grid Refinements
The GridGenr application lets you easily create LGRs. This is the
recommended method for defining all but very simple, rectangular LGRs.
Perform the following steps to open the LGR definition pane.
1. Activate LGR pane. With your root grid defined, click the Use
Local Grid Refinement toggle to activate the LGR pane as shown
below.
Your root grid and any previously defined LGRs display in the
pane.
Local Grid Refinement Information
The Local Grid Refinement chapter of the VIP-CORE Reference Manual

provides a detailed introduction to creating LGRs.
You can define LGRs (as a function of parent grid refinement),

delete LGRs, or edit LGR properties using the right mouse button
menu shown below.

LGR Formats
When you create, delete, or edit an LGR file within SimDataStudio, the LGR
definition is written or updated directly in the initialization file. When you specify
a GridGenr LGR, an include statement is written in the initialization file
When you have selected GridGenr LGR files, you can deactivate the Use
GridGenr Files toggle to create, delete or edit the LGR data. When you deactivate
the toggle, the include statement is removed from the initialization file and all LGR
information defined from the the Grid System pane is written directly into the
initialization file. Your GridGenr properties and fault file include statements are
retained in the initialization file.
If you reactivate the Use GridGenr Files toggle, the include statement for your
GridGenr LGR is restored and the LGR information defined from the Grid System
pane is deleted from the initialization file.
Add LGR
Perform the following steps to add an LGR:
1. With your pointer over the parent grid icon , select the Add
LGR option from the right mouse button menu. The LGR
Definition dialog box opens with the parent grid defined in the
dialog box title.
Parent Grid Definition

The GridGenr application lets you easily create local grid refinements. This
is the recommended method for defining all but very simple, rectangular
LGRs.
2. Specify LGR name. Click in the Refinement Name entry field and
enter an LGR name of up to 8 characters.
3. Specify refinement type. Click the Type of Refinement toggle to

select cartesian or radial (along the X, Y, or Z axis). Radial
refinements are constrained within either a row or column of a
cartesian grid. Radial grid refinements cannot be refined.
Continuing Grid Refinements through All Communicating

Layers
It is strongly recommended that all grid refinements are continued through

all communicating layers in the grid system.
When you select the refinement type, the appropriate refinement

location and definition parameters display as follows
Cartesian I, J, K range and number of refined gridblocks in all

directions
Radial Range and number of radial refined gridblocks in direction
aligned with parent grid axis. Well intersections in other
directions.
Procedures for both types of grids are described below.
4. Specify I,J,K range. Click the up or down stepper arrow located

next to the I Location, J Location, or K Location fields to define
the parent I,J, K grid cell range(s) appropriate for your grid type.
5. Specify number of refined gridblocks. Click the button beside

the Number of Refinements field(s).

The Number of Refinements dialog box opens as shown below.

The number of gridblocks corresponds to the gridblock range you
defined.
Click in the Number of Refinements field to activate the up or

down stepper arrow . For each gridblock, select the number of
refinements from that of the parent grid.
6. Specify well intersections (radial grid only). If you have a radial

LGR, click the button beside the Well Intersections in the
directions that do not correspond to the parent grid alignment axis.
The Well Intersections dialog box opens.
The number of boundaries corresponds to the number of well/

gridblock face intersections calculated along the non-aligned axes.

7. Enter well intersections. Click in the Location field and enter the
point where the well intersects the face of the gridblock.
Values must be fractions, with 0.5 being the gridblock center.
8. Specify radial direction data (radial grid only). If you have

selected a radial grid refinement, click the up or down stepper
arrow located next to the Number of Refinements in the
Radial Direction field and define the number.
9. Specify inner radius. Click in the Inner Radius entry field and
enter the distance from the origin to the inner edge of the first
gridblock.
This value must be greater than 0.
10. Specify angular direction data (radial grid only). If you have
selected a radial grid refinement, click the up or down stepper
arrow located next to the Number of Refinements in the
Angular Direction field and define the number.
The number of refinements can be 1 or any integer multiple of 4.
11. Specify outer radius. Click in the Minimum Outer Radius for
Innermost Ring of Gridblock entry field and enter the value.
This is an optional entry that will default to 0.
Delete LGR
You can delete a GridGenr or defined LGR from the initialization file.
If you are removing a GridGenr LGR file from the initialization file,
you must first deactivate the Use GridGenr Grid Files toggle. The
LGR names will remain in the display.
Perform the following step to delete an LGR:
1. Select LGR. With your pointer over the grid icon to delete,
select the Delete LGR option from the right mouse button menu.
The selected LGR is removed from the list of refined grids.

If the LGR was included from GridGenr, the original .lgr file is not
deleted from the directory, but the include statement in the current
initialization file is removed. If the LGR was defined within the
SimDataStudio, the data is deleted.
Edit LGR Properties

You can reopen a Local Grid Refinement Definition dialog box to edit
previously defined properties. If you are editing a GridGenr LGR file,
you must first deactivate the Use GridGenr Grid Files toggle. The
LGR names will remain in the display.
Perform the following steps to edit LGR properties:
1. Select LGR. With your pointer over the grid icon to edit, select
the Edit LGR Properties option from the right mouse button
menu. The definition window for the selected LGR opens for
editing.
2. Edit the properties. Edit the data and then click OK to close the
definition window.
If the LGR was included from GridGenr, the original .lgr file is not
changed, but the include statement in the current initialization file is
removed and the modified LGR definition is placed directly into the
initialization file.
Exclude or Add gridblocks to LGR

Since LGRs must be defined as a single rectangular region, you can
exclude or add coarse gridblocks from the parent grid to further refine a
non-rectangular LGR area.
Perform the following steps to remove or add gridblocks.
1. Open the tables. Click the Exclude Coarse Gridblocks and/or

Add Coarse Gridblocks toggle to activate the corresponding
table.

2. Define the gridblocks. Click the right mouse button to select the
Add Row or Remove Row option. When you add a row, the
columns display I,J, K ranges. Click in the cells to activate the up
or down stepper arrow to define the range of gridblocks to
exclude or add.

Fluid Model
Click the Fluid Model tab to open the Fluid Model panel.
Fluid Model tab
Rock Properties for

selected model
Fluid Properties
for selected model
Fluid Properties Table
Note that when you select a Fluid Model, the corresponding Fluid and Rock
Properties Tables activates in the options tree as shown in the illustration above.
Procedures for completing the Rock Properties Tables are described in “Rock
Property Tables” on page 111. Procedures for completing the Fluid Properties
Tables are described in “Fluid Property Tables” on page 118.
Fluid model options are:
• Black-Oil: standard pressure-dependent, three-phase option.
• Black-Oil with oil vaporization limit: allows the simulation of a

true black-oil system in which the K-value of the oil
component is near zero, which prevents the residual oil from
vaporizing during gas injection.
58 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Model R2003.19.1

• Gas-Water: standard two-phase gas-water option useful for

cases with no oil or condensate in the reservoir (dry gas).
• Water-Oil: standard two-phase water-oil option useful for

cases with no gas in the reservoir.
• Enhanced Black-oil: three-phase option that models

condensates with black oil.
• Compositional: Models diverse fluid mixtures using N-

component (i.e. C1, C2) fluid description to simulate phase
behavior as a function of pressure and composition. Fluid
composition varies with time and space. When you specify this
option, an Import EOS-PVT Table from File field activates,
folder icon opens to allow you to filter and select the EOS-
PVT table to select.
• K-Values: special compositional model which uses equilibrium

ratio or K-value tables as a function of pressure. Phase
compositions are computed using K-values. Phase densities are
computed using correlations.
Perform the following steps to complete the Fluid Model panel.
1. Select fluid model. Click the toggle beside the model to select.
a. Black oil. If you selected Black-oil, click to activate the

Limit Oil Vaporization option if you do not want
residual oil to vaporize during gas injection.
b. Enhanced black oil. If you selected Enhanced Black-oil,

click to define the oil and gas phase component. Or click
the Import Black Oil PVT Table from File option to
filter and select an existing PVT data file.
c. K-Values. If you selected K-Values or Compositional:
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Model 59

• Specify fluid type. Click the Fluid Type toggle,
• Specify number of hydrocarbon components. Click

the up or down stepper arrow to increase or decrease
the Number of Hydrocarbon Components.
Stepper arrows
• Open dialog box for component selection. Click the

button beside the same Hydrocarbon
Components field to open the Component Selection
dialog box. A component row displays for the
number of hydrocarbon components you specified.
• Specify hydrocarbon component names and

molecular weight. Click the down arrow to select
components from the drop-down menu as shown in
the illustration above. The default molecular weight
60 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Model R2003.19.1

for the corresponding component display

automatically.
Defining Different Names or Weights
Optionally, you can double-click in the Component Name

field and enter a different name for the component. You
must then click in the Molecular Weight field and assign
the value.
You can also double-click in the Molecular Weight field

and change default values.
a. Compositional: If you selected Compositional:
• Specify hydrocarbon components, component

names, and molecular weights. Procedures are the
same as those described for K-Values on page 60.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Model 61

Output Data
Click the Output Data tab to define the controls for the initialization
array and print data that will be generated.
Output tab
Each option is described in detail.
Results Files Control (Map Output)

The Results Control parameters define the initialization arrays that
will be written to the VDB (or map file if you select to save them
outside the VDB). The initialization arrays you specify will then be
available in the 3DView application.
Warning
You must specify at least one map option in the initialization file if you want to be
able to map recurrent arrays.
Perform the following steps to complete the Results File Control

parameters:
62 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Output Data R2003.19.1

1. Open map options for selection. Click the button next to the
Map Options field. The Map Selection dialog box opens. Each
topic folder lists the associated arrays that can be written to the
initialization file.
2. Select map options. Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder
to open the associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol
to close it.) Then click the check boxes to select the arrays as
shown below.
Click +/- to open/close

topic folder
Click check box to
select/deselect array
Red asterisk (*) symbol

indicates folder contains
selections
Selection options will produce the following outputs:
ALL Map all appropriate arrays

NONE Map only pore volume and corner-point arrays
ADD Map both default and listed arrays
When you have selected all the map options, click OK to close the
Map Selection dialog box.
3. Map Mole Fractions (compositional fluid model only).Click the

button next to the Liquid, Gas, and Overall fields, which
display only if you have selected the compositional fluid model.
The associated Component Selection dialog box opens. The
number of components you defined corresponds to the number of
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Output Data 63

hydrocarbon components in the fluid model as described on

page 60. Both dialog boxes are shown below.
Hydrocarbon Selected for

component mapping
defined
Fluid Model Definition Output Map Data

Hydrocarbon Definitions Map Mole Fractions
Click the check box by the component to map in the

appropriate dialog box as defined below.
Liquid Map Liquid Mole Fractions

Gas Map Vapor Mole Fractions
Overall Map overall hydrocarbon mole fractions
4. Do not use VDB option. The default is to write the map data
directly to the VDB file. Click the Do Not Use VDB toggle to
write the data to a map file outside the VDB. (The file will be
placed in your working directory with the name
<case_name>.map.)
Import the map file into the VDB
You can use the Convert utility to import the map file into the VDB.
5. Write formatted records. The default is to write a file outside the

VDB in binary format. Click the Write Formatted Records
toggle if you want the file written in ASCII format.
The advantage of an ASCII file is that you can view and edit the
data. The disadvantage is that the ASCII file is much larger.

Print Options
These options define the array data that will be printed in the
simulation region output files.
Warning
Because of the large volume of data that can be generated, print options should be
used judiciously.
Three different print options control processed initialization data

printing. The default is to print none of the data. You can select to print
all of the data. Or you can select and control individual print options.
You can also define the print format.
Perform the following steps to define print options:
1. Define tables and arrays to print. Click the No Print Card, Print
All or Print None toggle in the Processed Tables and Arrays field
to print all or none of the data within any/all of the groups. Note:
The Print None option will write your default print settings to the
initialization file. These settings will be commented out in the
simulation file. The No Print Card option will not write print
settings to the simulation file.
Or click the toggle beside the specific groups to print in the

Individual Group Print Controls field. Then click the button
beside the group name to open the Print Option dialog box.
Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder to open the
associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol to close it.)
Then click the check boxes to select the arrays.

topic folder
selections
Click check box to
select/deselect option

Selection options will produce the following outputs:
Selection
All available options will print all of the
available options within the group,
regardless of your topic folder selections.
No options will print, regardless of your

topic folder selections.
Those available options NOT SELECTED

within the topic folders will print.
Available options exactly as selected

within the topic folders will print.
When you have selected all the print options, click OK to close the
Map Selection dialog box.
Individual Group Print Controls

Printing each individual group of data can be separately controlled by
directly specifying the group type and the desired information to be
printed.
Perform these steps to define group option:
1. Select the group type. Click the toggle beside the name of a group
type to activate the option.
2. Select the information. Click the click the button beside an

active group name to open the Print Option dialog box. Click the
plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder to open the associated
selection list. Click OK to close the dialog box.

Print Format
Click the toggle to activate the following changes in print format:
1. Print by layer or cross-section. The default is to print the array

data by vertical layer. Click the Print by Cross-Section toggle to
to print the array data by cross-section instead of layer.
2. Print layer value in initialization region reports. The default is for

the initialization region reports to provide totals for each region.
Click the Print Layer Values in Initialization Region Reports
toggle to output layer values as well.
3. Print hydrocarbon pore/bulk volume tables. Click the Print the

Hydrocarbon Pore Volume and Bulk Volume Vs. Depth toggle
to cause three additional tables to be printed as a function of depth:
hydrocarbon pore volume, bulk volume, and cumulative bulk
volume.
Then click in the entry fields and enter the depth increment
(spacing of depths in the tables), and optional top depth.
Output Region Definition

These options let you name, assign separator batteries for
compositional surface volume calculation, and specify output region
datum depths for the region reports.
Region Definitions
The regions you define in the Output Data panel must correspond to the gridblock
region indices defined on the Grid Data Region Arrays panel. Refer to “Other
Arrays” on page 141.
Perform the following steps to define the output regions:
1. Define number of output regions. Click the up or down stepper

arrow beside the Number of Regions field to specify the number
of grid regions.
2. Define region names. Click the button beside the Output

Region Names field. The Region Name Selection dialog box
opens as shown below. Remember that the region number defined

here will correspond to the region index number of the defined

region array.
Click in the Region Name entry field and provide a descriptive

name for the corresponding region gridblock range. The names are
transferred to the Output Region Names field for display.
3. Specify regions datum separator (compositional only).
Separator Definitions
The options for no surface volume report or the report using the default surface
separator (one stage -- reservoir conditions directly to surface conditions) are
available for situations where you do not know the field separator information.
However, to output surface volume based on a true field separator model, you
must first provide the separator information on the Surface Separator Data tab of
the Fluid Properties tree. Refer to “Define Separator Batteries (Black Oil, K
Values, and Compositional Model Only)” on page 129.

Click the Specify Output Region Datum Separator toggle. Then

click the button that displays beside the activated field. The
Region Separator Battery dialog box opens as shown below.
For each region, click in the Region Separator field to activate

the down arrow and select the separator option from the drop-
down menu. Then click OK to close the dialog box.
Corresponding values for your selections are transferred to the
Specify Output Region Datum Separator field for display.
4. Specify output region datum depth. For each region, you can
specify the standard datum depth used to calculate datum pressure
for the region. Click the Specify Output Regions Datum Depth
toggle. Then click the button that displays beside the activated
field. The Region Datum Depth dialog box opens as shown below.

For each region, click in the Regions Datum Depth entry field
and enter the depth in your default units. Then click OK to close
the dialog box. The values you entered are transferred to the
Specify Output Regions Datum Depth field for display.

Fluid Reservoir Constants
Click the Fluid Reservoir Constants tab to define the constant

properties for the reservoir and its fluids.
Fluid Reservoir
Constants tab
This includes water properties, reservoir constants, and standard

conditions.
Thermal Reservoir Constants
Note that these options are different if you have selected the Thermal Reservoir
model under the Advanced options tree. Refer to “Reservoir Model” on page 77.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Reservoir Constants 71

Water Properties
Water property parameters are mandatory unless you have selected the
thermal reservoir model. These options are not used in THERM. The
displayed units depend on your selection under the Units-Grid System
tab. Perform the following steps to complete the Water Properties
parameters:
1. Define method. Click to activate the toggle to activate water

properties across each reservoir, across the reservoir or across each
defined region according to salinity. If you select to activate water
properties by region, the following region parameters must be
completed:
a. Define stock tank water density. Click in the entry field

and enter the stock tank water density.
b. Define water formation volume factor. Click in the entry

field and enter the water formation volume factor at the
initial datum reservoir pressure for the first equilibrium
region.
c. Define water viscosity. Click in the entry field and enter

the water viscosity.
d. Define water compressibility. Click in the entry field and

enter the water compressibility.
Reservoir Constants
Reservoir constant parameters are mandatory. The displayed units
depend on your selection under the Units-Grid System tab. Perform the
following steps to complete the Reservoir Constants parameters:
1. Define rock compressibility. Click in the entry field and enter the
rock compressibility.
72 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Reservoir Constants R2003.19.1

2. Define reservoir temperature. Click in the entry field and enter the
initial reservoir temperature.
Defining Temperature by Gridblock or Depth
If you have a Thermal or compositional model, you can define reservoir

temperature by depth or gridblock as described “Other Arrays” on
page 141. However, this field cannot be blank. Enter an arbitrary value if
you plan to use temperature vs. depth or values by gridblock.
Standard conditions
Standard condition displayed units depend on your selection under the
Units-Grid System tab. Perform the following steps to complete the
Standard Conditions parameters:
1. Define standard pressure. Click in the entry field and enter the
standard pressure.
Standard pressure default
The default is 14.65 psia (101.325 Kpa or 1.03353 kg/cm2.
2. Define standard temperature. Click in the entry field and enter the
standard temperature.
Standard temperature default
The default is 60oF (15oC).
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Fluid Reservoir Constants 73

Dimension Data
These options let you to change the default dimensions for any
initialization run.
Dimensions tab
Click to open
Dimensions
options dialog
box
If these values are set too high, the simulation run will use more
memory than necessary. If they are set too low, enough memory will
not be allocated to complete the run.
The following dimension maximums are automatically defined based

on your data:
• Separator batteries
• Depth values for composition vs. depth.
• Equilibrium regions
• Saturation regions
• Tracked hydrocarbon types
• Tracked water types
• Table entries in Carter-Tracy
• Points in each undersaturated curve
• Undersaturated curves (oil and gas)
74 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Dimension Data R2003.19.1

• Output regions
• Entries in each saturation table input - from list of type
• Stages per battery
• Unique PVT regions
• Compaction regions
• Water-induced compaction table
• SWINIT in any water-induced compaction table
Dimension maximums that are not automatically changed based on

your data include:
• Maximum number of entries in any table

• Maximum number of regions of any type
• Maximum number of faults
• Maximum number of influx regions
• Gridblock faces, over/underburden layers, temperature entries, or
VISOIL/VISGAS table entries for VIP THERM.
If you are running a model with an unusual number of any of these

features, it is a good idea to look at the corresponding dimension
values. Perform the following steps to change dimension defaults:
1. Open Dimensions dialog box. Click the Dimension Options

button located on the lower bottom, right of the panel as shown
below.
The Dimensions dialog box opens to display the topic folders.
2. Select dimensions. Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder
to open the associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Dimension Data 75

to close it.) Then click the check boxes to select the dimensions as
shown below.

topic folder
selections
Click check box to
select/deselect option
Click OK to close the Dimensions dialog box. Your selections are

transferred to the Dimensions panel as shown below.
3. Change the dimension value. Click in the Value field for each
parameter to activate the up or down stepper arrow . Increase or
decrease the value as necessary for your dataset. The minimum
allowed value is the VIP default.
76 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Dimension Data R2003.19.1

Reservoir Model
These options let you to define advanced reservoir modelling options.

Reservoir Model tab
Click the toggle(s) to activate the reservoir model(s). Options are:
• Thermal option (license required): This option invokes VIP-

THERM (thermal, compositional, or dead oil model). When
selected, this option activates the Thermal Arrays option within
the Grid Data branch and lets you define arrays for reference rock
heat capacity or thermal conductivity. Refer to “Defining Grid
Array Data” on page 135.
Some Thermal Options Unavailable
Note that not all VIP-THERM options are now available in Data Studio.
You can edit the initialization file to define these options.
• Polymer injection option (license required): initializes the model

for polymer injection, which will solve the polymer and electrolyte
equations and include the polymer physical properties in the
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Reservoir Model 77

calculations. The physical properties required to model polymer

transport can be introduced in the recurrent data file at any point
prior to polymer injection.
• Dual option (license required): initializes the dual porosity/

permeability model.
Matrix and Fracture Tables
When the dual option is selected, matrix and fracture tables are activated in
the Tables branch of the options tree.
Perform the following steps to define the dual option parameters:
1. Open the dialog box. Click the Details button that

displays when the Dual option is activated. The corresponding
dialog box opens as shown below.
2. Select single or dual permeability option. There are two

options available.
• Model the fluid flow in two continuous media which

represent the matrix rock and fractures. Exchange of
fluids between the fractures and matrix rock is based
on the Warren and Root theory and includes the
effects of imbibition and gravity drainage.
• Model a dual porosity/single permeability which

assumes that the fractures alone are a continuous
media and the matrix rock exists only as a source or
sink for reservoir fluids. While less general than the
full dual porosity/dual permeability approach, this
78 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Reservoir Model R2003.19.1

option can result in a substantial decrease of

computer time.
Leave the Dual Porosity/Single Permeability option inactive

to use the dual permeability and porosity model. Click to
activate this toggle to use the single permeability model.
3. Specify option for reservoirs that are not fractured (dual

porosity and permeability model only). Click to activate the
Special Treatment for Reservoirs not Fractured in Some
Regions toggle if you want to simulate dual porosity reservoirs
that are not fractured in some regions.
4. Define fracture/matrix transmissibility equation. The current

default is to use the implicit compositional simulation
equation, which differs from the original primarily in that it
takes into account that permeabilities vary in the X, Y, and Z
direction. (Refer to the the section Matrix-Fracture Flow
Exchange Term of the Dual Porosities chapter of the VIP
Technical Reference for a mathematical comparison between
this method and that originally used by VIP.)
Click to activate the Use Original Method for Fracture/

Matrix Transmissibility toggle to invoke the original VIP
method for calculating the matrix/fracture exchange
transmissibilities.
5. Select matrix pseudo capillary pressure options. The dual

option accounts for the effects of imbibition and gravity
drainage from matrix gridblocks that contain many matrix
blocks by invoking an automatic calculation of matrix pseudo
capillary pressure.
For water-oil imbibitions, the calculation assumes an

equilibrium distribution of saturations in each of the matrix
blocks and then calculates, for each gridblock, a table of
average gridblock saturation versus pseudo capillary pressure
at the block center by varying the fluid contact between the top
of the gridblock and the bottom of the gridblock.
A smooth curve of pseudo capillary pressure is produced by

integrating the saturations over a number of columns of matrix
blocks displaced relative to one another.
Select the following matrix pseudo capillary pressure options:

• Use Coats Method for Gas-Oil Matrix Fracture

Exchange. This option is active by default. Click to
deactivate this toggle to use the method parallel to
that of water-oil imbibition.
• Integrate Water-Oil (Gas-Oil) Capillary Pressure

Over Blocks Above Water-Oil (Gas-Oil) Contact.
Click to activate this toggle to integrate water-oil
capillary pressure over matrix blocks above the
water-oil contact (default SW = SWC above water-
oil contact). Gas-oil capillary pressure is always
integrated above the gas-oil contact.
• Print Internally Generated Pseudo Capillary

Pressure to Unit 28. Click to activate this toggle to
print to Fortran Unit 28 the internally generated
pseudo capillary pressures that are used in the
matrix-fracture flow.
• Number of Matrix Blocks for Pseudo Capillary

Pressure Calculation. Click the up or down stepper
arrow located next to this field and increase or
decrease the number of matrix blocks. The default is
to use 1.
• Number of Saturation Entries in Pseudo Capillary

Pressure Tables. Click the up or down stepper arrow
located next to this field and increase or decrease
the number of matrix blocks. The default is to use
10.
• Use Molecular Diffusion between Fracture and

Matrix. Click to activate this toggle to compute mass
transfer between fracture and matrix via the
mechanism of molecular diffusion. The diffusion
calculation is not used for matrix-matrix or fracture-
fracture mass transfer.
• Hydrocarbon tracking option: This option initializes tracking of

multiple hydrocarbons.
Perform the following steps to define the dual option parameters:


displays when the Hydrocarbon Tracking option is activated.
The corresponding dialog box opens as shown below.
2. Define number of fluids to track. Click in the Number of

Tracked Fluids field and enter the number of hydrocarbons to
track.
3. Name the fluids. Click the button located next to the Name
of Tracked Hydrocarbons field. The Tracked Fluid Names
Selection dialog box opens as shown below. An entry is
available for the number of hydrocarbons you selected to track.
Enter a name for each hydrocarbon.
4. Enter assignments above gas-oil contact. Click in the entry

field and enter the number of the tracked hydrocarbon fluid
assigned to the oil above the gas-oil contact in transition
blocks.

5. Enter assignments below gas-oil contact. Click in the entry

field and enter the number of the tracked fluid assigned to the
oil below the gas-oil contact in transition blocks.
6. Enter residual oil saturation. Click in the entry field and enter
the residual oil saturation used to calculate the fraction of the
transition block oil located below the gas-oil contact, fraction.
Default is to use the block value of the residual oil saturation.
The formula for the fraction is:
F = ((S(o) - S*(or))(1-S(w))) / (S(o) (1-S(w) - S*(or)))
• Water tracking option: This option initializes tracking of multiple

water types.
IMPES Formulation only
Note that the IMPES formulation must be used when the the water tracking
option is invoked.
Perform the following steps to define the water tracking option

parameters:

displays when the Water Tracking option is activated. The
corresponding dialog box opens as shown below.
2. Define number of water types to track. Click in the Number of

Tracked Water Types field and enter the number of water
types to track.
3. Define index of in situ water. Click in the entry field and enter
the index to the water type to be used.
4. Name the water types. Click the button located next to the
Name of Tracked Water Types field. The Tracked Fluid Names

Selection dialog box opens as shown below. An entry is

available for the number of water types you selected to track.
Enter a name for each water type.
• Miscible option: This option initializes either the Todd and

Longstaff (three component) or four component miscible tracking.
These models are compatible with either the IMPES or implicit
formulation.
Perform the following steps to define the water tracking option

parameters:

displays when the Miscible option is activated. The

2. Select miscible type. Click the Miscible Type toggle and select
either the original Todd and Longstaff model (three
component: water, oil, solvent) or the four component model
(four component: water, gas, oil, solvent).
Grid Dimensions
When you select the three component model, two hydrocarbon components
are automatically selected within the Fluid Model panel. When you select
the four component model, three hydrocarbon components are
automatically selected on the Fluid Model panel.
3. Define miscible transition zone. Click the Transmission Zone

Definition toggle to define one of four zone definition
methods. The default is the first contact miscible process.
When you select the transition zone option, the miscibility
parameters and pressure options update to reflect the required
information.
Description of Transition Zone Options
The transition zone options and related parameters are described in detail in
the Initialization Data section of the VIP-CORE Reference Manual.
4. Define miscibility parameters and pressure by grid. For each

grid, enter the following values. Click the toggle to select the
mixing procedure for the density calculation.
Parameter Used with

1st Contact 1st Contact (not Interpolation Miscibility pressure
miscible without parameter increases function of total
solvent) linearly hydrocarbon comp
Mixing parameter -
X X X X
viscosity
Mixing parameter -
X X X X
density
Mixing rule for density
X X X X
calculation
Residual oil saturation X X X X
Water blocking factor X X X X
Minimum solvent
saturation to maintain X X
miscibility

Parameter Used with

1st Contact 1st Contact (not Interpolation Miscibility pressure
miscible without parameter increases function of total
solvent) linearly hydrocarbon comp
Miscibility pressure
X
lower and upper bounds
Transition zone size X
• Hydraulic fracture option: This option initializes hydraulic

tracking which determines how non-Darcy flow behaviors within
the hydraulic fracture gridblocks can be described through Beta
(turbulence) factors.
Import HYBETA (Beta Turbulence) Tables
When this option is selected, you must import HYBETA tables as an include
file, either manually or using the “Defining External Include Data for
Network and Control Options” on page 353.
• Rock compaction option: This option lets you input pore volume
and permeability changes based on water saturation history.
Compaction Tables
When this option is selected, it activates the Compaction Tables option

under the Tables branch of the options tree as as described on “Advanced
Reservoir Model Tables” on page 113.
Perform the following steps to define the rock compaction option

parameters:

displays when the Rock Compaction option is activated. The

2. Select compaction table type. Click the toggle and select the
Compaction Table Type: pressure, water, or both.
3. If you selected pressure or both, select calculation method.

Click the toggle to select the method of calculation. Activate
either Irreversible (use minimum pressure) or Reversible (use
current gridblock pressure).

Initialization Options
These options let you define advanced equilibrium and non-

equilibrium initializations.
Initialization Options
Click the toggles to activate the initialization options.
Initialization Type
The default initialization procedure is to always produce an equilibrium
system, which is to say that regardless of which input data options are
used, capillary pressure adjustments are computed for each gridblock
which will ensure that the phases are in equilibrium. Non-equilibrium
can be specified to deactivate the computation of the capillary pressure
adjustments.
• Use equilibrium initialization. Click the Equilibrium toggle if the

default equilibrium option is used. The adjustments are zero;
otherwise, small capillary pressure adjustments are calculated, and
remain constant for each of the gridblocks for the entire
simulation. The integrated saturation initialization options may
require small adjustments to capillary pressures in order to
maintain initial phase equilibrium.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Initialization Options 87

• Use non-equilibrium initialization. Click the Non-Equilibrium

toggle to initialize at dynamic conditions by specifying
saturations, pressures, and possibly compositions, even though
there may be fluid movements at these initial conditions.
Initialization Algorithm
Click the toggle to select the initialization algorithm The default is
gridblock center initialization.
• Use gridblock center initialization. When the Gridblock Center

option is selected, the saturation distribution of the gridblock is
determined by the fluid located at the gridblock center.
• Use thickness center initialization. When the Thickness Center

option is selected, the thickness along the bedding plane is used to
calculate block properties. True vertical thickness is used to
calculate block properties; this more accurately represents dipping
reservoir blocks.
• Integrate capillary pressure over gridblock thickness. When the

Integrate Capillary Pressure over Gridblock Thickness option
is selected, initial fluid saturations are calculated based upon the
actual fluid distribution throughout the gridblock, by integrating
the capillary pressure on the block thickness.
Click the button located next to the activated field to select

optional values of modified residual oil and gas. The following
dialog box opens:
Click the Perform Mobile Saturation Calculations toggle to

activate mobile calculations to account for initial contacts in some
blocks. This is especially useful for grids with large blocks
downdip, near the water-oil contact, where a small oil thickness
above the contact will contain mobile oil, while the oil saturation
is much less than residual oil saturation.
88 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Initialization Options R2003.19.1

The default for minimum calculated residual oil and gas and
critical gas saturation is zero. Click in the entry field to change the
default minimum value.
• Integrate capillary pressure over gridblock volume. When the

Integrate Capillary Pressure over Gridblock Volume option is
selected, the volume averaged integrated saturation initialization
algorithm is invoked, where saturation values are calculated based
on the actual fluid distribution throughout the gridblock by
integrating the inverse capillary pressure function over the
gridblock volume.
This option allows calculations of average gridblock saturations

and bulk volume with specified approximation error tolerances.
Click the button located next to the activated field to select
optional values of modified residual oil and gas. The following
dialog box opens:
Default relative approximation error tolerances for initial water

and gas saturation and block bulk volume are 0.001. Click in the
entry fields to change these values. Block bulk volume is only
used for pore volume calculations.
Click to activate the Use Standard Mapping Technique toggle if

you do not want to update bulk volume. When active, DX . DY .
DX will be used for cornerpoint grids.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Initialization Options 89

Grid Input Options
These options let you turn off or define tolerances by which

connections across pinchouts and faults are made and barriers are
created for low pore-volume gridblocks.
Grid Input Options tab
Click the toggles to activate the grid input options.
Offband Connections
By default, non-standard gridblock connections between layers of the
grid system where pinchouts occur are generated automatically
90 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Grid Input Options R2003.19.1

whenever two layers are separated by one or more inactive blocks if the
total thickness separating them is less than tolerance.
Inactive blocks
Except for the thermal model, a block is inactive whenever pore volume = 0.
When the thermal model is used, a block with zero pore volume or zero total
volume are considered inactive.
By default, faults are connected only when they are logically vertical
blocks.
• Turn off generation of pinchout and/or fault connections. Activate

the Turn off Generation of Pinchout Connections toggle or the
Turn off Generation of Pinchout and Fault Connections to turn
off the default of automatic generation.
• Generate fault connections across any gridblock. Activate the

Generate Fault Connections Across Any Gridblock on the other
side of the Fault Plane toggle to calculate both lateral and vertical
connections.
• Change pinchout connection tolerance. Click the button

located next to the activated field to specify tolerances for
automatic pinchout connection. The following dialog box opens.
Enter the following:
• Gridblock net thickness tolerance. Pore volume is set to zero

for blocks with a net thickness less than or equal to this value.
Default is zero.
• Interblock gross thickness tolerance. A block is "pinched-out"

if it is inactive, or if the gross thickness between two active
gridblocks is less than or equal to this value. The default is the
gridblock net thickness tolerance value.
R2003.19.1 Defining Initialization Utility Data: Grid Input Options 91

• Gridblock gross thickness tolerance. Total volume and pore

volume are set to zero for blocks with a gross thickness is less
than or equal to this value. The default is the gridblock net
thickness tolerance value.
Tolerance for Individual Grids

• Specify pore volume cut-off . Click the button located next to
the activated field to open the following dialog box.
For each active grid, click in the PV Cutoff entry field and enter
the value. The simulator will set blocks with pore volumes less
than or equal to this value to zero.
• Specify LGRs to check separately for pinchout. By default grid

refinements are inactive only if the parent gridblock is inactive.

Click the button located next to activated Specify Grids to

Check Pinchout field. The following dialog box opens.
Click the check box beside any grid refinement you want tested
separately against the tolerance for pinchout connection.
Corner Point Options

These options set optional parameters for corner point grids. Corner
point grids allow you to describe more general grid systems than those
describable through the specification of block-size arrays only.
Perform the following steps to define corner point options:
1. Define the transmissibility calculation parameters. Click the

button located next to the Pore Volume: Transmissibility
Calculations Options field. The calculation dialog box opens.
Define the parameters as follows:
Type of calculation The default method for calculation of

(harmonic, according inter-block transmissibilities is a
to previous VIP ver- method based on harmonic integration.
sion, according to This has been found to give a more
default in VIP V98 accurate representation of transmissibil-
ities for corner-point grids. This was not
the default in previous versions of VIP.
Previous default can also be invoked.
Specify corner point Click the toggle to invoke this option.
positions along depth
lines

x/y/z direction Number of quadrature points (1 . iquads

. 3) in the x, y, and z directions.
Click OK to close the dialog box.
2. Define the gridblock connection tolerance parameters. Click the

button located next to the Gridblock Connection Generation
Tolerances field. The tolerance dialog box opens. Define the
parameters as follows:
Relative overlap area Tolerance for relative overlap area for

for corner point faults corner-point faults.
Absolute transmissi- Tolerance for absolute transmissibility
bility cutoff for corner cutoff for cornerpoint faults, rb-cp/day/
point faults psi (cm-cp/day/kPa).
Cutoff to zero grid- Tolerance for pore volume cutoff. Pore
block pore volume volumes in cells with calculated values
less than this value are set to zero.
Cutoff to zero inter- Tolerance for determining if corner
gridblock vertical point gridblock corner points are in ver-
transmissibility tical contact. If the difference in depth
between the corner points at the top of
layer and the bottom of layer is less than
this value, it is assumed the layers are in
contact and a non-zero z-direction
transmissibility is calculated.
3. Define data checking. The program automatically checks to make

sure that each face of each gridblock projects as a convex
quadrilateral on to an average plane "parallel" to the face. Faces
that fail the convexity condition are checked for the angle between
each of the pair of opposite sides. If any angle is larger than 90
degrees a warning message is printed. The check is performed
initially excluding blocks with zero porosity. After the pore
volume has been calculated the check is repeated for blocks with
non-zero pore volume. By default, the program checks that x
coordinates of corner points do not decrease with increasing i
index.

Click the button located next to the Data Checking Options

field. The tolerance dialog box opens. Define the parameters as
follows:
Print warning mes- The maximum number of blocks for

sage which detailed warning messages are
printed when convexity and angle con-
ditions are violated.
Do not check that X No checking of x coordinate increasing
coordinates increase order.
with i index
Do not check that Y No checking of y coordinate decreasing
coordinates increase order.
with j index
4. Specify right-handed coordinates. Left or right handedness

conflict when importing grids from DecisionSpace PowerGrid into
SimDataStudio. Click the button located next to the Right
Handed Coordinates field to specify a grid imported from
PowerGrid if this option is not already specified within the User
Options panel.

EOS-PVT Options
These options let you deactivate black-oil table monotonicity and

hydrocarbon compressibility checking and activate PVT interpolation.
EOS-PVT Options tab
Click the toggles to activate the EOS-PVT options.
96 Defining Initialization Utility Data: EOS-PVT Options R2003.19.1

Initialization Data
Introduction
Nexus can initialize multiple reservoirs (called equilibrium regions)

within the same model. Initialization data includes all data necessary to
define the equilibrium region tables.
Double-click on the Initialization Data icon . The related entry pane

opens. Each option is described in detail.
Equilibrium Region Index
When you define the initialization (equilibrium) regions, you will define the associated
gridblock ranges within the Region Arrays branch of the Grid Data tree. Refer to “Other
Arrays” on page 141.
R2003.19.1 Initialization Data: Introduction 97

Initial PVT Conditions
Perform the following steps to define the initial PVT conditions:
1. Define reservoir pressure. Click in the Reservoir Pressure and At

Depth entry fields and enter the initial reservoir pressure (psia
(kPa)) and corresponding depth.
2. Define reservoir temperature for the region. Click in the

Reservoir Temperature entry field and enter the initial reservoir
temperature in the equilibrium region, degrees F (degrees C).
Exceptions
Initial reservoir temperature is not used for Gas-Water, Water-Oil, and

Enhanced Black Oil fluid models.
98 Initialization Data: Initial PVT Conditions R2003.19.1

Phase Contact
The phase contact display depends on the fluid model you have
selected. Perform the following steps to enter the phase contacts.
1. Specify capillary pressure. Click in the entry field(s) and enter the
capillary pressure at the model-dependent contact.
For black oil, enhanced black oil, compositional, and K-Values

fluid models, enter the water-oil and gas-oil capillary pressure at
water-oil and gas-oil contact, psia (kPa), where pcwoc = po - pw.
For Gas-Water fluid models, enter the gas-water capillary

pressure, psia (kPa), where pcgw = pg - pw.
2. Specify contact depth. Contact depth can be define in one of two

ways:
a. Enter the value in the corresponding Contact Depth

entry field.
b. Slide the Depth Bar along the Grid Display as shown

below. The depth dynamically updates in the
corresponding Contact Depth entry field.
Grid Depth Bar
R2003.19.1 Initialization Data: Phase Contact 99

Initial Composition and Saturation Pressure
The saturation and compositional pressure entries that display in the

Initialization pane depend on the fluid model you have selected.
Constants
Perform the following steps to define constants.
1. Enter saturation pressure. Click in the Saturation Pressure entry

field and enter the initial saturation pressure, psia (kPa).
2. Enter component mole fraction (compositional and K-values fluid

models only). Click the button beside the main phase (either the
Oil Phase Composition and/or Gas Phase Composition) field.
The Component Mole Fractions dialog box opens to display the
hydrocarbon components you specified for the compositional or
K-values fluid model. Enter the component mole fractions as
shown below.
Click OK to close the dialog box. The values you specified

transfer to the display field.
Mole Fractions
Mole fraction values must equal 1.
3. Activate VIP method for compositional models (optional). Click to

activate the Use VIP Method for Phase Composition toggle if
you want to match VIP pressure results by using the same method
100 Initialization Data: Initial Composition and Saturation Pressure R2003.19.1

during phase pressure vs. depth table construction.
If this toggle is not active, the program adopts the same

compositional assumptions during table build as are applied later
during gridblock composition assignment. This results in
discrepancies when compared to VIP, but may reduce non-
equilibrium potentials after initialization.
4. Activate super-critical initialization for compositional fluid model

(optional). Click to activate the Super-critical Initialization
toggle for compositional models in which the fluid type transitions
from undersaturated gas to undersaturated liquid as depth
increases. Fluids above this "undersaturated GOC" condition
exhibit a dew point while exhibiting a bubble point below it. At
undersaturated GOC, the reservoir temperature is equal to the
mixture’s critical temperature, and the reservoir pressure exceeds
the critical pressure.
5. Activate Gibbs sedimentation for compositional fluid model

(optional). Click to activate the Gibbs Sedimentation for Comp.
vs. Depth toggle if you want to use the Gibbs sedimentation
method to calculate compositional variation for depths greater than
or equal to 100 feet. This option can produce significant
compositional variation if the depth variation of a reservoir is
appreciable.
Varying by Depth
Click the Depth Varying toggle to activate the applicable equilibrium
tables. For saturation tables, enter the values in the Depth and PSAT
fields as shown in the saturation table below.
For different phases of an enhanced black oil model, you will have
toggles for additional oil-gas or gas-oil ratios. In the live oil/wet gas
R2003.19.1 Initialization Data: Initial Composition and Saturation Pressure 101

model shown below, the selected option is to use solution gas ration
instead of saturation.
For K-value and compositional models, you have an optional toggle to

specify temperature at each depth, additional (mandatory) fields to
specify component mole fractions for the main phase, and a super-
critical initialization toggle as shown below.

The options available for each fluid model are:
Fluid Model Constants Optional Equilibrium Tables vs Depth
Black Oil Saturation Pressure Saturation Pressure

Gas-Water none none
Water-Oil Saturation Pressure none
Enhanced Black
Oil
live oil /dry Saturation Pressure Saturation pressure OR solution gas-oil ratio
gas
live oil/wet Saturation Pressure Saturation pressure OR solution gas-oil AND oil-
gas gas ratio
dead oil/dry Saturation Pressure Solution gas-oil ratio
gas
dead oil/wet Saturation Pressure Saturation pressure OR solution oil-gas ratio
gas
K-Values Saturation pressure Saturation pressure (with optional temperature)
and component and MANDATORY component mole fractions for
mole fraction for main phasea,2
main phase1,b
Compositional Saturation pressure Saturation pressure (with optional temperature)
and component and MANDATORY component mole fractions for
mole fraction for main phasea,b
main phasea,b
1. Main phase is gas above the gas-oil contact and oil below.
2. You can invoke super-critical initialization to initialize fluid systems which are always one phase but
are gas condensate overlaying volatile oils. The compositions are such that they are always above the
equilibrium two phase envelope at the reservoir temperature and pressure. The gas-oil contact is
defined by looking at the heaviest component k-value to insure it is less than one because there is no
two phase region in the reservoir at initial conditions. The initial reservoir pressure/depth values are
used as the starting point for the initial pressure profile calculations.
R2003.19.1 Initialization Data: Initial Composition and Saturation Pressure 103


Defining Table Data
Introduction
Table (region) data consists of initialization (equilibrium), rock

property, and fluid property definitions. These options share common
user interface procedures for setting up regions, building/importing and
editing tables or optional correlation curve definitions. Common
procedures are described first. Then, individual table definitions are
described for initialization, rock, and fluid properties.
Overview of Tables
An overview of equilibrium, fluid property and rock property tables is provided in the Tables
chapter of the VIP-CORE Reference Manual.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: Introduction 105

Region Management
These options let you specify and manage the number of regions. The
Region Management options are located on the bottom of the pane.
Add Region Pane

Perform the following step to add a pane for each region you want to
define.
1. Click the down arrow icon beside the Region Management

field and select the Add New Region option from the drop-down
menu as shown below.
Add new region
The region number increments in the Initialization Regions field

as shown below.
A corresponding blank Region Definition pane is created for the

new region.
Add/Edit Region Description and Comments

Perform the following steps to add or edit an existing description and
comments for the region.

field and select the Edit Description and Comments option from
the drop-down menu as shown below.
Edit description
106 Defining Table Data: Region Management R2003.19.1

The Description and Comments dialog box opens as shown below.
2. Click in the Description field and enter a short description. Click

in the Comments field and enter comments about the region.
Click the OK button to close the dialog box.
When the User Comments option is active on the Data File

Generation tab of the User Options panel (View > User Options),
then the description and comments entered here will print in the
output file.
Select Region Pane

Select regions by clicking the stepper arrows or select from the drop-
down menu as shown below.
Active Open
First region menu Last
Previous Next
Once selected, you can complete the entry fields for the active region.
Delete Region Pane

With the region pane active, perform the following step to delete a
region.

field and select the Delete Region option from the drop-down
menu as shown below.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: Region Management 107

Delete region
The region is deleted and the region numbers increment

consecutively. Any data you have entered for the region is deleted.
Build Tables
When building equilibrium or property tables, the right mouse button
menu options let you build the rows as shown below.
Click in a row with the right mouse button and select to:
• Insert Before Row. Insert a new row above the current row.
• Insert After Row. Insert a new row below the current row.
• Delete Row. Delete the current row.
• Set Row Number. Opens a dialog box from which you can click the
up or down stepper arrow to define the total number of rows for
the table (including the current ones). Additional rows are added to
the bottom of the table.
Define Tables
There are two ways to define tables:
• Import an existing table from an initialization file, text file, or

spreadsheet (or extension file for PVT tables).
• Define the curve correlation
Procedures for importing tables are described in this section.

Procedures for defining curve correlations are described by fluid model
in the next section.

Import Tables
Perform the following steps to import an existing table:
1. Open the Select File dialog box. With the rock properties region
active, click the Import from File button located at the bottom of
the pane.
The Select file dialog box opens as shown below.
2. Select the file. Click the Files of Type drop-down menu and select
the format of the file to import. Then filter and select the file.
When you click OK, the dialog box closes. If the initialization file
contains multiple tables, the Table Import Selection dialog box
opens as shown below.
Available
tables
3. Select the table. Click on the table name in the list of available
tables to display the corresponding curves. Click the OK button
when the table you want to select is highlighted.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: Region Management 109

The table data is imported and the corresponding curves display.
View and Edit Tables

Once a table is populated, you can click in any field to edit the data. Or
you can move your pointer within the curve display as shown below.
Corresponding table entry
Values
At each pointer position, the corresponding values are annotated on the

curve display and the corresponding table entry field is highlighted.
You can click and drag any point to edit the curve. When you press
your right mouse button, your pointer becomes an up or down arrow
( ). Drag the arrow to the new value and release MB1. The curve and
the corresponding table entries are updated.

Rock Property Tables
Nexus can initialize multiple rock property regions.
Click the (+) button beside Rock Property Tables on the options tree.
Then double-click on the rock property icon beside the table to
select. The related entry pane opens.
Rock property table options depend on the fluid model you have
selected. Each option is described in detail.
Rock Type Region Index
When you define the rock property regions, you will define the associated gridblock ranges
within the Region Arrays branch of the Grid Data tree. Refer to “Other Arrays” on
page 141.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: Rock Property Tables 111

Water-Oil Table
Water saturation tables define the rock properties that depend on water
saturation: relative permeability of water, relative permeability of oil in
the presence of water, and water-oil capillary pressure.
The following fields must be defined in the Water-Oil Saturation table:
Column Name Description

SW Water saturation as a fraction of total pore volume. Values must
increase consecutively.
KRW Relative permeability of water (in an oil-water system) at a given
water saturation. Values must increase with water saturation.
KROW Relative permeability of oil in the presence of water (in an oil-
water system) at a given water saturation. Values must decrease
with increasing water saturation. If this is an imbibition table,
krow must be less than or equal to the corresponding drainage
curve value.
PCWO Water-oil capillary pressure, psia (kPa). Values must decrease
with increasing water saturation unless all values are equal. This
will either be a primary drainage curve or an imbibition curve. If
this is an imbibition table, pcwo must be less than
n or equal to the corresponding secondary drainage curve value.
Here, pcwo = po - pw.
Gas-Oil Table (Gas-Water Fluid Model)

The following fields must be defined in the Gas-Oil Saturation table:

SG Gas saturation as a fraction of total pore volume. Values must
increase consecutively.
KRG Relative permeability of gas (in a gas-oil or gas-water system
with connate water) at a given gas saturation. Values must
increase with gas saturation.
KRWG Relative permeability of water in the presence of gas at a given
gas saturation. Values must decrease with increasing gas satura-
tion.
PCGW Gas-water capillary pressure, psia (kPa). Values must increase
with increasing gas saturation unless all values are equal.
(pcgw = pg - pw)
112 Defining Table Data: Rock Property Tables R2003.19.1

Corey Model Saturation Curves Correlation

Perform the following steps to enter the curve data:
1. Define endpoints. Click in the entry fields and enter values for:
• Residual gas saturation to water (mandatory)
• Maximum water relative permeability (mandatory)
• Minimum water saturation (mandatory)
• Gas relative permeability at minimum water saturation

(mandatory)
• Capillary pressure and maximum capillary pressure
2. Define curves shape. Click in the Exponent entry fields and enter
the gas (mandatory), water (mandatory), and capillary pressure
exponents to define the shape of the curve.
3. Define number of table entries. Click the up or down stepper arrow

beside the Number of Entries in Table field to define the total
number of point along the curve to be calculated.
Advanced Reservoir Model Tables

The following tables activate when advanced reservoir model options
are defined.
Table Option Column Description

Rock Compaction Table Pressure History P Pressure (PSIA)
Water Saturation History DSW Change in water saturation
PVMULT Pore volume multipliers
TAMULT Transmissibility multipliers
TVMULT Vertical transmissibility
multipliers (optional)

Saturation Table Parameters

Click the ellipse ( button to open the Saturation Table Parameters
dialog box. These options let you define saturation and hysteresis
parameters, tolerances, and calculation methods
Click the toggles to activate the saturation and hysteresis options.
Refer to the VIP-CORE Reference Manual
Initialization options are described in detail in the Saturation Tables and Hysteresis
section of the Initialization Data chapter.
Capillary Pressure
These options invoke capillary pressure hysteresis.
• Use Leverett-J function. This option invokes the Leverett-J

function for calculating capillary pressure.
• Use water-oil capillary pressure hysteresis. Click the button

located next to the activated field to open the following dialog box.
Enter or select the following:
• Scanning curve shape parameter. Enter the value of the shape

of the scanning curve. The default is 0.1.
Recommended value range
The recommended values are between 0.05 to 0.1.
• Maximum number of levels of scanning curve. Click the up or

down stepper arrow located next to the field to increase or
decrease the number of levels of scanning curve.

• Minimum water saturation change to accept saturation

reversal. Enter the minimum change to allow reversal to be
accepted.
• Maximum water saturation to compute hysteresis. Enter the

maximum water saturation for which the program will
calculate hysteresis.
• Use imbibition curve for initialization. Click the toggle to

initialize from an imbibition curve rather than a drainage
curve.
Import Imbibition or Drainage Curves
You must import either the imbibition or drainage curves, either

manually or using the “Defining External Include Data for
Network and Control Options” on page 353.
• Use gas-oil capillary pressure hysteresis. Click the button

located next to the activated field to open the dialog box. Dialog
box specifications are the same as for water-oil hysteresis
described above, except that gas rather than water saturation
values must be provided.
• Freeze water-oil capillary pressure at initial value. Click the

toggle to freeze water-oil capillary pressure in saturation tables at
the initial value for the entire simulation.
• Freeze gas-oil capillary pressure at initial value. Click the toggle

to freeze gas-oil capillary pressure in saturation tables at the initial
value for the entire simulation.
Relative Permeability
These options are used to invoke oil and/or gas phase relative
permeability hysteresis.
1. Select end point scaling. Click the toggle to activate two-point scaling.
The default is three-point scaling for capillary pressure. In the two-point
case, each curve is scaled over its entire length (from residual/
irreducible saturation to the saturation at which it attains a maximum).
In the three-point case, all curves in a table are scaled together (retaining
the relative kr and Pc characteristics of the curves). In this case, all
endpoints serve to break the table up into partitions, with scaling being

done in each partition independently. As an example, the water-oil table

would be scaled in two sections; from water saturations of Swir to Swor
and from Swor to 1.
2. Activate the phase hysteresis option (optional). Click the toggle to

activate the Use Oil Phase Rel Perm Hysteresis and/or Use Gas
Phase Rel Perm Hysteresis option. If activated:
• Click the down arrow to select the hysteresis calculation

method from the drop-down menu.
• If gas phase hysteresis is active, enter the maximum historical

gas saturation value above critical gas saturation at which
hysteresis should be activated.
3. Modify tolerances. Click the toggle to activate the Modify

Tolerances option. These are values that must be exceeded before
the hysteresis calculations are performed. Otherwise, only the
drainage relative permeability curves are used:
• This is the saturation fraction by which the phase saturation

must be below the historical maximum phase saturation.
• This is the incremental gas saturation by which the adjusted

historical maximum must exceed the critical gas saturation.
(Used for gas relative permeability hysteresis only.)
3-Phase Relative Permeability

1. Select 3-phase/2-phase calculation method. Click the toggle to
select the calculation method (default is three-point).
If two-point is active, endpoint scaling will be done by scaling the

entire length of the curve (from residual/ irreducible saturation to
the saturation at which it attains a maximum), honoring only the
minimum/maximum values of the curve.
If three-point is selected, endpoint scaling will also:
• Honor the residual values within the table (for example, the
water-oil table will be scaled from irreducible water saturation
to water saturation at residual oil (SWR to SWOR) and from
water saturation at residual oil to the maximum water
saturation (SWOR to SWU)).

• Scale capillary pressure over the following three saturation

domains of the input tables: (1) from the minimum saturation
(Swl, Sgl) to residual saturation (Swr, Sgr), (2) from the
residual saturation (Swr, Sgr) to the saturation at residual of the
other phase (Swro, Sgro, Sgrw), (3) from (Swro, Sgro, Sgrw)
to the maximum saturation (Swu, Sgu).
If the Do Not Check Saturation Tables option is active, a fatal

error will occur during simulation if:
Sgu ≥ 1 – Sw1
Otherwise, the end point arrays are checked for consistency.
2. Select the 3-phase calculation method:
• Stone 1 -- Stone 1 method will be used.
• Stone 2 -- Stone 2 method will be used.
• KROINT -- Saturation-weighted interpolation method will be

used. Endpoint scaling will be done by scaling the entire length
of the curve (from residual/ irreducible saturation to the
saturation at which it attains a maximum), honoring only the
minimum/ maximum values of the curve.
Note: The 2-curves Water Relative Permeability option is not valid for
Nexus.

Fluid Property Tables
Nexus can initialize multiple fluid property regions.
Click the (+) button beside Fluid Property Tables on the options tree.
Then double-click on the PVT Tables icon beside the table to select.
The related entry pane opens.
PVT table options depend on the fluid model you have selected. Each
option is described in detail.
PVT Region Index
When you define the fluid property regions, you will define the associated gridblock ranges
within the Region Arrays branch of the Grid Data tree. Refer to “Other Arrays” on page 141.
118 Defining Table Data: Fluid Property Tables R2003.19.1

PVT Table Definitions
Differential Expansion Tables

Depending on the fluid model you selected, the following fields must
be defined in the differential expansion table:
Column
Description
Name
Black-Oil PVT
PSAT Values of saturation pressure at successive pressure steps in the differen-
tial expansion experiment, psia (kPa). These values must be monotoni-
cally decreasing.
RS Values of solution gas-oil ratio corresponding to each value of psat,
SCF/STB (SCM/STCM).
BO Values of oil formation volume factor corresponding to each value of
psat, rb/STB (cm/STCM).
BG Values of gas formation volume factor corresponding to each value of
psat, rb/STB (cm/STCM).
GR Values of gas gravity corresponding to each value of psat. Values are
measured as density relative to air at standard conditions.
VO Values of saturated oil viscosity corresponding to each value of psat, cp
(cp).
VG Values of gas viscosity corresponding to each value of psat, cp (cp).
Enhanced Black-Oil PVT
PSAT, RS, BO, and VO defined above (live oil). PSAT,, BO, and VO defined above
(dead oil).
Oil PVT
RS, PSAT, BO and VO defined above.
Gas PVT
PSAT, BG and VG defined above.
K Values Black-Oil PVT
PSAT, VG and VO defined above.
ZG Values of gas compressibility factor (z-factor) corresponding to each
value of psat.
ZO Values of oil compressibility factor (z-factor) corresponding to each
value of psat.
YNC Values of gas mole fraction of the last (nc) component corresponding to
each value of psat.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: Fluid Property Tables 119

Column
Description
Name
KV-N K-values for each component (N) corresponding to each value of psat.
Fluid Model Correlation Curves

Perform the following steps to define the fluid model correlation
curves:
1. Define correlations for differential expansion data. The data you

define is dependent on the fluid model. Procedures are defined
separately below.
2. Define density/molecular weight. This information must be

defined whether you are importing the table or defining the
correlations. Refer to See “Define Density/Molecular Weight
Data” on page 122.
3. Define undersaturated data. This information must be defined

whether you are importing the table or defining the correlations.
Refer to See “Define Undersaturated Data” on page 123.
Black Oil and Water-Oil PVT Curve Correlation

Perform the following steps to enter black oil PVT curve data:
1. Define PVT conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter values
for:
• API gravity of the residual oil at standard conditions

(mandatory).
• Fluid gas-oil ratio (mandatory).
• Gas gravity (mandatory).
• Fluid temperature (mandatory).

2. Define separator conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter

separator temperature and pressure.
Defining Separator Batteries
Within SimDataStudio, you can define separator batteries only if you have
selected the compositional fluid model. Unless you plan to edit the
initialization file manually to add separator batteries, these entry fields
assume only a surface separator.
3. Define number of table entries above and below bubble point.

Click the up or down stepper arrow beside the Entries Above/
Below Bubble Point fields to define the total number of point
along the curve to be calculated.
4. Generate the correlations. Click the Generate button located at

the bottom of the Correlations dialog box. The bubble point is
calculated and displayed at the bottom of the dialog box. Click the
Close button to close the dialog box.
Gas-Water PVT Curve Correlation

Perform the following steps to enter gas-water curve data:
1. Define Fluid PVT conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter
values for:
• Gas Gravity (mandatory)
• Temperature (mandatory)
2. Define separator conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter

separator temperature and pressure.
Defining Separator Batteries
Within SimDataStudio, you can define separator batteries only if you have
selected the compositional fluid model. Unless you plan to edit the
initialization file manually to add separator batteries, these entry fields
assume only a surface separator.
3. Define number of table entries above and below bubble point.

Click the up or down stepper arrow beside the Entries Above/
Below Bubble Point fields to define the total number of point
along the curve to be calculated.

4. Generate the correlations. Click the Generate button located at the

bottom of the Correlations dialog box. The bubble point is
calculated and displayed at the bottom of the dialog box. Click the
Close button to close the dialog box.
Define Density/Molecular Weight Data

Perform the following steps to enter density and molecular weight data.
Gas-Water Fluid Model
With the Gas-Water fluid model, you can only define gas gravity.
1. Define displayed fields (mandatory). Click in the Density of

Residual Oil at Standard Conditions and Molecular Weight of
Residual Oil entry fields and enter the values.
Imports
If you have imported a table, all density/molecular weight data in the table
is imported and displays.
2. Open optional fields. Click the Other Options button as shown

below.
The Options dialog box opens.
3. Select options. Click the plus (+) symbol beside the Density and
Molecular Weight topic folder to open the associated selection

list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the
check boxes to select the parameters as shown below.

topic folder (Red
asterisk (*) symbol
selections)
Click check box to select/

deselect parameter
Click the OK button to close the dialog box. The selected

parameters display as on the pane so you can enter values.
Define Undersaturated Data

Perform the following steps to provide the undersaturated data
definitions:
1. Define saturation pressure. Click in the Saturation Pressure

entry field and enter the value. You can click the down arrow icon
and select the value from a list of those entered for previous
regions. Values entered in the table described below will be
relative to this saturation pressure.
2. Complete the table. The following fields must be defined in the

Undersaturated Data table:
DP Values of pressure relative to the saturation pressure.

BOFAC Values of oil formation volume factor at pressure p relative to the
volume factor at pressure psat. [bo(p)/bo(psat)].
VOFAC Values of oil viscosity at pressure p relative to the viscosity at
pressure psat. [vo(p)/vo(psat)].

EOS Data Tables (Compositional Models)

For compositional models, you can define the equation of state data for
both reservoirs and separator batteries.
Procedures are described below.
Reservoir EOS
Perform the following steps to define reservoir EOS data.
1. Select EOS type. Click the down arrow next to the Equation of
State Type field and select the type from the pull down menu.
Available methods are: Peng Robinson (modified), original Peng-
Robinson, Redlich-Kwong, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, and
Zudkevitch-Joffe.
2. Activate volume shift option. Click to activate the Use 3

Parameter Version of EOS toggle if you want to add the volume
(VSHIFT) option to the Component Properties table.

3. Select optional parameters. Click the selection button next to

the Optional Parameters field to open a dialog box on which you
can define the following parameters:
Parameter Definition
Tolerance and Calculation Method

Flash Tolerance The flash calculation converges when
FUGERR ⎛ 2
f ⎞
∑
i =1
⎜1 − v , i
⎜
⎝ f l ,i
⎟ < TOL
⎟
⎠
(Default 1.0e-4)
Z-Factor Lowest Click the toggle to activate the Z-factor

Gibbs Free Energy selection process by which the Z-factor that
option provides the lowest Gibbs free energy for
the phase is selected. Normally, this option
is off, and the lowest Z-factor is selected for
the liquid phase, and the largest Z-factor is
selected for the vapor phase
Number of Compo- The default is 2. Adjusting this option may
nents for Fugacity be useful if resolution of the fugacity equal-
Equality Conver- ity of trace components is slowing the con-
gence Criteria vergence of the flash calculations.
Ignore Vshift Input Activate this toggle to cause the simulator to
in Component Prop- ignore VSHIFT input in the EOS Compo-
erties Table option nent Properties Table.
Ignore Skatz Input Activate this toggle to cause the simulator to
in Component Prop- ignore SKATZ input in the EOS Component
erties Table option Properties Table.
Phase Transition
Method to Detect Click the arrow and select the method from
Transition from 1- the pull-down menu. Options are:
phase to 2-phase • INCRP: determined by increasing pressure
state method.
• GIBB: determined by Gibbs stability test.
• PSAT: determined by saturation pressure test.

Calculation Method Click the arrow and select the method from
for Phase Transi- the pull-down menu the method controlling
tions how phase transition calculations are per-
formed. Options are:
• Neighbor: all single phase grid blocks which
neighbor a two phase grid block (except well grid
blocks) will use K-values from the neighbor block
as the starting point to test for the emergence of a
second phase.
• Test: all single phase grid blocks which neighbor a
two phase grid block, and all well grid blocks, will
undergo a test for the emergence of a second phase.
• All: all single phase grid blocks are tested for the
emergence of a second phase using the increasing
pressure method.
Phase Fraction Enter the phase fraction in the entry field.

The second increasing loop is entered if the
first loop fails on the last increment and the
mole phase fraction is within PHASEFRAC
of the phase boundary.
Test Threshold Enter in the entry field the value for apply-
ing the phase transition test when two adja-
cent blocks are of difference single phase
types.
Phase Labeling
Single Phase Hydro- Click the pull-down menu and select the
carbon System option for determining the labeling of a sin-
Labeling for Initial- gle phase hydrocarbon system during initial-
ization ization calculations. Options are:
• OILalways label a single phase hydrocarbon as oil,
• GASalways label a single phase hydrocarbon as
gas,
• Vlabel a single phase, depending on the vapor mole
fraction obtained from the flash
calculation.(Default)

Criteria to Label • Click the pull-down menu to select the single-phase

Single-Phase hydrocarbon system: Options are:
Hydrocarbon Sys- • PREVIOUS Use label applied during previous
tem timestep. (Default)
• DENSITY Base label on whether the mass density
of a phase is above or below the specified threshold
value. Fluids with density above the threshold
value are labeled as oil, while fluids with density
below the threshold value are labeled as gas.
• FLASHBase the phase label on the vapor mole
fraction calculated from a set of increasing pressure
flash calculations.
• OILAlways label a single phase fluid as an oil.
• GASAlways label a single phase fluid as a gas.
• PSAT Label a single phase fluid based on the result
of a saturation pressure calculation. A bubble point
fluid is labeled as an oil, while a dew point fluid is
labeled as a gas.
CO2 Data
Specify CO2 Com- This option lets you specify a component.
ponent Number Click the up arrow to increase the value
from 0 (default) to 1.
Critical Volume Click in the entry field and enter a critical
Correction Factor volume correction factor applied to CO2
for Viscosity Calcu- during Thodos viscosity calculation.
lation
4. Select component properties critical temperature and pressure

units. Click the down arrow next to the Critical Temperature
Unit and Critical Pressure Unit fields and select the units from
the pull-down menu.
5. Enter component properties. Click in the entry fields and define

the component properties within the table:
MW Value of oil molecular weight corresponding to oil

viscosity parameter.
TC Critical temperature.
PC Critical pressure.

ZC Critical gas compressibility factor.
Acentric Acentric factor of component
OmegaA
Equation of state factor for each component
OmegaB
VSHIFT This column is available if the Volume Shift
toggle is active. Volume shift value.
6. Define binary interaction coefficients. Click in the table entry

fields and enter the binary interaction coefficient terms a and b
(click toggle to specify) between the first and second component.
Separator EOS
The EOS separator options are all described within the Reservoir EOS
section (refer to “Reservoir EOS” on page 124.)
Note that you can activate or deactivate the Use Reservoir Equation
of State toggle to either duplicate the settings from the previous panel
or define new ones for the separator.

Define Separator Batteries (Black Oil, K Values, and Compositional

Model Only)
For black oil and compositional models, you have the option to define
the separator batteries.
Surface battery table

Surface battery design
Battery regions are defined as described in “Region Management” on

page 106. The definition table is built as described in “Define Tables”
on page 108.
For each stage, enter the following data:
Parameter Description
TEMP Temperature at current stage

PRES Pressure at current stage
LFRAC Fraction of liquid steam entering the stage
(LFRAC1) and leaving the stage (LFRAC2)
to be sent to the destination. The value of liq-
uid steam entering and leaving the stage
(LFRAC1 + LFRAC2) must be between 0
and 1.

LDEST Destination can be the oil sales line (OIL) or

a downstream stage number.
VFRAC Destination of vapor steam entering the

stage (VFRAC1) and leaving the stage
(VFRAC2) to be sent to the destination. The
value of vapor steam entering and leaving
the stage (VFRAC1 + VFRAC2) must be
between 0 and 1.
VDEST Destination (VDEST). Destination can be
the gas sales line (GAS), a downstream stage
number, or vented.
PVT Table This index defines which PVT table to use

for the separator calculation. It must be a
valid PVT table number.

NGL Plant Definition
These options let you define in major gas sales how a produced gas
stream (minus fuel and shrinkage gas) in any well management level
will be processed in an NGL plant to remove NGL from the stream.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: NGL Plant Definition 131

LPG Plant Definition
These options let you define in the major gas sales option how produced gas
stream (minus fuel and shrinkage gas) or the outlet gas from the NGLPLANT
(if an NGLPLANT is specified) in any well management level to be
processed in an LPG plant to remove LPG from the stream.
132 Defining Table Data: LPG Plant Definition R2003.19.1

MI
This option lets you define in major gas sales how the produced gas
stream (minus fuel and shrinkage gas) in any well management level
will be processed in an MI plant to remove MI from the stream.
R2003.19.1 Defining Table Data: MI 133

134 Defining Table Data: MI R2003.19.1

Defining Grid Array Data
Introduction
Reservoir properties can vary spatially. A value for any one of these
properties must be given for each gridblock in the reservoir model The
field of values required to specify a reservoir property is called an
array.
Click the (+) button beside the Grid Data options tree. Then double-
click on the icon beside the grid array to select. The related entry pane
opens. The Definition Arrays panels is shown above. Grid array
procedures and definitions are described in this chapter.
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Introduction 135

Array Panel
There is a standard user interface for entering most array definition.

Standard definition procedures are described in this section. Then
individual array definitions are described in the next section.
Use the Roadmap

As you define array data, the top of the panel dynamically updates as
shown below.
The top line shows you which arrays you have already defined. The
bottom line shows you which arrays are mandatory.
Note: Last Array Does Not Display on the Roadmap
Array data is not saved until you perform another action. The last array you
define is saved when you leave the panel. Therefore, it will not display on
the Roadmap unless you return to the panel.
Import Arrays
When you import text (.cor) or binary (.bin) files from other
applications such as GridGenr or ZMap, include statements are added
to the initialization file. Perform the following steps to import array
data files:
1. Specify the file type and select the file. Click the Include (text) or
Binary File toggle as shown below to specify the file type.
The File Selection dialog box opens. Filter and select the file to
include. The file name displays in the File Name field.
2. Load other properties (optional). If you want to load all other grid
arrays from the same file, click the Load Properties button. You
136 Defining Grid Array Data: Array Panel R2003.19.1

receive a confirmation prompt. Click the Yes button to close the

prompt window. All grid array data loads and populates the panels
under the Grid Data tree.
Define Arrays
Arrays can be defined as a constant, multiple of a property, or as a
variable. Procedures for each are described.
Undoing an array definition
Note that you can "undo" an existing array definition at any time by clicking the
Not Used toggle.
Define Constant Array

Perform the following steps to define a constant array:
1. Select the option. Click to activate the Constant toggle as shown

below.
Constant value entry field
opens when activated
The constant value entry field opens.
2. Enter the constant. Click in the entry field and enter the value.
Define Multiple
Perform the following steps to define a multiple:
1. Select the option. Click to activate the Multiple toggle as shown

below.
Multiple specification fields
Property open when activated
selection
The multiple value specification fields open.
2. Select the property. Click the down arrow beside the toggle and
select the property for which you want to specify the multiplier.
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Array Panel 137

3. Enter the multiplier. Click in the Multiplier Value field and enter
the multiplier.
Define Variable
Perform the following steps to define a variable in the X, Y, Z direction
or for all grid values:
1. Select the option. Click to activate the Variable toggle as shown

below.
Variable specification fields
open when activated
Variable
direction
selection
The variable value specification fields open.
2. Select the variable direction. Click the down arrow beside the
toggle and select the property for which you want to specify the
multiplier.
If you selected the X or Y, or Z direction, a table opens to provide

the I, J, or K range. If you selected All Grid Values, the table
allows for K/J values at each I.
3. Enter the values. Click in the Multiplier Value field and enter the
multiplier.
138 Defining Grid Array Data: Array Panel R2003.19.1

Overview of Array Data
Definition Arrays
Input Format
Properties
Selection Options
Along horizontal plane arrays Length of gridblock in X or Y direction measured along

horizontal
Gross or net vertical thickness
Ratio of net vertical thickness to gross
Along bedding plane arrays Length of gridblock in X or Y direction measured along
bedding plane
Gross or net stratum thickness
Depth to top of gridblock
Corner-point grid arrays X or Y direction cornerpoint location
Depth to each cornerpoint
Cornerpoint gross vertical or stratum thickness
Corner-point data arrays Eight X/Y/Z cornerpoints for each gridblock
Ratio of net vertical thickness to gross
Physical Properties
Input Format
Properties
Selection Options
Porosity and gridblock center or gridblock face Porosity of each gridblock. If both net and gross thickness
permeability are input, porosity should correspond to the net thickness.
Permeability controlling flow in the X, Y, And Z direction,
applied at the gridblock face or center.
For gridblock face permeability:

For gridblock face permeability, the value input for block
(i,j,k) is the permeability at the block face between cells (i -1,
j, k) and (i, j, k). For KXF is zero.
Rock compressibility can be given a value for each
gridblock. Typically rock compressibility can be expressed
as a function of porosity.
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Overview of Array Data 139

Input Format
Properties
Selection Options
Gridblock pore volume and transmissibility arrays Pore volume of each gridblock
For a rectangular grid:
The x-direction transmissibility of gridblock (i,j,k) is

defined at the boundary between blocks (i-1,j,k)
and (i,j,k) and controls flow between them. For i = 1,
TX is zero.
The y direction transmissibility of gridblock (i,j,k) is

defined at the boundary between blocks (i,j-1,k) and
(i,j,k) and controls flow between them. For j = 1, TY is
zero.
The z-direction transmissibility of gridblock (i,j,k) is

defined at the boundary between blocks (i,j,k-1) and
(i,j,k) and controls flow between them. For k = 1, TZ is
zero.
For a diagonal grid (using a nine-point finite difference

operator):
The left diagonal-direction transmissibility of gridblock

(i,j,k) is defined (at an imaginary boundary) between
blocks (i-1,j-1,k) and (i,j,k) and controls flow between
them. For i=1 and for j=1, TXYL is zero.
The right diagonal-direction transmissibility of

gridblock (i,j,k) is defined (at an imaginary boundary)
between blocks (i+1,j-1,k) and (i,j,k) and controls flow
between them. For i=NX and for j=1, TXYR is zero.
Rock compressibility can be given a value for each

gridblock. Typically rock compressibility can be expressed
as a function of porosity.
140 Defining Grid Array Data: Overview of Array Data R2003.19.1

Other Arrays
Array Type Properties
Region Integer values defining distinct ranges for equilibrium regions. Each region may have different
water-oil and gas-oil contacts. Each value in this array directly refers to an equilibrium region
defined specified in Initialization pane. Default sets the entire array to 1; i.e., only one set of
contacts input for equilibrium data.
Integer values distinguishing areas with differing PVT properties. Each value in the this array
directly refers to a set of input PVT tables defined in the Fluid Properties pane.
Integer values defining different regions for output purposes. Gridblocks with the same integer
value are grouped together and considered a single region for output of average pressure,
cumulative injected volumes, cumulative produced volumes, net influx, and current fluids in
place in the Region Summary.
Integer values that distinguish areas containing rock types which require unique saturation-
dependent tables for inter-gridblock flow. Each value in this array directly refers to a set of
relative permeability/capillary pressure tables defined in the Rock Properties pane.
User-specified Pressure of each gridblock at the beginning of the run (time = 0).
Initialization
Average water saturation of each gridblock at the beginning of the run (time = 0).
Average gas saturation of each gridblock at the beginning of the run (time = 0).
Saturation Table Relative permeability of oil phase at connate minimum water saturation.
Endpoint
Residual water saturation.
Water saturation at residual oil saturation.
Relative permeability of water phase at residual oil saturation.
Maximum water saturation
Connate gas saturation.
Residual gas saturation.
Gas saturation at residual oil saturation.
Transmissibility The X/Y/Z direction transmissibility multiplier for gridblock (i,j,k) is defined at the boundary
Multiplier between blocks (i-1,j,k) and (i,j,k) and controls flow between them. For i = 1, TMX is zero. For
j = 1, TMY is zero. For k = 1, TMZ is zero.
Thermala Reference rock-specific heat capacity (values at standard temperature). Actual values are
calculated from reference values using the equation CPR = CPR0 (1 + DCPRDT (T-TS)).
Reference thermal conductivity in the X, Y, or Z direction (applied to gridblock center). Values
correspond to liquid-filled pore volume. Actual values are calculated from reference values
using the equation KT = KT0 (1 x DKDSG x SG), where KT is thermal conductivity.
Transmissibility/ The X/Y/Z transmissibilities are to be modified.
Pore Volume
Modifications
a. Options available only if the Therm reservoir model is selected. Note that not all THERM options are now available
in SimDataStudio. You can edit the initialization file to define these options in keyword format.
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Overview of Array Data 141

Advanced Reservoir Model Arrays

The following arrays activate when advanced reservoir model options
are defined.
Reservoir
Array Properties
Model
Thermal Thermal Reference rock heat capacity at standard temperature.

Reference thermal conductivity in X, Y, and Z directions.
Duala Matrix Gridblock definition arrays (as described “Definition Arrays” on

Fracture page 139).
a. These options activate under each existing array in the options tree. Click the plus (+) icon beside each
array to open the Dual sub-options.
142 Defining Grid Array Data: Overview of Array Data R2003.19.1

Functions for Array Definition
The function option can be used to calculate dependencies for arrays,

either in tabulated or or analytical form. You can:
• Represent some correlations between reservoir rock properties

(analytical function).
• Calculate average values of a rock property array using

information about its values in another reservoir location
(interpolation function).
• Calculate volume-averaged values of a rock property array using

known gridblock center values (volume averaged function).
If a function is defined, the values of the output arrays in the grid

blocks are calculated as an analytical function of input array values. If a
table is defined with known values of output arrays at given values of
input arrays, an interpolation procedure is applied to define the values
of the output arrays in reservoir grid blocks.
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Functions for Array Definition 143
An advanced multidimensional spline interpolation technique is used

for the tabular function representation. The order of the spline and the
number of the points of the function table used for the interpolation are
defined internally in order to minimize the interpolation error. By
default, the total number of function table entries you define is used for
the calculation of the values in different grid blocks. However, you can
control the number of the function table entries used for the
interpolation and the spline order. You can also limit functions by
region, gridblock range, value, or distance.
Each option is described in detail.
Function Management and Selection

The Function Management and Selection panel lets you add, delete,
rename, and select functions.
Delete selected function Move up function list

Add function Move down function list
Add or Delete a Function

Before you begin defining the new function, click the icon to add a
function name to the list. By default, functions are named in numerical
sequence
To delete an existing function, click and highlight the function in the

list. Then click the icon to delete the selected function.
Rename a Function
Double-click in the function name field to erase the existing name and
enter a new one.
144 Defining Grid Array Data: Functions for Array Definition R2003.19.1
Select a Function
Click on a function name in the list to select it. You can then define or
edit the selected function name.
Define the Function

You can define an analytical, interpolated, or volume-averaged
function. Procedures for each are described below.
Analytical
Analytical function options are:
• POLYN is the polynomial of the n-th order. The polynomial order

n can be not larger than nine. The value of the output array (y) in a
grid block is determined as y = ao xn + a1 xn-1+ . . . + an, where x is
the value of the first input array in the grid block;
• ABS is the absolute value y = |x|;
• EXP is the exponential function y = ex;
• EXP10 is the exponential function y = 10x;
• LOG is the natural logarithm y = ln|x|;
• LOG10 is the common logarithm y = log10|x|;
• SQRT is the square root ( y = x ); ;
• SIN is the sine of degrees y = sin(x);
• COS is the cosine of degrees y = cos(x);
• GE is the step function
x, ifx greater than or equal to a 0

y =
a 1 , otherwise;
• LE is the step function
• ADD is the sum of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = x1 + x2;
• SUBT is the difference of the values of the two input arrays in a

grid block y = x1 - x2.
• DIV is the ratio of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block,
( x 1 ⁄ x 2 ) ,if x 2 is not equal tozero,

y =
x1
• MULT is the product of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = x1 × x2
• MIN is the minimum of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = min (x1,x2)
• MAX is the maximum of the values of the two input arrays in a

grid block y = max (x1,x2)
Inputs
In the ABS, EXP, EXP10, LOG, LOG10, SQRT, SIN, COS, GE, LE, POLYN
analytical functions, only the first input array is used. All other input arrays are
ignored. In the DIV, MULT, ADD, SUBT, MIN, MAX analytical functions, the
first two input arrays are used. All other input arrays are ignored. If the number of
the input arrays in the DIV, MULT, ADD, SUBT, MIN, MAX analytical
functions is equal to one, the second input array is assumed to be equal to the first
input array.
Perform the following steps to define an analytical function:
1. Select function type. Click the down arrow beside the

Analytical Function field and select the function type.
2. Open array selection dialog boxes. Click the the button beside
the Input Arrays and Output Arrays fields to open the Input and
Output Region Selection dialog boxes.
Click to open dialog box
The selected dialog box opens. The arrays you have defined are
available for selection in the Input dialog box. All arrays are
available for selection in the Output dialog box.
Work Arrays
Note that work arrays are available for intermediate functions.
IREGION Arrays
Note that if you define IREGION as an input or output array, any extra
regions you have defined are not included in the calculation.
3. Select input and output arrays. Click the plus (+) symbol beside
the Array topic folder to open the associated selection list. (Or
click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the check boxes
to select the function input and output array(s) as shown below.
Click +/- to open/close topic folder

(Red asterisk (*) symbol indicates
folder contains selections)
Click check box to select/deselect
parameter
Error Checking
Note that your input/output array fields will tag inconsistencies between the
analytical function you selected and the arrays that you have specified. In the
example below, the MAX function (maximum of the values of two input arrays)
has been selected, but only one input array has been specified. The (?) in the input
array field shows that an array is missing.
(?) another input array needed
If coefficients are needed for the selected function, the panel

expands to display the coefficients field as shown below.
4. Specify coefficients if necessary. Click the the button beside the

Coefficients field. The Analytical Function Coefficients dialog
box opens as shown below.
Click in the Values field and enter a value for each required
coefficient. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Interpolation
Perform the following steps to define an interpolation function.
1. Select the function. Click to activate the Interpolation toggle. The

Input-Output Values table opens.
2. Open array selection dialog boxes. Click the the button beside
the Input Arrays and Output Arrays fields to open the Input and
Output Region Selection dialog boxes.
Click to open dialog box
The selected dialog box opens. The arrays you have defined are
available for selection in the Input dialog box. All arrays are
available for selection in the Output dialog box.
Work Arrays
Note that work arrays are available for intermediate functions.
IREGION Arrays
Note that if you define IREGION as an input or output array, any extra
regions you have defined are not included in the calculation.
3. Select input and output arrays. Click the plus (+) symbol beside
the Array topic folder to open the associated selection list. (Or
click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the check boxes
to select the function input and output array(s) as shown below
Click +/- to open/close topic folder

(Red asterisk (*) symbol indicates
folder contains selections)
Click check box to select/deselect
parameter
4. Complete the table. Enter the corresponding input array to output

array values as shown below.
In the example above, permeability is defined as a function of

porosity and critical water saturation.
5. Specify number of table entries for spline interpolation. Click to

activate the Specify Number of Table Entries to Use for
Interpolation toggle. Click the up or down stepper arrow
located next to the toggle to increase or decrease the number of
tables entries to use. The default is to calculate through all points
in the table.
Volume Averaged (Cartesian Grids Only)

Perform the following steps to define a volume-average function.
1. Select the function. Click to activate the Volume Averaged toggle.

The Input-Output Values table opens. Input values are
automatically defined as XC (grid centerpoint in X direction), YC
(grid centerpoint in Y direction), and MDEPTH (depth to center of
gridblock).
2. Complete the table. Enter the XC, YC, MDEPTH and

corresponding output array value(s) as shown below.
3. Specify number of table entries for spline interpolation. Click to

activate the Specify Number of Table Entries to Use for
Interpolation toggle. Click the up or down stepper arrow

located next to the toggle to increase or decrease the number of
tables entries to use. The default is to calculate through all points
in the table.
Define Range
You can limit the function to a specific region or gridblock range, value
range, or distance as described below.
Gridblock Range
The default is to apply the function to all gridblocks in all regions.
Click the Select Gridblock Range toggle to activate the gridblock
range options as shown below.
Limit by Region Type

Click the Specify Region Type toggle to limit the function by region
type. The Region Type fields open as shown below.
Region Type drop-down menu Open Region Selection dialog box
Perform the following steps to limit the function to a particular region:
1. Select the region type. Click the down arrow next to the
Specify Region Type field and select the type from the list of
regions you defined within the Region Arrays panel.
2. Select the regions. Click the button next to the Selected

Regions field. The Region Selection dialog box opens as shown
below.
Click Check Box to select region
There is a checkbox in the Selection Indicator field beside each

region. Click the checkbox beside the regions to activate and click
the OK button to close the dialog box.
Limit by Gridblocks
Click the Specify Gridblock Range toggle to limit the function by I, J,
K range. The Gridblock Range fields open as shown below.
Click the up or down stepper arrow beside the From/To fields in each
direction to define the range over which the function is applied.In the
above example, the function will be applied in gridblocks 1 through 10
in all directions.
Value Range
You can limit the output array to within specific bounds for input value
read and/or output value calculated. You can also limit by the distance
between the gridblock and the input point used for the calculation.
Note
You may need to scroll down to locate these options.
Limit by Value
Perform the following steps to limit the output array by defining a
minimum and maximum value.All interpolated values not within the
bounds you define are set to the minimum or maximum value. If these
bounds are not defined, the default is (+/-)1.e+12.
1. Open the dialog box. Click the button located next to the Input
Range, or Output Range field. The Bounds dialog box opens as
shown below. The Bounds for Input Arrays dialog box lists all the
function input arrays you have defined. The Bounds for Output
Array dialog box lists all the function output arrays you have
defined.
2. Enter the bounds. Click in the entry field and enter the value. Click
OK to close the dialog box. The value(s) you entered display in
the entry field.
Limit by Distance
This option lets you define the range of points to use for the polynomial
fit for each property. The larger the number (in property units), the
more range of influence each point will have over distant points along
the curve. The default is 1E+12 (use all points).
1. Open the dialog box. Click the button located next to the Input
DRange field. The Input Points Maximum Distance dialog box
opens as shown below. The dialog box lists all the function input
arrays you have defined.
2. Enter the range for each input array. Click in the entry field and
enter the maximum range value (in property units). Click OK to
close the dialog box. The value(s) you entered display in the entry
field.
Grid Coarsening
This option lets you coarsen the refined grid in the I, J, K and X, Y, Z
direction.
Perform the following steps to coarsen the grid.
1. Activate Coarsening method. The default is to coarsen the entire

grid. Use the Coarsening Method options to activate the toggle to
specify that cells across faults or with varying integer values
should not be coarsened. Or you can specify not to connect non-
standard connection layers when coarsening across faults.
2. Coarsen the grid. Specify grid sections and coarsening factor in

the I,J,K and X,Y,Z directions. Specify the gridblock range to
R2003.19.1 Defining Grid Array Data: Grid Coarsening 155

coarsen and the corresponding number of coarse blocks to create

within the range.
3. Define grid block decomposition (Optional): This section allows

you to override the automatic coarsening resulting from the
previous step by specifying how the fine blocks are to be
combined in the coarsened grid. Any combination of X, Y, or Z
data may be entered. Any direction not having data entered will
use the results of the automatic coarsening from the previous step.
4. Block decomposition (fine grid blocks). Click in the Fine Block

Decomposition in the Z Direction field and enter a grid block
decomposition value. The number of values entered must equal the
number of coarse blocks requested in the specified direction and
the values must sum to the fine block range which is being
decomposed.
Example: if your coarsen values are:
1 10 1 20 1 5 5 10 5
by default each coarsened cell would be 2x2x1 of the fine cell.
But, if the Fine Grid Decomposition values are entered for the
same coarsening values as follows:
X 3 1 1 1 3 (X)
Y 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 (Y)
Z 1 1 1 1 1 (Z)
a different coarsening scheme would result in which the cells at the

outer edges of the grid would be coarsened but the cells on the
inner edge would not.
156 Defining Grid Array Data: Grid Coarsening R2003.19.1

Multipliers - Overrides
Introduction
Data Management and Selection

Data Management and Selection options lets you add and delete from
the list array definitions that can be defined by array name and I,J, K
grid range.
Delete selected function Move down function list
Add function Move up function list
Add an Array Name and Range

Click the icon to add a new line to the list.
Delete Array Name and Range

Click and highlight the line in the list. Then click the icon to delete
the selected line.
Move between Lines

Click and highlight a line in the list. Then click the and icons to
move within the defined list.
R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Introduction 157

Connections Transmissibility Modification
This panel lets you modify the transmissibilities across arbitrary

connections between gridblocks. No new fault connections may be
established. The data must specify a generated fault connection or a
standard connection.
Data is imported or entered in VIP format using in the same manner as

the VIP MULT option. If a standard connection is specified, a regular
transmissibility array defined using the OVER/VOVER options will be
changed.
Procedures for modifying connection transmissibilities are described.
158 Multipliers - Overrides: Connections Transmissibility Modification R2003.19.1

Procedures
Perform the following steps to to complete the Array Modification
panel.
1. Define array. Click in the Array field and select the array name
from the pull down menu. Available arrays are connection
transmissibilities in the X, Y, and Z direction.
2. Define the gridblock range. Click in the To/From fields to define

the I,J,K gridblock range to limit the modifications by I, J, K
range. Click the up or down stepper arrow to define the range over
which the modification is applied.
3. Define the action. Click and select the modification action from
the pull-down menu: add, subtract, multiply, or divide.
4. Define the value. Click in the entry field and enter the value
associated with the action (i.e., an action of multiply with a value
of 2 will multiply all the values within the defined range by 2).
5. Define the format for the value. These options are defined as follows:
• The Single Value option lets you enter a single modifier in the
Value field. This modifier is applied to the grid cell range by
the specified operator.
• The All Values option opens a dialog box in the Value field
and lets you enter modifiers for each grid cell in the range. These
modifiers are applied by the specified operator.
• The Include File option is the same as the Single Value

option, except that you can import the modifier from an
include file.
• The All Values in Include File option is the same as the All
Values option, except that you can import the modifiers from
an include file.
Include files
The include file data can provide OVER/VOVER values (for standard,
unfaulted grids) or MULT values (for faulted grids) but a single include file
cannot mix the two types of keyword values.
R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Connections Transmissibility Modification 159

6. Select the connection type. Click in the Connect Type field and
specify whether you want the multiplier applied only to standard
connections, only to non-standard connections, or all connections
within the region.
7. Define the transmissibility direction. Click in the Trans.

Direction field and select PLUS or MINUS from the pull-down
menu. This is the direction (from block center) for which
transmissibility multipliers for the faces are to be modified.
8. Define the named fault. Click in the Fault Name field and select
from a list of named faults (FNAME). This is the fault to which
modifiers will be applied.
9. Enter a description (option). Click in the Description entry field

and enter an optional description for the multiplier.
160 Multipliers - Overrides: Connections Transmissibility Modification R2003.19.1

Transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications
This panels lets you modify the transmissibility/pore volume arrays at

initialization. Only normal interblock transmissibilities will be
modified.
Data is imported or entered in VIP format using in the same manner as the
VIP OVER/VOVER options.
OVER/VOLVER and MULT Options
When using the corner point option with automatically generated fault
connections, transmissibility overreads can be specified using the MULT option.
As well as modifying the interblock transmissibilities, the MULT option also
modifies the transmissibilities across faults between blocks with modified
transmissibilities, whereas the OVER/VOVER cards will only modify normal
interblock connection transmissibilities. Care should be taken not to specify, for
example, both OVER TX cards and MULT cards with overlapping ranges as this
will result in normal interblock transmissibilities being modified twice.
Procedures for defining transmissibility and pore volume modifications

are described.
R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications 161

Procedures
Perform the following steps to define transmissibility or pore volume
modifications.
from the pull down menu. Available arrays are pore volume (PV)
and transmissibilities in the X, Y, and Z direction.
2. Define the gridblock range. Click in the To/From fields to limit

the function by I, J, K range. Click the up or down stepper arrow to
define the range over which the function is applied.

include file.
an include file.
Include files
unfaulted grids) or MULT values (for faulted grids) but a single include file
cannot mix the two types of keyword values.
162 Multipliers - Overrides: Transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications R2003.19.1


R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications 163

Half Transmissibilities
This panel lets you specify half transmissibilities as the calculation

method. Half -transmissibility calculation can be used when these
values are stored in the VDB from the PowerGrid or GridGenr
upscaler.
Half transmissibilities from the upscaler better model the data

variations in the original geological model. While transmissibility
calculations use permeability data that is upscaled for the entire cell,
half transmissibility calculations better follow the weighting of data
within a specific direction (X+, X-, Y+, etc).

the VIP TOVER option.
Procedures for defining half transmissibilities are described.
164 Multipliers - Overrides: Half Transmissibilities R2003.19.1

Procedures
Perform the following steps to define half transmissibilities.
from the pull down menu. Available arrays are transmissibilities in
the X, Y, and Z direction.


include file.
an include file.

R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Half Transmissibilities 165

Arbitrary Gridblock Connections
When using the standard fault option this panel lets you specify non-
cornerpoint connections between gridblocks and the transmissibility
between two blocks connected as the result of a named fault
VIP FLT option.
Procedures for defining arbitrary gridblock connections are described.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to define arbitrary gridblock connections.

2. Select the grid. Click the Grid field and select the active grid for
which the connections are to be made.
166 Multipliers - Overrides: Arbitrary Gridblock Connections R2003.19.1

3. Define the value. If Single Value format is selected, click in the

entry field and enter the value. If the Include File value format is
selected, a File Selection dialog box opens when you click in the
Value field.
4. Define the format for the value. The Single Value option applies a
constant arithmetic operation to the specified portion of the grid
system. It modifies the immediately preceding array data.
When the Include File value format is selected, a File Selection

dialog box opens when you click in the Value field.

R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Arbitrary Gridblock Connections 167

Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility

Multipliers
This panel displays the named transmissibility regions and lets you
assign a multiplier to modify transmissibilities between and within
gridblocks over time. Both standard and non-standard connections can
be multiplied.

the VIP MULTIR and corresponding PTHLD options. Flow across any
interface connection will not occur until the phase potential difference
across the connection exceeds the threshold pressure. The phase
potential difference to flow will be reduced by the threshold pressure.
Procedures for modifying transmissibility multipliers are described.
168 Multipliers - Overrides: Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers R2003.19.1

Procedures
Perform the following steps to define inter/intra gridblock region
transmissibility multipliers.
1. Select the transmissibility region from which the multiplier is to be

applied . Click on the transmissibility region from which you want
to assign the multiplier. The line highlights.
2. Select the transmissibility region to which the multiplier is to be

applied . If it is not displayed by default, click in the entry field
and enter the region to which you want to assign the multiplier.
3. Enter the multiplier. Click in the Multiplier entry field and enter
the multiplier value.
4. Select the direction. Click in the Direction field and select the
multiplier direction from the pull-down menu: X, Y, Z, or both X
and Y.
within the region.

R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers 169

Named Fault Multipliers
This panel displays named faults that intersect the grid and lets you
assign fault multipliers to change the transmissibility of the fault over
time.

the VIP MULTFL option.
Multiplier values range from zero to one:
Value Description
0 sealed
1 fully conductive
decimal value between 0 and 1 partial transmissibility value
170 Multipliers - Overrides: Named Fault Multipliers R2003.19.1

Procedures for entering fault transmissibilities are described below.
Alternate Method for Assigning Pressure Dependent Faults
Optionally, the PTHLD keyword lets you assign gridblock to gridblock flow
based on calculated pressure threshold. Refer to the “Inter/Intra Gridblock
Region Transmissibility Multipliers” on page 168.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to assign fault multipliers.
1. Display the fault list. Click the Check Fault Name List button
located near the bottom of the panel. A list of all faults that
intersect the active grid displays in the Fault Name list.
2. Select the fault. Click the fault name for which you want to change
the multiplier value. The row highlights and the associated Fault
Multiplier field activates.
3. Enter the multiplier value for the fault. Click in the Fault
Multiplier field for the selected fault and enter a value of zero
(sealed), 1 (fully conductive), or an intermediate decimal value
indicating partial transmissibility.
R2003.19.1 Multipliers - Overrides: Named Fault Multipliers 171

172 Multipliers - Overrides: Named Fault Multipliers R2003.19.1

Defining Aquifer Data
Introduction
Within the Nexus application, boundary flux is handled by including source/

sink terms in the interblock flow equations for edge blocks. The outer
boundaries of the grid are normally treated as sealing barriers to flow. This
option lets you fine-tune a model by using an aquifer influence to represent a
surrounding body of water.
A radial aquifer geometry is assumed as shown below. The aquifer and

the reservoir communicate through the boundary AB. The water influx
R2003.19.1 Defining Aquifer Data: Introduction 173

from the aquifer into the reservoir is the response to pressure changes at
this boundary.
ra
A Aquifer
re
Reservoir
θ B
Two types of aquifers can be modelled:
• Carter-Tracy method provides good approximations to the Van

Everdingen and Hurst analytical solutions for influx.
• Fetkovich method uses a pseudo steady-state aquifer productivity

index and an aquifer material balance to represent the system.
Each option is described.
174 Defining Aquifer Data: Introduction R2003.19.1

Create Multiple Aquifers
The Region Management options let you create and select multiple
aquifers for definition. These options are located on the bottom of the
pane.
Procedures adding aquifers are the same as those described in “Region

Management” on page 106
R2003.19.1 Defining Aquifer Data: Create Multiple Aquifers 175

Define Carter-Tracey Aquifer
Perform the following steps to define an aquifer using the Carter-

Tracey method.
1. Select the method. Under the Aquifer Type pane, click to activate
the Carter-Tracy option. The properties for the Carter-Tracey
method open.
2. Specify Carter and Tracy Model B1 parameter (mandatory). Click

in the Carter and Tracy Model B1 parameter entry field and
enter the B1 value, where the parameter B1 as defined by Carter
and Tracy, rb/psia (cm/kPa) is:
2
2π φ c hr s
t e
B1 = ----------------------------
-
α1
where
φ = Average porosity of the "aquifer"

expressed as a fraction.
ct = Total compressibility of the fluid and

rock in the "aquifer", 1/psia (1/kPa).
h = Net thickness of the "aquifer", ft (m).
re = Radius to the perimeter of the reservoir,

ft (m). (The boundary between the
reservoir and the "aquifer".)
s = Fraction of a circle that the boundary

between the reservoir and the aquifer
completes.
α1 = 5.6146 for conventional units. 1.0 for

metric units.
3. Specify dimensionless time value (mandatory). Click in the TC

Dimensionless Time Conversion Factor entry field and enter the
value used to convert time to dimensionless time, 1/day defined as:
α2 k
tc = -------------------
-2
ct φ µ d
176 Defining Aquifer Data: Define Carter-Tracey Aquifer R2003.19.1

where:
α2 = 0.006328 for conventional units;

8.527x10-5 for metric units.
k = Average permeability of the "aquifer",

md (md).
µ = Average viscosity of the fluid contained

in the "aquifer", cp (cp).
d = re as described above for radial

"aquifers". Length of the "aquifer", ft
(m) for linear "aquifers".
4. Specify water influx linear multiplier. Click in the Water Influx

Linear Multiplier entry field and enter an optional linear
multiplier to apply to the water influx. This can be used to adjust
the strength of the aquifer without the need to change the
parameters. Default is 1.
5. Specify initial aquifer pressure. Click in the Initial Aquifer

Pressure entry field and enter the pressure value at the reference
depth. Then click in the at Reference Depth of entry field and
enter the reference depth for the initial aquifer pressure.
6. Specify aquifer properties and geometry. Click the button to

open the Carter-Tracy Aquifer Parameters dialog box. Enter the
following information about the aquifer:
• Average porosity, permeability, and fluid viscosity
• Total rock plus fluid compressibility
• Net thickness
• Radius to reservoir perimeter
• Circle fraction completed by aquifer-reservoir boundary
7. If necessary, deactivate infinite radial aquifer option and provide

pressure vs. time table. The default is to assume an infinite radial
R2003.19.1 Defining Aquifer Data: Define Carter-Tracey Aquifer 177

aquifer. Deactivate this toggle to open the Pressure vs. Time

Aquifer Table as shown below.
Deactivated Infinite Radial Aquifer

toggle
Pressure vs. Time Aquifer Table
Right mouse button menu table-

building options
Use the right mouse button table building options as described in

“Build Tables” on page 108 to enter values of dimensionless time
(td = tc * t), and dimensionless pressure.
Pressure vs. Time Aquifer Table Guidelines
The first line of the table must have both infinite time and infinite pressure
set equal to zero. Enough values should be entered to extend to
dimensionless times beyond the time to be simulated, or until a linear
extrapolation of the last two values will provide satisfactory results.
178 Defining Aquifer Data: Define Carter-Tracey Aquifer R2003.19.1

Define Fetkovich Aquifer
Perform the following steps to define an aquifer using the Fetkovich

method.
1. Select the method. Under the Aquifer Type pane, click to activate
the Fetkovich option. The properties for the Fetkovich method
open.
2. Specify aquifer productivity index. Click in the entry field and

enter the aquifer productivity index, rb/day/psi(m3/day/kPa).
(Total influx rate per day per unit pressure difference.)
7.08 ⋅ k ⋅ h
pi = -------------------------------------, for radial flow
re
µ ⎛ ln ⎛ ----⎞ – α 3⎞
⎝ ⎝ r o⎠ ⎠
α4 ⋅ k ⋅ b ⋅ h
pi = ----------------------------, for linear flow
µd
where
k = Average permeability of the

"aquifer", md (md).
h = Net thickness of the "aquifer", ft (m).
ro = Radius to the perimeter of the

reservoir, ft (m). (The boundary
between the reservoir and the
"aquifer.")
re = Radius to the perimeter of the

aquifer, ft (m).
α3 = 0.75 for no-flow outer boundary; 0

for constant pressure outer boundary.
α4 = 3.381 for no-flow outer boundary;

1.127 for constant pressure outer
boundary.
R2003.19.1 Defining Aquifer Data: Define Fetkovich Aquifer 179

b = Width of the linear aquifer, ft (m).
µ = Average viscosity of the fluid

contained in the "aquifer", cp (cp).
d = re as described above for radial

"aquifers." Length of the "aquifer", ft
(m) for linear "aquifers."
3. Specify initial volume of encroachable water (optional, see step 4).

Click in the entry field and enter the initial volume of encroachable
water, , rb (cm) awip = ct wi pi.
where
ct = Total compressibility of the fluid and

rock in the "aquifer", 1/psia (1/kPa).
wi = Initial aquifer volume of water in

place, rb(cm).
pi = Initial aquifer pressure at the

hydrocarbon/water contact, or at the
specified reference depth, if entered,
psia (kPa).
4. Specify initial volume of water in place and total fluid and rock
compressibility (optional, see step 3). Click in the entry fields and
enter the volume of water in place (as defined above)
Then enter the total compressibility of the rock and fluid in the
aquifer, 1/psia (1/kPa).
5. Specify initial aquifer pressure and reference depth. Enter the

initial aquifer pressure, psia (k/Pa). Then enter the reference
depth., ft. (m).
Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid
These options are not valid for Nexus.
180 Defining Aquifer Data: Define Fetkovich Aquifer R2003.19.1

Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid
The Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid section lets you attach the
aquifer to either a single gridblock (top table) or to a gridblock range
(bottom table).
When specifying aquifer connections to the grid, the right mouse

button menu options let you add a row to the bottom of the table or
delete a selected row as shown below.
Perform the following steps to attach the aquifer to the grid
1. Specifying gridblocks Click in the entry field and click the up or

down stepper arrow beside I, J, K (single gridblock) or I to I, J
to J, K to K (gridblock range) to specify the gridblocks to attach.
2. Specify the scale factor. Click the down arrow in the Scale
Factor field to select the scale factor used to allocate the total
"aquifer" influx/efflux among the gridblocks attached to the
"aquifer". These are normalized within the program, so values
have only relative meaning. They will usually reflect the cross-
sectional area times the permeability of the gridblock faces
attached to the "aquifer". Options are:
• =n Scale factor is set to "n".

• +n Scale factor is increased by "n".
• n Scale factor is increased by "n".
• -n Scale factor is decreased by "n".
• *n Scale factor is multiplied by "n".
• /n Scale factor is divided by "n".
• XCALC Scale factor is calculated in the x(r) direction.
• YCALC Scale factor is calculated in the y(theta) direction.
• ZCALC Scale factor is calculated in the z direction.
R2003.19.1 Defining Aquifer Data: Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid 181

If you are attaching the aquifer to a grid section, there are six
additional options which enable you to assign an aquifer to an
irregular grid boundary. Starting on the specified face of the
window and moving inward, the aquifer is attached to the first
active gridblock encountered within the window. The options are:
• I- Aquifer connects to the i- faces

• I+ Aquifer connects to the i+ faces
• J- Aquifer connects to the j- faces
• J+ Aquifer connects to the j+ faces
• K- Aquifer connects to the k- faces
• K+ Aquifer connects to the k+ faces
182 Defining Aquifer Data: Aquifer Connection to Reservoir Grid R2003.19.1

Working with Production Data
Introduction
SimDataStudio provides all the features you need to prepare production

data for use in a simulation. You can:
• Import production data into the worksheet
• View production data one well at a time
• Change worksheet values, column widths, or display formats
• Automatically plot the data
• Manually adjust the display or formatting of plotted data
• Average the production data
• Search for and edit data where wells switch function (e.g.,
producer to injector, gas injector to water injector)
• Generate well types and constraints
The procedures for performing the tasks listed above are provided on
the following pages of this chapter.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Introduction 183

Importing
The first step in compiling data for SimDataStudio is to import

production history data from OpenWorks or a prepared file, or to build
a production history from scratch by typing it directly into the
worksheet area of the main window.
Production data can be imported from OpenWorks Oracle or plain text

data file in comma-delimited format or in columns separated by tabs or
blank spaces. Assuming the data is formatted in a consistent way,
SimDataStudio can easily “parse” the formatted file and help you
determine the purpose and contents of each column of data in the file.
The import process uses a “wizard” that displays the incoming data,
lets you set certain defaults for dates and units, and lets you edit the
column headings, as appropriate. The procedures for importing data
vary slightly, depending on whether you are importing from
OpenWorks or a plain text file. Use the appropriate procedure on the
following pages.
184 Working with Production Data: Importing R2003.19.1

Importing Production Data
Refer to “Import File Examples” on page 204 for more information on

import file formats and restrictions.
To import production data, follow these steps:
1. Select Production Data > Import Production Data. The Select

Data Source dialog box opens.
Click the button that corresponds to the data source and click OK.
Using Nexus without OpenWorks
If you are not in an OpenWorks environment, or if you select to import from

an ASCII file, proceed to Step 6.
If you selected an OpenWorks data store (with no project or well

list previously selected), the Select Project and Select Well dialog
boxes open. The Select Project dialog box is shown below.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Importing Production Data 185

2. Click on the project to select and click OK. The Select Well List
dialog box opens.
3. Click on a well list to select it and click OK.
Changing a Project or Well List
You receive the Select Project and Select Well List dialog box only when
you first log in. If you wish to change project or wells, exit SimDataStudio
and use the Openworks -> Project Administration -> Project Change
option. When you reopen SimDataStudio, your change will be reflected in
the new session.
186 Working with Production Data: Importing Production Data R2003.19.1

The first Import Production Data wizard opens.
4. Review the data and set the options as follows:
Field How It Works

Choose data Available data columns display at the top of the dialog box.
columns to By default, all will be imported. Click the Ignore Data toggle
import if you do not want to import a column.
Choose Date Click the appropriate toggle to specify how the dates in the
Format production data file should be interpreted. Options are: day,
month, and year delimited by slashes (D/M/Y); month, day,
and year delimited by slashes (M/D/Y), or days.
Data OpenWorks allows production data to be stored by provider
provider (i.e., application such as TOW/cs) that populates the
database with production data. Click on the arrow and select
the source to import.
Zones to This option lets you choose which zone(s) to import. For
import example, the default Import All Zones sums the production
data for all existing zones in each well selected. You can
choose to sum any or all zones for all imported wells,
depending on the simulation area of interest.

Field How It Works

Production OpenWorks associates each production data record with a
date is end of specific date (for monthly import).
production
Within TOW/cs, this date is always the last day of the
interval
month. Thus, this option does not appear.
For other data providers, activate the toggle to specify that
the date is the end of the production interval. For example, if
the data is 1/1/2000, an activated toggle specifies that the
production date is for 12/99. If not activated, the production
date is for 1/2000.
Choose Once the data is imported and interpreted, you can easily
Display display the dates in U.S. format (month-day-year), Euro
Format format (day-month-year) or as days since the beginning of
the first production interval. This is simply a matter of
convenience for ease of use, and does not affect
interpretation of the data.
When the data is complete, click OK. The second Import Data
Wizard opens.

5. Review the data and set the options as follows:
Field How It Works

Date Select the desired Import from and Import to date for your
Selection data. The dates shown here are the default start and end dates
of the production data. It is not recommended that you
change the Start Date, however you may want to set the End
Date much later than the end date of your production data if
you want to simulate a production run that continues well
into the future.
You can click on the date to retype it, or you can click the
down arrow icon to select from a calendar.
If the calendar appears, use the double arrow icons to change

the year and the single arrow icons to change the month.
Once the desired date appears, click to select it.
Well Click on the well name to select. Or hold down the control
Selection key and click to select multiple wells.
Add Sum Activate this toggle if you wish to export the production/
over Zones injection sums by zone to the OpenWorks database.
of SimDataStudio will write the summation to the OpenWorks
Production Production Data Mart (PDM) tables using “Nexus” as the
Data to data source and “SUM” as the zone name. There is currently
OpenWorks a limit of one “SUM” record per well. If zones/wells
selected are changed or re-summarized, you will be
prompted to choose whether or not to replace the existing
OpenWorks “SUM” zone.
Deactivate this toggle to speed up the import process if you
do not wish to export the sums to OpenWorks

Field How It Works

Action If you have no existing production data, or no duplication
Selection between existing and imported data, this field remains
inactive.
If you have existing production data and you are importing
new wells over the same date intervals, this field displays the
following options:
Click the button for the load option you want:

• Replace current production data: this will overwrite
existing data with imported data.
• Add new wells to current production data: this will
import only the production data associated with new wells.
new date intervals for existing wells, this field displays the
following options:

• Add new production data entries for existing wells: this
will append data for new date ranges only.
both new wells and new date intervals, this field displays all
of the loading options:

• Add all new wells and new entries to current
production data: this will append both production data
associated with new wells and new date intervals.

The OpenWorks data is imported into SimDataStudio.
6. If you are not in an OpenWorks environment, or if you selected the

ASCII option in Step 1, the file selection dialog box opens.
Folder
being viewed
List of
files in
this folder
File
selected
for importing
7. Click the Files of type field and select from the menu the type of
file to be imported. Files of the selected type are then listed in the
display.
8. Select the file to be imported from the file list in the center of this
dialog box. This places the selected name in the File name field. If
you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the data file is located.

9. Click the Open button to begin reading in the data file. This opens
the first page of a wizard used to import the data:
The wizard gives you a preview of the production data in the file,
with a scroll bar that you can use to scroll down through the data.
Several option buttons along the bottom are preset based on the
User Options you chose in the previous chapter.
10. Review the data and set the data options as follows:
Field How It Works

Change Date Click this check box if you want to specify how the dates in
Format the production data file should be interpreted. A special
drop-down list appears, with up to 19 different choices for
how the date column can be interpreted. For instance, D/M/
Y means to interpret the dates as day, followed by month,
followed by year, separated by slashes.
Add Missing Click this check box if you want the software to assume a set
Rows for frequency for production values. When activated, selection
Frequency fields open to let you define the frequency. The program will
then add a null date entry for missing periods.
Choose This shows your default units as selected in the User Options
Units dialog box (discussed in previous chapter). Change if
necessary.

11. Click the Next button when finished to continue to the next panel
of the wizard.
If the program is unable to interpret the day/hour format (e.g., if

the date of each production interval is expressed as “days” rather
than in a standard date format such as D/M/Y, you will see the
following dialog box.
12. Enter the correct start date and click the OK button to continue to
the next panel of the wizard.
For each column of data in the file, SimDataStudio attempts to

identify the column heading, column title and data type. This page
of the wizard shows the results of this interpretation process, and
lets you adjust the formatting selections column-by-column.
13. Use the horizontal scroll bar to review all the columns parsed. Use
the Back button if necessary to compare each column to the
displayed version of the original data file.

14. Make changes as necessary. To change the column title, click on it

and select one of the options from the drop-down list.
Click Column
Title field to open
drop-down list
Some selections provide additional options, such as the volume/

rate/cum radio buttons shown in the previous illustration.
You can write a column of data to an OBS file by selecting the

“Not Recognized” option on the Column Title drop-down menu,
activating the Export to OBS toggle, and entering the class name
in the bottom field as shown below.
Select “Not Recognized” from

Column Title field to open drop-
down list
Enter description
Activate Export to OBS toggle
Enter Class Name

You can specify the units your production data is in. The software
will convert the data from the specified units to those required by
Nexus:
Metric Units
Liquid (Oil, Water)
Volume Cubic meters (STCM) Thousand cubic meters (MSTCM)
Rate Cubic meters/Day (STCM/Day) Thousand Cubic meters/Day
(MSTCM/Day)
Cumulative Thousand Cubic meters Million Cubic meters (MMSTCM)
(MSTCM)
Gas
Volume Cubic meters (SCM) Thousand Cubic meters (MSCM)
Rate Cubic meter/Day (SCM/Day) Thousand Cubic meters/Day
(MSCM/Day)
Cumulative Thousand Cubic meters (MSCM) Million Cubic meters (MMSCM)
Field Units
Liquid (Oil, Water)
Volume Barrels (STB) Thousand Barrels (MSTB)
Rate Barrels/Day Thousand Barrels/Day (MSTB/Day)
(STB/Day)
Cumulative Thousand Barrels (MSTB) Million Barrels (MMSTB)
Gas
Volume Thousand Cubic Feet (MSCF) Million Cubic Feet
(MMSCF)
Rate Thousand Cubic Feet/Day Million Cubic Feet/Day
(MSCF/Day) (MMSCF/Day)
Cumulative Million Cubic Feet (MMSCF) Thousand Million Cubic Feet
(MMMSCF)

Or you can activate the Enter Conversion Factor toggle and enter a
conversion rate to the specified units. In the example below,
gallons are converted to STB.
Select conversion option

Enter conversion rate
You can also deselect data field(s) for import by clicking the
Ignore Data toggle. (Click Import Data toggle to reselect.)
15. Click the Next button when finished to continue to the next panel
of the wizard.
16. Review the data and set the data options as follows:
Field How It Works

Well Click on the well name to select. Or hold down the control
Selection key and click to select multiple wells.

Field How It Works

Data Range Select the desired Start Date and End Date for your list of
Selection dates. The dates shown here are the default start and end
dates of the production data. It is not recommended that you
change the Start Date, however you may want to set the End
Date much later than the end date of your production data if
you want to simulate a production run that continues well
into the future.
You can click on the date to retype it, or you can click the
down arrow icon to select from a calendar.
If the calendar appears, use the double arrow icons to change

the year and the single arrow icons to change the month.
Once the desired date appears, click to select it.

Field How It Works

Action If you have no existing production data, or no duplication
Selection between existing and imported data, this field remains
inactive.
new wells over the same date intervals, this field displays the
following options:

new date intervals for existing wells, this field displays the
following options:

both new wells and new date intervals, this field displays all
of the loading options:

• Add all new wells and new entries to current
production data: this will append both production data
associated with new wells and new date intervals.

Refer to “Appending Production Data to an Existing Case with

Production Data - Examples” on page 211 for more description of
merging and appending well data.
17. When finished, click the Finish button at the bottom of the wizard.
At this point, SimDataStudio begins reading the production data

into the worksheet area of the display. When the data is finished
loading, you may see an optional dialog box (shown below):
This dialog appears if SimDataStudio detects either of two

conditions:
• “Well switchover” effect within a data time interval. This
occurs if any time interval shows non-zero flows for both
production and injection on the same well -- indicating that the
well is in the process of switching from production to injection
(or vice versa). It is important to identify these switchover
patterns at some point before you finish working with the case,
because Nexus will require the data to show either production
or injection -- not both within the same timestep.
• Undefined values (recorded in OpenWorks and as negative

numbers in ASCII files) are replaced by an “X”.
For more details, see “Searching for Inconsistent Data” on

page 225.
18. Select one of the following options to indicate whether you want to
correct the data now or later:

• Scroll through ... You can immediately search the data to

identify well switchover patterns and undefined values. See
“Manual Search for Switchovers” on page 226. Or use the
Check Production Data Consistency option on the
Production menu to reopen this dialog box at any time.
• Let program take action ... You can let the program
automatically correct switchovers and/or undefined values.
When you select the option, the dialog box expands to provide
the following options.
For switchovers, you can select to have the program create a

switchover date as described in “Searching for Inconsistent
Data” on page 225.
For undefined values, you can select to zero the values,

interpolate them from the values above and below, or zero
injection values and interpolate the others.

19. Click the OK button when finished to close the Consistency

Summary dialog box.

Importing Other Types of Well Data Files

You can import production data from plain text files containing
comma-delimited well data, or columnar data separated by tabs or
blank spaces. When importing data from these types of files, you can
use the same procedure as before (see “Importing” on page 184), but
with the following variations:
1. When you select Production Data > Import Production Data

File notice that the resulting file selection dialog box also lets you
import other types of files.
Folder
being viewed
List of
files in
this folder
File
selected
for importing
2. Click open the drop-down menu on the Files of type list and select
Tabular Well Production Data ASCII File as the file type to be
imported.
3. When you select a filename and click the Open button, you will
start a wizard that is quite similar to the one used for importing PA
files, but with slight differences.
4. All other steps are the same, as indicated on page 192.

Adjusting the Start Date

It is assumed that the production history file you are importing contains
rows of projection or injection data keyed to specific historical dates.
For example, the first few lines of your data file may look like this:
*MM/DD/YYYY *OIL *WATER *GAS *WINJ *GINJ *PRESS *WELL N1

05/01/1988 4140.32 0.00 1950.05 0.00 0.00 3931.81
06/01/1988 3918.73 0.00 1845.68 0.00 0.00 3940.77
As the data is being imported into SimDataStudio, the program

automatically assigns a “start date” for the production history cycle
based on the way it interprets these first few lines of data.
In the example shown above, it assumes that the data represents

monthly production, and that the production values apply to the entire
month. Based on this logic, it assumes that production started on April
1, 1988 and that the data given on 5/1/1988 is for the prior month
period from 4/1/1988 and 5/1/1988.
If the date is in other formats, SimDataStudio takes action as follows:
Date Format Action Taken

D/M/Y or M/D/Y Production interval is calculated by subtracting first entry
date from second entry date. Start date is calculated by
subtracting production interval from first date.
M/Y Dates are interpreted as 1/M/Y or M/1/Y, then production
interval and start date are calculated as above.
Days Special dialog box will appear to ask for start date.
Regardless of what the system puts as a start date, you can always
change the start date using Production Data > Change Production
Interval Start Date. When you select this option, the following dialog
box opens:
Enter the correct start date and click the OK button.

Import File Examples

Format restrictions and specifications for ASCII and PA files are
described below.
PA File Formats
SimDataStudio will accept PA files with the following two formats.
Old Format
The old format is:
WELL (DATE or DATE format) HEADER1 HEADER2 … HEADERn

Name1 date1 val1(1) val2(1) … valn(1)
| | | | |
Name1 datek val1(k) val2(k) … valn(k)
Name2 date1 val1(1) val2(1) … valn(1)
| | | | |
Name2 datek val1(k) val2(k) … valn(k)
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
NameN date1 val1(1) val2(1) … valn(1)
| | | | |
NameN datek val1(k) val2(k) … valn(k)
Where:
• The first line contains the header.
• The first column header must be WELL or NAME and the second
DATE or a date format, the following headers identify the type of
production data being imported.
• In order to be imported, a line of data must contain first the correct

well name on the first entry, a valid increasing date on the next
entry followed by the same number of items than specified in the
header: all other lines will be ignored.
• Items must be separated by blank space or tab separator.
• Only positive real values are de facto imported into

SimDataStudio, all other values (including negative values or
character symbol) will be marked as undefined (X symbol).

Example:
Well Date Qg Qo Qw thp

B01 1/1/98 25.64 10.25 2.34 80.43
B01 2/1/98 24.32 12.43 1.45 79.12
B01 3/1/98 25.32 14.12 2.54 76.54
B01 4/1/98 22.31 -1 2.43 75.43
B01 5/1/98 21.23 13.21 3.45 ?
B01 6/1/98 19.45 12.12 4.56 73.45
B01 7/1/98 X 11.65 4.23 74.56
B01 8/1/98 24.65 13.54 2.34 72.34
B01 9/1/98 23.43 11.12 3.22 71.34
B01 10/1/98 20.43 15.23 2.54 70.12
B02 1/1/98 44.54 20.25 7.37 96.59
B02 2/1/98 54.38 12.73 4.55 94.42
B02 3/1/98 27.32 24.12 4.74 93.64
B02 4/1/98 52.31 25.64 2.03 X
B02 5/1/98 27.23 23.91 7.48 90.02
B02 6/1/98 39.45 22.18 5.56 88.48
B02 7/1/98 35.76 21.65 3.28 87.66
B02 8/1/98 24.95 23.84 6.94 86.37
B02 9/1/98 43.43 21.12 5.22 85.74
B02 10/1/98 50.43 25.03 4.58 83.10

On importing the above example, well B01 will appeared as followed

on the production data spreadsheet view:
New Format
The new format is:
DATE (or DATE format) HEADER1 HEADER2 … HEADERn

WELL Name1
date1 val1(1) val2(1) … valn(1)
| | | |
datek val1(k) val2(k) … valn(k)
WELL Name2
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
WELL NameN
| | | |

Where:
• The first line contains the header.
• The first column header must be DATE or a date format, the

following column headers identify the type of production data
being imported.
• After the header and before production data entries for each well, a
line with the keyword WELL or NAME plus the well name must
be entered
• In order to be imported, a line of data must contain first a valid

increasing date followed by the same number of values than
specified in the header: all other lines will be ignored.


Example:
m/d/yy Qg Qo Qw thp
Well B01
1/1/98 25.64 10.25 2.34 80.43
2/1/98 24.32 12.43 1.45 79.12
3/1/98 25.32 14.12 2.54 76.54
4/1/98 22.31 -1 2.43 75.43
5/1/98 21.23 13.21 3.45 ?
6/1/98 19.45 12.12 4.56 73.45
7/1/98 X 11.65 4.23 74.56
8/1/98 24.65 13.54 2.34 72.34
9/1/98 23.43 11.12 3.22 71.34
10/1/98 20.43 15.23 2.54 70.12
1/1/98 44.54 20.25 7.37 96.59
2/1/98 54.38 12.73 4.55 94.42
3/1/98 27.32 24.12 4.74 93.64
4/1/98 52.31 25.64 2.03 X
5/1/98 27.23 23.91 7.48 90.02
6/1/98 39.45 22.18 5.56 88.48
7/1/98 35.76 21.65 3.28 87.66
8/1/98 24.95 23.84 6.94 86.37
9/1/98 43.43 21.12 5.22 85.74
10/1/98 50.43 25.03 4.58 83.10

Other ASCII Files

Production data contained in other common ASCII format files like
*.txt, *.dat, *.prn, *.csv, etc. can be imported directly into
SimDataStudio. The import procedure is very similar than the one
followed for the *.pa file, except that the type of separator can be
specified and the columns of data do not have to follow any particular
order:
• Item separator must be either a tab delimiter, a comma delimiter or

blank space(s) delimiter. SimDataStudio will try to guess the type
of separator used and the number of data column of the file, and
show both on step 1 of the import wizard. If the guess is wrong for
any reason, both separator type and number of data column can be
re-specified on step 1 of the import wizard.
• There must be a column containing the wells names and another

one for the date each record refers to. The well name column and
date column can be any of the column, they have to be identified in
step 2 of the import wizard.
• Header line is optional, if found SimDataStudio will try to use it to

guess the types for each column in step 2 of the import wizard. If
omitted the user will have to specify in the same step 2 the column
for the well name, the column for the date plus the type for all
other columns.
• In order to be imported, a line of data must contain a well name, a

valid increasing date and a number of values equal to the number
of data column specified in step 1 minus 2: all other lines will be
ignored.


Examples (Comma Separator with Header):
DATE, NAME, OIL, WATER, GAS

90/1, Well01, 1200., 200., 2456.
90/2, Well01, 2200., 210., 2466.
90/3, Well01, 1800., 220., 2426.
90/4, Well01, 1800., 220., 2426.
90/5, Well01, 1500., 230., 2476.
90/6, Well01, 1600., 230., 2356.
90/7, Well01, 1700., 240., 2356.
90/8, Well01, 1500., 240., 2656.
90/9, Well01, 1700., 260., 2656.
Examples (Blank Separator with No Header):
01 90 Well01 1200. 200. 2456.

02 90 Well01 2200. 210. 2466.
03 90 Well01 1800. 220. 2426.
04 90 Well01 1800. 220. 2426.
05 90 Well01 1500. 230. 2476.
06 90 Well01 1600. 230. 2356.
07 90 Well01 1700. 240. 2356.
08 90 Well01 1500. 240. 2656.
09 90 Well01 1700. 260. 2656.
10 90 Well01 1600. 260. 2756.
11 90 Well01 1500. 250. 2756.
12 90 Well01 1400. 300. 2856.
Active Field Surveillance (AFS) Format

You can also import production data in Active Field Surveillance
(AFS) format. This format is the same as PA format, except that it
contains one additional field (which Nexus will ignore), and includes
OpenWorks scenario fields.

Appending Production Data to an Existing Case with Production Data -

Examples
SimDataStudio can handle the following scenarios when importing a
production data file on top of a case with existing production data:
• Append production data for extra wells to existing production data

with same production interval.
• Append new production data columns to existing production data

with same production interval.
• Append new production data records to existing production data.
• Any combination of three above appends.
The file must be imported following step 1 and step 2 of the import
wizard. On step 3 the user can specify either to replace the current
production data or to append the imported production data to the
current one.

Append Production Data for Extra Wells to Existing Production

Data with Same Production Interval
If any extra well is found in the imported production data file, this
option will be available on step 3 of the import wizard.
Example
Current production data has only well B01 with data from 01/12/1997
to 01/10/1998:
Importing a data file with production data for B02 from 01/12/1997 to
01/10/1998, step 1 of the import wizard:

Step 3 of the import wizard now shows the following:
Select “Add new wells to current production data”, well B02 and
Finish. The case production data will now have production data
available for well B01 and B02 from 01/12/1997 to 01/10/1998.
Append New Production Data Records to Existing Production Data

If new production data records are found for existing wells, this option
will be available on step 3 of the import wizard.
Current production data is available for well B02 from 01/12/1997 to

01/08/1998:

We import now a production data file with production data for well
B02 from 01/08/1998 to 01/10/1998, step1 of the wizard:
Step 3 of the wizard now gives the option to append the new entries:
Select “Add new production data entries for existing wells” well
B02 and press Finish button, the case has now production data
available for well B02 from 01/12/1997 to 01/10/1998 for Gas, Oil,
Water production and Tubing-Head pressure.

Reviewing and Editing the Worksheet
The Production Data worksheet gives you complete functionality to

review and edit production data on the screen. Use the horizontal and
vertical scroll bars to view all columns and rows in the worksheet.
Scroll down
Scroll right to view more columns to view more rows
Viewing Production Data by Well Hierarchy

Once you have imported production data, the worksheet shows all the
data for a particular portion of the well management hierarchy. You can
view the data by well, by gathering center, by flow station, or by field.
This assumes, however, that a hierarchy has already been defined for
the data (see “Setting Global Options” on page 309).
If a multi-level hierarchy is available within the data, you will see up/
down arrow buttons at the far right below the Production Data
worksheet. Clicking these buttons moves the worksheet display level
up or down and changes the types of data you can view.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Worksheet 215
For instance, the following drop-down lists are available at the bottom
of the Production Data worksheet when the level is set to “gathering
center.” At this level, you can select a specific gathering center (on the
right), and then view the data for each well in the gathering center.
Change data view to: First well Previous well Next well Last well
Gathering center
selected
Other levels and data view options are listed below:
Level Selected View Data By

Field Area
Area Flow station
Flow station Gathering center
Gathering center Well
216 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Worksheet R2003.19.1
Changing the Worksheet

It is not commonly done, however you can retype the value of any cell
in the worksheet, as desired. When you make changes any cell in the
worksheet, SimDataStudio will check to make sure your entries are
consistent. For instance, if you change a date, it will make sure your
entry uses the correct date format. If not, you will see an error message.
You can also can insert or delete rows in the worksheet, using the right-
click shortcut menu. Follow these steps:
1. Right-click on the worksheet at the place where you want to insert

or delete a row of data, to view the shortcut menu:
2. Select the Insert or Delete option, depending on whether you want

to add a production interval or delete a production interval.
If you selected Insert, SimDataStudio adds a row to the

worksheet, effectively splitting the selected production interval
in half. The new row and the old row reflect half the time and
half the production volumes of the previous single row.
If you selected Delete, SimDataStudio deletes the selected row

from the worksheet and adjusts the production intervals above
and below the deleted row to compensate for the difference.
3. Review the changes that SimDataStudio has made, and adjust the
values in the worksheet to fine-tune the result.
Changing Column Widths

You can change the width of any column by moving the mouse cursor
to the border between the columns and dragging the mouse left or right.
You can also select several columns by dragging the mouse over the
column heads until they are shaded, then drag the border of any
selected column to resize all of them.
Hiding Columns
You can temporarily hide or display columns by double-clicking the
column heading:
1. Double-clicking a displayed column hides it.
2. Double-clicking the location of a hidden column (between two

displayed columns) re-displays the hidden column.
Changing the Display Format

For data shown in the Production Data worksheet, you can change the
type of data displayed, the decimal positions, or the date format. Follow
these steps:
1. Select Production Data> Properties from the SimDataStudio

menu bar, or right-click the production data worksheet area and
select Properties from the shortcut menu. This displays the
Production Data Properties control panel.
The entries in this panel vary slightly, depending on whether you

imported data from a .pa file or a plain text ASCII file.
2. Under the Display Format tab, make the following changes, as

desired.
Option How To Use It

Flow Specify how you want data displayed for each column of
Display production data. For instance, to see cumulative volumes
Format instead of daily volumes, click the Cumulative option in any
column. SimDataStudio will recalculate the data to match
your preferences.
Precision Specify the number of decimal positions for data display.
Display SimDataStudio will round off the production data figures to
Format the nearest decimal position you specify.
Date Select the most appropriate date format for your purposes.
Display SimDataStudio will recalculate and re-display dates to match
Format your selected format. U.S. format is month-day-year.
European format is day-month-year. The Days option is
number of days since beginning of production.
3. To test any of your selections, click the Apply button at the bottom
of the Properties dialog box.
4. When finished changing the properties, click OK to close this

dialog box and apply your changes, or Cancel to avoid making
any unapplied changes.
Reviewing and Editing the Charts
You can view charts at the far right of the Production Data worksheet
by using the horizontal scroll bar (bottom of worksheet) to bring them
into view. Once the charts are in view, you can scroll up or down using
the vertical scroll bar, to see all the charts.
Scroll right to view charts
There are several different ways you can control the view of these
charts as explained on the following pages.
Zooming In and Out

SimDataStudio lets you easily zoom in or out for a better view. You
can use the icons on the toolbar, or the related options on the View
menu.
Icon Purpose Related View Menu Option

Zoom in on worksheet and charts View/Zoom In
(enlarge the perspective).
Zoom out on worksheet and charts View/Zoom Out
(shrink the perspective).
Return to original size. View/Original Size
Each time you select a zoom in/out function, it enlarges/shrinks both

the worksheet and the related production charts. Selecting Original
Size returns the worksheet and charts to their original size.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Charts 221
Changing a Plotted Value

The charts reflect the actual data values listed in the worksheet. To
change a value in the plot, retype it in the worksheet. Make sure your
changes are consistent with the data, or SimDataStudio will display an
error message. When you change a value in the worksheet, the chart
reflects your change automatically.
Inserting/Removing Charts
You can control exactly which values are plotted in the worksheet area
by selecting them from a list. Follow these steps:
1. Right click on any worksheet cell and select Insert Chart from the
shortcut menu. This displays a list of available data.
The list shows all the data values available to be charted under
Available Data and all the data values that are actually charted
under Active Data. At first, these two lists are the same, indicating
that SimDataStudio has already charted all available data.
2. You can move data values on/off the Active list by selecting the
data type and then clicking the arrow buttons to move it between
lists. Clicking the left arrow button moves a selected data type off
the Active list. You can move it back onto the Active list by
222 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Charts R2003.19.1
selecting it from the Available Data column and clicking the

right-arrow button.
3. Click OK when finished to close this dialog box.
Changing the Chart Properties

To change the colors and fonts used on the production charts, follow
these steps:
1. Select Production Data> Properties from the SimDataStudio

menu bar, or right-click the production data worksheet area and
select Properties from the shortcut menu. This displays the
Production Data Properties control panel.
2. Click the Production Charts tab to see the following display.

Certain elements of this panel appear only if you have averaged
the production data already.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Charts 223
3. Under the Production Charts tab, change any of the display

options, as explained in the following table.
4. To test any of your selections, click the Apply button at the bottom
of the Properties dialog box.
5. When finished changing the properties, click OK to close this

dialog box and apply your changes, or Cancel to avoid making
any unapplied changes.
Production Chart Options

Option Purpose/How To Use It
Chart Title These are the column headings in the worksheet. Click to retype any column heading, as
desired. Use the Tab kay or Shift-Tab to move between columns.
Line Color These are the colors used to plot data values in the charts at the far right on your worksheet,
for both production data and averaged data (if available). Click any color to change it and
select a new color from the palette. For details see “Setting the Default Color and Chart
Options” on page 18.
Line Width These are the line widths (in screen pixels) used to plot data values in the production charts.
Separate widths can be specified for both production data and averaged data (if available).
Click any value and use the scroll arrows to change it, or simply retype the value.
Background This controls the background color of the production charts. Click this button to select a
new color from the palette. For details see “Setting the Default Color and Chart Options” on
page 18.
Font This controls the font used on the production charts. Click this button to select a new font
type, style, or size, then click OK when finished, or Cancel to avoid changing the font.
Horizontal Turn on this checkbox if you want horizontal grid lines to appear on the production charts.
Grid Lines
Avg. Interval Turn on this checkbox if you want vertical grid lines to appear on the charts for data
Grid Lines averaging intervals (not available unless data has been averaged).
Symbols Turn on this checkbox if you want symbols to display on the charts.
224 Working with Production Data: Reviewing and Editing the Charts R2003.19.1
Searching for Inconsistent Data
Production data in some time intervals may have nonzero values for
both production and injection. Such events indicate that the well is in
the process of “switching over” from a producer to an injector, from a
gas injector to a water injector, or vice versa. SimDataStudio lets you
easily search for these events in your production data, so that you can
review the switchover conditions and make any adjustments necessary.
Production data may also be imported with undefined values which the
program records with an “X” in the appropriate cell.
Perform the following steps to check for well switch overs or undefined
values.
1. Select Production Data> Check for Production Data

Consistency from the main menu. This following dialog box
opens.
2. Select the appropriate radio button:
• Scroll through all - lets you manually search for and edit each
of the switchover events or undefined values. Or you can
Cancel and search another time using the Check Production
Data Consistency option on the Production Data menu.
• Let program take action to correct - lets the program mark

and edit switchovers and undefined values automatically.
3. Click the OK button to begin the process, then continue to the

appropriate section below.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Searching for Inconsistent Data 225
Manual Search for Switchovers

If you selected to scroll the inconsistencies, the program displays a
search dialog as shown below. Follow these steps:
1. Select the appropriate Search Type:
Option What It Finds

All Well Switchover Every type of well switchover.
Intervals
Producer to Injector Only wells that switched from producer to injector.
Injector to Producer Only wells that switched from injector to producer.
Gas Injector to Water Only wells that switched from gas injector to water
Injector injector.
Water Injector to Gas Only wells that switched from water injector to gas
Injector injector.
2. Select the appropriate search Direction. You can search up or

down in the worksheet.
3. Click the Find Next button to begin searching. You can also use
Find First or Find Last to move to the first or last instance of the
selected well switchover type.
226 Working with Production Data: Searching for Inconsistent Data R2003.19.1
Automatic Search for Switchovers

If you selected the second option (Let program take action) on the
Switchover panel on page 225, the program automatically scans the
data and marks all switchover events with a color code in the
worksheet:
At each event, it splits the switchover into two separate intervals (i.e.,
two rows in the worksheet) -- each of which represents one half of the
switchover process. For instance, one row in the worksheet might
represent the production interval while the next row represents the
injection interval. The dates are also adjusted so that the first new
interval occurs during the first half of the original interval, and the
second new interval occurs during the second half of the original
interval. Follow these steps to review and edit the changes:
1. Scroll through the worksheet and review the color-coded entries.
2. Make any adjustments to the data, as necessary, to correctly reflect

real-word conditions.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Searching for Inconsistent Data 227
Averaging the Data
Before generating type and constraints from production data, you may
want to use the data averaging option to average your production data
over fixed intervals or varying intervals defined within date ranges.
This process helps make sure that no data values are misapplied to the
wrong intervals during the reservoir simulation run. For example, the
following worksheet display shows production data averaged over a
uniform three-month interval.
Two procedures are included on the following pages. The first

procedure shows how to actually accomplish the data averaging
process. The second procedure shows how to interactively adjust the
results by using the mouse and charts.
How Averaging Affects the Data in Cases of Well Switchover
Special situations may occur where a well changes type at some point in the
production history, such as from production to injection, or vice versa. The
averaging process will not honor such changes in well type if any production
interval shows nonzero flow in both the production and injection columns. To
solve this problem, you should first perform a Well Switchover search before
averaging the data. The well switchover search automatically adjusts the
production intervals so that the switching well does not have two types of flow in
the same interval. Instead it will split the interval in two and assign production to
one of the subintervals and injection to the other. Once this happens, averaging
can proceed without further problems. To search for well switchovers, see
“Searching for Inconsistent Data” on page 225.
228 Working with Production Data: Averaging the Data R2003.19.1

Setting Up and Performing the Averaging

When you are ready to start averaging the data, use the following steps:
1. Select Production Data> Average Production Data from the

SimDataStudio menu bar, or right-click the production data
worksheet area and select Average Production Data from the
shortcut menu. This displays the Data List Selection panel.
This panel shows the Start Date and End Date for the production
data. You can select a Frequency for averaging and see the
resulting interval dates in the Date List, or you can define varying
intervals between data ranges.
2. Specify the interval. You can specify the interval in one of two
ways:
• To specify a fixed interval: Use the scroll arrows to increment

or decrement the Frequency value, and watch how this
changes the Date List. You can average data over any interval
desired, including the current interval (e.g., one month).
• To specify varying intervals: Click the Advanced button on the

bottom, right side of the dialog box. The box expands to
display a set of variable options as shown below.
advanced
options
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Averaging the Data 229

Note that the Advanced and Regular buttons let you move
between the dialog box for each option.
The default start and end dates correspond to the production

start and end dates.
Click the Add Interval button. The Select Date dialog box
opens.
Click the down arrow icon ( ) to select the interval start date
from the calendar. Use the double arrow icons ( ) to
change the year and the single arrow icons ( ) to change the
month. Once you see the desired month/year for the Start or End
Date, click the desired date to select it.
Click OK to close the Select Date dialog box. The date you
entered displays in the Start Date field of the current interval and
the End Date field of the previous interval.
Click in the Frequency field. When you click in the field, scroll
arrows let you increment or decrement the frequency value from 1-
100.
Then click in the Frequency Units field. When you click in the
field, a pull-down menu lets you select between hours, days,
weeks, months, or years.
You can also click the Delete Interval button and select the start
date of intervals you want to delete as shown below.

Click Apply on the Data List Selection dialog box to compute the
varying intervals.
You must click Apply...
Note that you must click the Apply button for the varying intervals to be
computed.
3. Once you have chosen the desired frequency, click the OK button
to average the data based on that frequency.
You can also use the Cancel button to close this panel without
averaging the data. If you clicked OK above, the program adds
extra columns to the worksheet to show the averaged interval and
the data averaged over that interval (see picture on previous page).
It also updates the charts to the right of the worksheet area.
4. Make sure the data has been averaged to your satisfaction.

SimDataStudio will use this data when generating the simulation
data file. Averaging should not skip important dates such as a well
shut-in. You can manually change any value in the worksheet and
the data will be re-averaged automatically.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Averaging the Data 231

Interactively Adjusting Averaged Data

You can view averaged data in the charts to the right of the Production
Data worksheet, and interactively adjust the averaged data intervals.
Follow these steps:
1. Scroll to the right of the worksheet and view the averaged data in
the chart.
2. If you do not see the horizontal grid lines in the chart, select
Production Data> Properties then click the Production Charts
tab and turn on the Averaged Interval Grid Lines checkbox.
3. You can drag these grid lines left or right to interactively adjust the
averaging interval. To begin this process, move the mouse to the
top of the grid line until you see a large black vertical arrow
appear.
4. Without moving the mouse from its current position, hold down
the left mouse button until the arrow turns into a double white
horizontal arrow. Keep holding the mouse as you drag the grid line
left or right. As you drag the grid line, the axis annotation changes
automatically to match the current grid line position.
5. Release the mouse when the grid line is at the desired position.

Generate Types and Constraints
Once you have imported the production data and defined the wells in
the Well Definition panel, the Generate Well Types and Constraints
from Production Data wizard lets you define the types and constraints.
Follow these steps:
1. Select Production Data > Generate Well Types and

Constraints from Production Data on the main menu bar. Or
click the icon on the toolbar. This displays the first panel of the
Generating Well Types and Constraints wizard:
This panel lists three types of problems with the well data as it
currently exists within your case. It shows:
• wells with no perforations defined
• wells with no production data defined
• wells that have production data but have not been defined in
the Wells Names and Locations view
2. If you have a combination of well(s) defined without production

data / wells not defined with production data, a Reconcile Wells
button activates on the form.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Generate Types and Constraints 233
3. Click the Reconcile Wells button to associate one well name to

another, or remove a well name. The dialog box shown below
opens.
Highlight wells to associate
Specify associated
well name
This option is useful if you have a single well listed under one or
more names. Perform the following steps to associate two wells:
• Click on the well in the list of undefined wells.

• Click on the well in the list of defined wells with no production
data.
• Click the Associate button. When you are finished, click OK.
The Reconcile Wells dialog box closes.
The two highlighted wells are associated. They display in the

Wells to Be Associated field.
Perform the following steps to remove a well.
• Click on the well name(s) to remove.

• Click the Remove Wells button. When you are finished, click
OK. The Reconcile Wells dialog box closes.
Associated wells are now listed under the well ID of the name you
specified. Removed wells are deleted from the database. Any
associated data is also removed.
4. To continue, press the Next button at the bottom of the wizard.
The next panel may look different, depending on whether or not

you have already set up well constraints in the Wells Dates work
234 Working with Production Data: Generate Types and Constraints R2003.19.1
list. This manual assumes that you have not set up such
constraints. However, some users may have already done so.
• If you have not set up constraints on the Wells Dates

worksheet, the panel looks like this:
This panel shows the Start and End Dates of both your
simulation data and production data. It also points any
problems that may still exist with your data, such as whether
your production data needs averaging. If necessary, click the
Cancel button to return to the program and adjust the start/end
dates, or correct other problems, before restarting the wizard.
• If you have already set up constraints on the Wells Dates

worksheet, the panel looks like this:
Notice that, in addition to displaying the Start and End Dates

of both your simulation data and production data, this panel
also asks you to define how it should handle well types and
constraints.
Option What It Does

Generate types and Discards any well types and constraints you have
constraints from defined and replaces them with information from the
production data production data file.
Append production The production data will be added to the simulation
data to data input data stream and the simulation end date will be
replaced with the production end date. This only
works in the case where the dates in the production
data are later than the dates in the simulation data.
Use production data Similar to the first option, but preserves well types
with data well type defined on the Well Dates panel. Constraints are
replaced with information from the production data
file, as with the first option above.
Ignore production Does not use the production data in the simulation
data input data stream. (You still have an opportunity on
the next panel to generate an observed data file from
the production data.)
5. To continue, press the Next button at the bottom of the wizard.

This displays the final panel of the wizard.
This panel shows wells defined for the simulation and lets you
control how the observed data file and BHP/THP data will be
generated.
• Any wells that have dual flow (production/injection) during a

given simulation time interval are marked in red. If you see
this, click the Cancel button and correct the problem using the
“switchover search” feature discussed on page 225, then return
to this procedure.
• If you see problems with the well definitions in general,

Cancel and use the appropriate worksheets in discussed in
earlier chapters of this manual to define wells data for wells to
be included in the simulation.
If you have on time, BHP, and/or THP data in your data, additional
fields are available for selection. Activate the BHP/THP cards to
define the limiting bottomhole pressure or tubing head pressure.
When ontime information has been loaded for production data,

activate the Generate ON TIME card for wells from production
data toggle if you want to generate ontime cards and corrected
rates (to maintain volumetric) for the wells. Otherwise, production
over the entire date interval is assumed.
The observed data file can be generated directly from either the
raw or averaged production data, per your selection, and is used
primarily for history matching using the SimResults or
PLOTVIEW program. Using visualization programs like
PLOTVIEW and 3DVIEW, you can compare the result of your
simulation to the actual production data to determine how well
your model is working. PLOTVIEW shows simulated and
observed data side-by-side on the same plot for making detailed
comparisons.
6. Press the Finish button at the bottom of the wizard to complete the
well types and constraints generation.
Clearing the Worksheet
You can clear the Production Data worksheet and start over if desired.
Follow these steps:
1. Right-click in the worksheet area to see the following shortcut

menu:
2. Select Clear Grid Data from the shortcut menu. You will see this
message:
3. Click the Yes button to clear all data from the Production Data
worksheet. Otherwise, click No.
R2003.19.1 Working with Production Data: Clearing the Worksheet 239

240 Working with Production Data: Clearing the Worksheet R2003.19.1

Defining Utility Data
Introduction
When the production data is defined, the Utility options let you specify:
• Simulation data - such as simulation start/end date, title, and

solver.
• Dimension data - such as the maximum number of perforations

(NPRFMAX) allowed in the simulation.
The Simulation Data section of the Options control panel lets you enter
miscellaneous data for the simulation.
1. Simulation interval and units. Set the start and ending dates for the
simulation. Enter the dates manually or select from a calendar by
clicking the down arrow. Click the toggle to select European date
format (mm/dd/yy).
Click the associated pull-down menu to select the units for the
input data and the run units. The INPUT UNITS define the default
R2003.19.1 Defining Utility Data: Introduction 241

units for the input data. The RUN UNITS define the units in which
Nexus will run. All output data will be written using RUN UNITS.
Nexus will perform any necessary conversion. Description
(optional). Enter a descriptive title for the simulation run.
Click to select options that deactivate the default to write to the

VDB and to generate a formatted map or plot file for the entire
run, regardless of where the option appears in the run control file.
You can also select to report input keywords.
Click the toggle to record the keywords in the run control file.
2. Restart run - click here if you want to restart the simulation.
242 Defining Utility Data: Introduction R2003.19.1

Defining Output Options
Introduction
So far, this manual has only discussed using the Production Data
worksheet. However, there are several other types of worksheets you
can use to compile data. In particular, you can use the Output Options
worksheet to generate date records and output records that will be used
in the Nexus simulation. You can:
• Set up a list of dates on which important events will occur,

including the start and end date.
• Generate a list of output events (PRINT, PLOT, MAPOUT, and

RESTART) that will occur during the simulation at a given
“frequency.” For instance, you may want the simulation to write a
specific set of reports every three months during the simulation.
• Edit the records, for instance, you may want to change the types
of output produced on a specific date.
• Insert additional DATE records that do not follow an easily

identifiable frequency pattern.
The procedures in this chapter explain how to perform each of the tasks
listed above. It is assumed that you understand the purpose of PRINT,
PLOT, MAPOUT, and RESTART records as explained in the Nexus
Keyword Document
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Introduction 243

Viewing the Output Options Worksheet
To begin generating a list of dates, you must first view the Output
Options worksheet. To do this, double-click the Output Options option
in the tree diagram to the left of the worksheet display area. The
worksheet display area should now appear as follows:
Worksheet changes to date summary display
This display lets you set up a list of Run Dates and then designate
various events that will occur on those dates, such as:
PRINT options - reports that will be printed on certain dates
MAP options - map records that will be generated on certain dates for
use by 3DVIEW
Mole Fraction Map Fields for Compositional Model
If you have a compositional fluid model, you will have three additional fields
(MAPX Options, MAPY Options, and MAPZ Options). These put mile fraction
of the selected component into the map file, where X is liquid, Y is gas, and Z
is overall.
244 Defining Output Options: Viewing the Output Options Worksheet R2003.19.1
PLOT options - plot records that will be generated on certain dates for
use by PLOTVIEW
RESTART - - restart records that will be captured on certain dates for

use in starting new simulations at different dates (use carefully since
these generate large output files that can quickly fill up your hard drive)
OUTPUT options -- controls array printout in the simulator output

file. Also controls simulator special reports. Refer to the Output Array
and Map Output section of the Control Options chapter of the Nexus
Keyword Document.
OUTRFT Wells option -- specifies the wells to be included in the well

RFT report.
SSUM Wells option -- specifies options and variables to appear in the

spreadsheet summary files for a well, gather, flow station, area, or
region.
Note -- adding include files
Include files are now added using the External Include Data tab on the options tree
as described in “Include Files” on page 355.
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Viewing the Output Options Worksheet 245
Setting Up the Date List
Once you have opened the Output Options worksheet, use the
following procedure to start generating a list of run dates on which you
can program specific simulation events:

menu:
2. Select Generate New Output Date List to see the following

dialog box:
This dialog box lets you define the Start Date and End Date for
the entire list of dates that you will be generating. You can also
indicate the type and frequency for four different types of data
records: PRINT, PLOT, MAPOUT, and RESTART.
3. Select the desired Start Date and End Date for your list of
dates.Notice that these are already set to the defaults listed on the
Dates-Units tab of the User Options panel (as covered under “The
Simulation Data section of the Options control panel lets you enter
246 Defining Output Options: Setting Up the Date List R2003.19.1

miscellaneous data for the simulation.” on page 241). If these

defaults are acceptable for the current case, you can skip the next
two steps.
The dates shown here are the default start and end dates of the
production data. It is not recommended that you change the Start
Date, however you may want to set the End Date much later than
the end date of your production data if you want to simulate a
production run that continues well into the future.
You can click on the date to retype it, or you can click the down
arrow icon ( ) to select from a calendar.
If the calendar appears, use the double arrow icons ( ) to

change the year and the single arrow icons ( ) to change the
month. Once the desired date appears, click to select it.
4. Set up the remaining fields on the dialog box according to

procedures in the table on page 248.
5. When finished setting up the date list options, click the OK button
to close this panel.The date list is generated automatically and
looks something like this:
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Setting Up the Date List 247

Setting the Date List Options

Print Options / Specify the PRINT options to be used and default frequency for the print options. PRINT
Frequency records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified. To see a list of all
available PRINT options, click the button to the right of the Print Options field. Major
categories are shown as folders, which you can open by clicking the (+) icon. Put a check
next to each option desired, then click OK to close the option list.
To select a default frequency for the PRINT options, set the Frequency value to the right of
the Print Options field.
Click to display option list Enter frequency of PRINT output
Click to
expand folders
Click to turn on
appropriate
check boxes
Once selected, these options will be included as keywords in any data file that you generate
with SimDataStudio, until the next time you change them.
Note: You can use the MB3 Change Print Option option for cell to define multiple
reports, each with its own frequency. Refer to “Adding or Changing the Selected Options in
a Cell” on page 253.

Setting the Date List Options (Continued)

Plot Options / Specify the PLOT options to be used and default frequency for the PLOT options. PLOT
Frequency records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified.
This works the same way as the PRINT options discussed above. The only difference is the
option list that you see:
Map Options/ Specify the MAPOUT options to be used and default frequency for the MAPOUT options.
Frequency MAPOUT records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified.
This works the same way as the PRINT options discussed earlier. The only difference is the
option list that you see:


Output Options Use this option to:
• Control the arrays that are printed for a cell or column. The array options dialog box opens
as shown below.:
Note: when this option is set, it is not used unless the Array option is active within the
corresponding Print command.
• Create special reports such as timestep summaries, well/perforation status changes,
convergence information, automatic workovers, recompletion unit status changes, and
condensate information. The Action Options dialog box opens as shown below.
This option lets you shift values by a constant factor and change average pore-volume
pressure from total to hydrocarbon only,


Spreadsheet Select the Change Spreadsheet File for Cell option on the right mouse button drop-down
Summary menu in any of the Spreadsheet Summary fields (Well, Gather, Flow Station, Area, Field
Options Region) to open the Spreadsheet Summary Options dialog box.
Use this dialog box to select the spreadsheet format and data.
Restart Options / Use the check box to indicate whether you want RESTART records to be written. When the
Frequency box is checked, a Frequency field displays so you can specify the frequency of the
RESTART records.
6. Use the procedures in the rest of this chapter to change the date
list, as needed to make it conform to your needs.

Changing the Date List
Once you have generated a date list, there are various ways you can
change the Output Options worksheet, as explained on the following
pages.
Adding a Date Record

You can add a date into the list by adding an extra row to the
worksheet. Follow these steps:
1. Right-click on the date list at the point where you want to insert a
new date (i.e., on the row above where you want the date inserted).
You should see the following shortcut menu:
2. Select Add Date Card to view the following dialog box:
3. Type in the date you want to add to the list, or select it from the
pop-up calendar that appears when you click the down-arrow
button ( ).
4. Click the OK button. This adds an empty row to the chart. You
will now need to manually specify the options that apply in each
column of the Output Options worksheet, as explained next.
252 Defining Output Options: Changing the Date List R2003.19.1

Adding or Changing the Selected Options in a Cell

You can change the contents of any cell in the worksheet, or specify
options for an empty cell in a new date row. Follow these steps:
1. Right-click the cell to be changed, and then select the option

shown below on the resulting shortcut menu.
Option to select
For instance, if you right-click a cell in the Print Options column,

you will select Change Print Option for cell from the last
position on the shortcut menu.
Clicking on an Empty Row
You cannot do this on an empty row in the worksheet. The shortcut menu will
not provide the appropriate Change option if you click on an empty row.
Selecting the Change Print Option for Cell option displays the
Select Print Options dialog for the appropriate option type.
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Changing the Date List 253

2. Click the Add Option button to add a new report. The Print Option
dialog box opens as shown below.
3. Open each of the folders by clicking the (+) icon.
4. Put a check next to each option desired, then click OK. The Select
Frequency dialog box opens as shown below.
Select the print frequency and click OK. You return to the Select
Print Option dialog box with all selected reports listed.
You can then click and highlight an individual report in the list to
delete it (Remove button), replace it (Modify button), or change
the frequency.

Changing the Restart Dates

When you generate a list of dates in the Date Summary worksheet, the
Restart option is invoked (checked) based on the frequency that you
specified.
If desired, you can turn Restart on or off on any date in this worksheet.
To do this, click the check box until the check is on or off.
Changing the Output Frequency

Nexus supports situations where an individual output statement can be
terminated abruptly on a certain date, or applied repetitively to future
dates and timesteps. Use the following steps to apply these special
“frequency modifiers” to your existing output statements in the Output
Options worksheet:
1. Move your mouse cursor to the exact cell where you want to apply
a frequency modifier. For instance, you might want to apply a
frequency modifier to the fourth cell in the Print Options column.
2. Right-click the desired cell. You will see a shortcut menu as

follows:
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Changing the Date List 255

3. Select Change Output Frequency from the shortcut menu. This

displays a special dialog box:
4. Select the appropriate option as follows:
Option What It Does

For date only Output option will be applied to this date only.
For all DATE or Output option will be applied to all subsequent dates
TIME cards in the date list, regardless of whether those are
specified using a DATE card or TIME card.
Switch Output Terminate the output option on the selected date in
Option off the date list (no repetition on future dates).
Activate Output If either of the first two selections are chosen, you
Option every X can specify a timestep frequency for output. For
timesteps example, if you want the output to be generated
every tenth timestep, check this box and set the
counter to 10.
5. Click OK to close this dialog box.

You can clear the Output Options worksheet and start over if desired.
Follow these steps:

menu:
message:
3. Click the Yes button to clear all data from the Date Summary
worksheet. Otherwise, click No.
R2003.19.1 Defining Output Options: Clearing the Worksheet 257

258 Defining Output Options: Clearing the Worksheet R2003.19.1

Working with Well Data
Introduction
This panel displays the list of wells as a worksheet and lets you set up
or modify the list of wells that will come online during the simulation,
including those that you chose to import from a Network Planner file.
You can:
• Create well lists from scratch
• Import a well list based on the .wij files produced in GRIDGENR/

ARRAY
• Review and edit the well list, and sort it in various ways
• Change the effective date that any well comes online
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Introduction 259

• Insert or delete wells in the well list
• Create well perforation lists from scratch
• Import and edit a well perforation list based on the .fpf files
produced in GRIDGENR/ARRAY. Or import well trajectory and
perforation data from OpenWorks, a .gtf file, or a formatted text
file, edit the perforations, and adjust them to the simulation grid
• View and edit well constraints
• Define and edit the well management level data and define
production/injection target rates and ontime factors
260 Working with Well Data: Introduction R2003.19.1

Viewing the Well Names and Locations Worksheet
To start generating a list of wells, you must first view the Well Names
and Locations worksheet. To do this, double-click the Wells Name
and Location option in the tree diagram to the left of the worksheet.
The worksheet display area should now appear as follows:
Double-click here Worksheet changes to well list display
This display lets you set up a list of wells that will come online during
the simulation, including:
Effective Date - the date on which the well becomes visible to the
simulation and begins producing or injecting as specific flow rates
Well Number - the number of the well
Well Name - the name of the well
I Location - the I direction gridblock coordinate of the well in the

simulation grid
J location - the J direction gridblock coordinate of the well in the

simulation grid
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Viewing the Well Names and Locations Worksheet 261
Separator Battery Number- the number of the separate battery that

the well is attached to, if applicable.
Grid - the name of the local grid refinement file where the well is
located, if applicable. If local grid refinement is not used, this column
contains the word “ROOT” to indicate the well is located in the base
grid.
Description - an optional well description field.
262 Working with Well Data: Viewing the Well Names and Locations Worksheet R2003.19.1
Setting Up the Well List
Once you have opened the Well Names and Locations worksheet, you
can fill in the worksheet manually with well names, locations, and
effective dates. If you have already used GRIDGENR and ARRAY to
set up a simulation model, you can import data directly from the
resulting .wij file using the following procedure.
1. Right-click the worksheet area to see the following shortcut menu:
2. Select Import wij File to view the following dialog box:
Folder being
scanned
List of files
in this folder
File name
selected
for inclusion
3. If you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the .wij file is stored.
When looking for a folder, you also have the following options:
• Click the drop-down list icon ( ) to see the current location

where the program is trying to find the file.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well List 263
• Use the up-folder icon ( ) if you need to move up to a higher

folder level.
• Double-click any folder icon ( ) shown in the file list if you

want to open it (i.e., move to a lower folder level).
• Click the new folder icon ( ) if you want to create a new

folder within the currently selected location. This adds a new
folder with the name “New Folder” to the file list. Type the
new folder name and press the Enter key.
• Use the Details icon ( ) if you want to see the size, type, and
modification date of the files shown in the file list.
button.
This reads in data from the .wij file and fills in the worksheet with
the resulting data. For instance:
264 Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well List R2003.19.1
Displaying Common Well IDs
The Common Well ID section panel lets you view cross-referenced

well names from OpenWorks and how they translate for use with
Nexus. This information comes from the .wdb file.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Displaying Common Well IDs 265
Changing the Well List
Once you have set up the Well Names and Locations worksheet, you an
change it in various ways, as explained on the following pages.
Changing the Effective Date or Other Cells

The list of dates in the Effective Date column should correctly reflect
the dates on which the wells apply to the simulation. To change any
date, simply click on it and retype it. However, the date you specify
must be within the simulation time interval as specified in the Dates
Summary worksheet (see “Defining Output Options” on page 243).
You can also change any other cells in the worksheet by retyping.
Sorting the Worksheet

You can sort the list of wells based on any data type. For example, you
Click column
heading to may want to sort the list by Effective Date, Well Name, Well Number,
sort by that
data type
or any of the other column headings.
To sort the list based on a particular data type, click the appropriate
column heading for that data type. For instance, if you click the Well
Number column heading, the list will be resorted by Well Number.
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Cells

You can cut, copy, and paste cells to/from any column in the
worksheet, as long as you do not try to cut, copy, and paste information
across multiple columns. This is an easy way to remove a group of
cells or duplicate the contents of a group of cells at a different location
on the worksheet.
1. Click on the first cell to be copied or cut.
2. If you want to select a range of cells, control-click the cell at the

end of the range. This highlights all cells in between your first
click and your control-click. Remember that you can only cut or
copy a range of cells within a column, not across columns.
3. Select Edit > Cut to delete the selected cells or Edit > Copy to
copy them. Or you can press Ctrl-X to cut or Ctrl-C to copy.
266 Working with Well Data: Changing the Well List R2003.19.1
4. You can paste the selected cells by clicking on the top cell in the
area to be pasted, and then selecting Edit > Paste (or Ctrl-V).
SimDataStudio performs basic validation to make sure the data

remains consistent within the spreadsheet. If you try to cut, copy,
or paste inconsistent data types, it will display an error message.
Inserting a New Well

Use the following steps if needed to insert a new well into the existing
worksheet.
2. Select Insert New Well to view the following dialog box:
3. Enter the well name, number, gridblock location (I/J), gathering

center number, separator battery, and grid type, as appropriate.
Notice that an appropriate well number is already proposed.
4. Click the OK button. The new well is added to the worksheet at

the appropriate place in the hierarchy (in well number sequence).
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Changing the Well List 267
Deleting Individual Wells

You can delete individual wells from the worksheet by removing the
appropriate row from the worksheet. Follow these steps:
1. Right click on the row you want to delete, then select Delete Well
from the shortcut menu. This displays the following message:
2. Turn on the check box labeled Renumber Wells After Deleting if

you want all the Well Numbers in the worksheet to be renumbered
appropriately after deleting this one.
3. Click the OK button if this is the well you want to delete,

otherwise click Cancel to avoid deleting it.
If you click OK, the appropriate row is deleted from the

worksheet.
268 Working with Well Data: Changing the Well List R2003.19.1
Deleting Multiple Wells

You can delete multiple wells from the worksheet by selecting them
from a special list. Follow these steps:
1. Right click on any cell in the worksheet, then select Delete Wells
from the shortcut menu. This displays the following dialog box:
2. Turn on the check box labeled Renumber Wells After Deleting if

you want all the Well Numbers in the worksheet to be renumbered
appropriately after deleting these wells.
3. Hold down the Control key and click on all the wells you want to
delete. Use the scroll bar to see the entire list.
4. Make sure all wells to be deleted are highlighted, then click the
OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change your
mind and do not want to delete any wells).
If you click OK, the appropriate rows are deleted from the
worksheet.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Changing the Well List 269
You can clear the worksheet and start over if desired. Follow these
steps:
message:
3. Click the Yes button to clear all data from the worksheet.
Otherwise, click No.
270 Working with Well Data: Clearing the Worksheet R2003.19.1

Viewing the Perforations Worksheet
To begin generating a list of well perforations, you must open the Well
Perforations worksheet. To do this, double-click the Well Perforations
option in the tree diagram to the left of the worksheet. The worksheet
display area should now appear as follows:
This display lets you set up a list of well perforations that will come
online during the simulation, including the following data:
Effective Date - the date on which the perforation becomes effective

during the simulation.
Well - the name of the well in which the perforation is located.
Layer No. - the vertical simulation grid layer in which the perforation
is located.
I/J location - the simulation gridblock coordinates of the well

perforation.
Grid Name - the name of the local grid refinement file where the well
is located, if applicable. Default is “root” (i.e., no LGR file).
These are the standard data fields typically found in perforation data.
However, many more fields may be available, depending on the source
of the data.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Viewing the Perforations Worksheet 271
Setting Up the Well Perforation List
Once you have opened the Well Perforations worksheet, you can fill it
in manually with perforation data and effective dates. If you have
already used GRIDGENR and ARRAY to set up a simulation model,
you can import data directly from the resulting .fpf file using the
following procedure. Otherwise, you can import an ASCII text file
which meets the following specification.
Specifications for ASCII Import for Well Perforation Data
• The file must be formatted into columns.

• A standard delimiter (tab, spaces, commas) must be used to delineate
each column.
• The top row may contain valid keywords to define the data in the column.
If so, the Import Wizard will translate the data. If no valid keyword is
found on the top of the columns, you will have to define the data using
the Import Wizard.
• One column must be the well name.
• Only columns that match Nexus perforation options can be imported.
1. Right-click the worksheet to see the following shortcut menu:
272 Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well Perforation List R2003.19.1
2. Select Import fpf File to view the following dialog box:
Folder being
scanned
List of files
in this folder
File name
selected
for import
3. The default lists only the fpf files. If you are importing from
another ASCII file format, click the Files of Type pull-down menu
and select All Files.
4. If you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the .fpf file is stored.
When looking for a folder, you also have the following options:
• Click the drop-down list icon ( ) to see the current location

where the program is trying to find the file.
• Use the up-folder icon ( ) if you need to move up to a higher
folder level.
• Double-click any folder icon ( ) shown in the file list if you
want to open it (i.e., move to a lower folder level).
• Click the new folder icon ( ) if you want to create a new
folder within the currently selected location. This adds a new
folder with the name “New Folder” to the file list. Type the
new folder name and press the Enter key.
• Use the Details icon ( ) if you want to see the size, type, and
modification date of the files shown in the file list.
button.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well Perforation List 273
Importing from an FPF File

When you click the Open button after selecting an fpf file, the data
is read from the .fpf file and fills in the worksheet with the
resulting data. For instance:
Importing using the Perforation Wizard

The Perforation Wizard allows you to edit perforation data directly
within SimDataStudio. You can also load markers to adjust geological
layers and faults to the simulation grid. Refer to the illustration below.
Openworks GridGenr .gtf File Formatted Text File

(from Wellbore Planner, (to modify outside of (generic format compatible with Wellbore
field data, etc.) GridGenr) Planner and other products)
Simulation Grid
Perforation Wizard
Map Geological Layers/Faults to Simulation Grid

(Text Marker File Only)
VIP Format
Perforations VDB
Perforate/Plug
Add/Delete Perforations
Change Length
Geological Layers/Faults
Mapped to Simulation Grid
Modified Perforations
The Perforation Wizard lets you load well trajectory and perforation
data from:
• An ASCII text file (formatted as described in the next section).

The format is similar to those output by most applications,
including Wellbore Planner.
• A GridGenr (.gtf) file. This format is described in the GridGenr

User’s Guide (Importing and Exporting Files section of the
Getting Started chapter).
• Openworks.
Note: Order-dependent Imports
It is highly recommended that you import data in order (i.e., traces before
perforations and perforations before markers.
The perforation wizard guides you through the steps necessary to load
the file as described below.
1. Open the wizard. Click the wizard icon on the toolbar.
2. Select the grid from the VDB. The grid definition wizard is panel
shown below.
Click the folder icon to open the File Selection dialog box.
Select the database (.vdb) file which contains the grid definition. If
multiple Cases exist for the study, click the icon and select the
Case. Then click the Next Button.
3. Select the text and/or .gtf well file(s). The well file definition
wizard is panel shown below.
Fields available only if you

have OpenWorks
Use the buttons shown below to select the file(s) to import.
Create new file import line

Delete selected file from import list
Move up import list
Move down import list
Open File Selection dialog box
File types
Use the Files of Type menu on the File Selection dialog box to filter the
available .txt or .gtf files.
Select the date format from the drop-down menu. Click the toggle
to define whether the units are in field or metric.
Importing OpenWorks Perforation Data
If you are importing data from OpenWorks, activate the Import Well Data
from Openworks toggle. Then click the button and select the
OpenWorks project, wells to import, and interpreter.
Then click the Next Button. If you imported a well trajectory file
with markers, the marker mapping panel opens as described in the
next step. If you did not import markers, proceed to step 5.
4. Map markers. If you imported perforation and/or fault markers,

the marker/simulation layer relations panel opens as shown below.
Click in Marker
Type field to Click in
open marker Simulation
type drop-down Layer field to
menu. activate
simulation
layer selection
stepper
Import existing
marker file.
Save defined
connections
as marker file.
This panel lets you assign markers for geological layers or faults to
the top or bottom of a simulation layer in order to adjust for
discrepancies between the simulation grid and the structural
layers. The simulator will then compute the location of the
perforation in terms of the gridblock. This can improve the
accuracy of the simulation, especially in highly dipping areas
where the gridblock is too coarse to track the structure.
Well Trace Correction from top of structure

to top of simulation gridblock
Geometric intersection default

Correction to ”true layer”
For each imported marker ID, select the marker type and use the
stepper to map it to the appropriate simulation layer. Options are to
ignore the marker, map it to the top or bottom of the selected

simulation layer, or identify it as a fault.
Saving and loading marker map files
Once defined, you can save the marker map to a file for repeated use.
Then click the Next Button. The marker locations are recalculated.
5. Review/adjust perforations. The review/adjust perforations panel

Error report
Open
Perforation well/time perforations
selection menus in 3DView
Print
Sort by perforation
length cutoff
If you did not map markers, the panel displays as shown above. If
you mapped markers, the corrected perforations are color-coded,
by default green for corrected depths and orange for deleted
perforations.
Error Reporting
Note the message “Simulation Grid Perforations could not be calculated for some
perforation intervals”. The program ignores intervals where well trace did not
intersect the reservoir. Click the View Intervals button to open a listing of
ignored intervals.
Column definitions are:
Column Header Description

Well Well name
Date Effective Date
Status (Editable) Whether the perforation is active (Perf) or plugged
(Plug)
MD1 (or TVD) Measured or true vertical depth at the top of the
perforation
MD2 (or TVD) Measured or true depth at the bottom of the perforation
Calculated by the Program
IW x(r) direction gridblock index of the block containing
the perforation
JW y(theta) direction gridblock index of the block
containing the perforation
Layer Simulation layer of the perforation
Length (Editable) Length of the perforation
ANGLA Angle (in degrees) of the well segment with respect to
the x axis in the areal plane.
ANGLV Angle (in degrees) of the well segment with respect to
the x axis in the areal plane.
PWDEP Depth to middle of perforation segment
You can do the following on this panel:
View the Click the button to open 3DView and view the
perforations perforations.
Find perforation Enter the cut-off value in the field shown below. This
cut-off length activates the Apply Cut-off button. When you click the
button, all perforations less than specified length
highlight (default red) for easy identification.
Cut-off
Perforate or plug Click the Perf/Plug toggle to edit the status of a

perforation.
Change Click in the Length field and edit the perforation length.
perforation length
Add/delete Click in the row below which to add a perforation or in

perforations the row you want to delete. Select the Add or Delete
option from the right mouse button menu as shown
below.
If you selected to add a perforation, complete the

information in the dialog box and click OK.
The perforation is added.
Click the Next button when you are ready to export the
perforations.
6. Export the perforations. The export panels opens as shown below.
Activate the first option to export the well definition and

perforation files to the VDB. Activate the second option to import
them into your current SimDataStudio session as well.
If you have perforations less than the specified cut-off value, click
the toggle to remove them or set their status to off. The default is
to keep them.
Click the Finish button to perform the import/export and close the
Wizard.
ASCII file format to import Well Perf Data

Three formats are defined: the well trace, well perforations, and well
markers.
Well Trace File

The format for the well trace file is:
WELL [BORE] X Y Z [MD]

name1 [bore1] X1,1,1 Y1,1,1 Z1,1,1 [MD]1,1,1
…
name1 [bore k] Xi,1,k Yi,1,k Zi,1,k [MD]i,1,k
…
namen [bore p] Xi,n.p Yi,n,p Zi,n,p [MD]i,n,p
where:
namen Name for the nth well entered.

Borep Bore number for the nth well entered. If no bore
information is entered, bore 1 is assumed.
Xi,n,p X coordinate of the ith trajectory point entered for
pth bore of nth well.
Yi,n,p Y coordinate of the ith trajectory point entered for
Zi,n,p Z coordinate of the ith trajectory point entered for pth
bore of nth well.
MDi,n,p Measured depth of the ith trajectory point entered for
pth bore of nth well. If no measured depth is entered,
it will be interpolated from the trajectory segments.
Example:
WELL X Y Z MD
W1 6100 5000 0.00 0.00
W1 6000 5000 4812.50 4813.54
W1 5750 5000 4860.08 5068.03
W1 5500 5000 4910.26 5323.01

W2 5600 5200 0.00 0.00
W2 5700 5100 4932.24 5013.62
Well Perforation Events

Two alternate formats for the well perforation events file are:
WELL [BORE] DATE EVENT MDTOP [MDBOT]

name1 [bore1] date,1,1 event1,1,1 MDT1,1,1 [MDB]1,1,1
…
name1 [bore k] datei,1,k eventi,1,k MDTi,1,k [MDB]i,1,k
…
namen [bore p] datei,n.p eventi,n,p MDTi,n,p [MDB]i,n,p
or:
DATE WELL [BORE] EVENT MDTOP [MDBOT]

date,1,l,1 name1 [bore1] event1,1,1 MDT1,1,1 [MDB]1,1,1
…
datei,1,k name1 [bore k] eventi,1,k MDTi,1,k [MDB]i,1,k
…
datei,n.p namen [bore p] eventi,n,p MDTi,n,p [MDB]i,n,p
where:

datei,n,p Date of ith perforation event for pth bore of nth well.
Event must be given in historical order i.e.
datei+1,n,p >= datei,n,p. Format for the date must be
specified on the UI, most common date format sup-
ported.
eventi,n,p ith event for pth bore of nth well. Event can be either
PERF or PLUG. For a PLUG event, the interval
must have had a PERF event at a previous date.
MDTOPi,n,p Measured depth of the top of the ith perf interval for
MDBOTi,n,p Measured depth of the bottom of the ith perf interval
for pth bore of nth well. If no bottom depth is given,
a bottom depth of a previous defined perf interval
will be assigned if any. If none perf interval will be
assumed all the way to the end of the reservoir.
Examples:
WELL DATE EVENT MDTOP MDBOT

W1 01/01/1998 PERF 5835.51 6249.06
W1 01/05/1998 PLUG 6035.51
W1 01/10/1998 PERF 6666.98 7090.54
W2 01/01/1998 PERF 4932.23 5324.19
At 01/05/1998, the only active perforation for well W1 will be from

MD=5835.51 to MD=6035.5:1
DATE WELL EVENT MDTOP MDBOT

01/01/1998 W1 PERF 5835.51 6249.06
01/01/1998 W2 PERF 4932.23 5324.19
01/05/1998 W1 PLUG 6035.51
01/10/1998 W2 PERF 5122.02 5201.54
Wells Marker File

The format for the well marker file is:
WELL [BORE] MD PICK

name1 [bore1] MD1,1,1 pick1,1,1
…
name1 [bore k] MDi,1,k picki,1,k
…
namen [bore p] MDi,n,p picki,n,p
where:

MDi,n,p Measured depth of the ith marker entered for pth
bore of nth well.
picki,n,p Surface name corresponding to the ith marker
entered for pth bore of nth well.
Example:
WELL MD PICK
W1 5835.51 Perf1
W1 6249.06 Fault1
W1 6666.98 Perf2
Notes
• Perforation Events and Markers can be specified in the same file

than the Traces or in separate files.
• Markers are optional, if no marker is entered, no correction will be

generated (i.e. perforation calculation will be done the same way
than in GridGenr).
• Measured depths should be entered wherever available.
• For true vertical wells, to define a trace only one record per well
with a name, X and Y location might be specified. Header cards
needed will be reduced to (WELL X Y).
• For true vertical wells, true vertical depth can be entered for
Perforation Events. Use TVDTOP/TVDBOT header instead of
MDTOP/MDBOT. For Markers use TVD header instead of MD.
• Comma, tab or space separator can be used. Well names with

blank spaces must be double quoted. Non-compatible well names
will be converted to Nexus well names.
• For input file names, gtf extension is reserved for back-

compatibility with GridGenr.
• Comments can be added to the data files (“C “ at beginning of line

of after “!” at the end of a data line).
Importing from an ASCII File

Perforation data can be imported from a tabular column ASCII file
format (with either tabs, commas, or blanks as delimiters). One column
must be the well name and only valid Nexus perforation options can be
imported. If you import data from an ASCII file, the Import Wizard
will display the number of columns that could be delineated.
You can click the toggles to change the number of columns or the
delimiter that the program should recognize. Click the Next button
when the format is correct. The Import Wizard proceeds to the next
dialog box. If you titled each column with a valid keyword, the data
type should appear correctly as shown below.
Click to open pop-up menu to

select data type
Pop-up menu
If a keyword was not included or could not be read, click in the header
row and select the data type from the pop-up menu. Click Ignore Data
for any column you do not wish to import.
When all columns have been defined or ignored, the Finish button
becomes active. Click Finish to load the data. The keywords for which
data is loaded displays in the message area.
The perforations then open in the spreadsheet.
Perforation Data Import Results

Perforation data files can be fairly complex. When the program loads a
.fpf file, it shows all the data it was able to find. Some of the standard
perforation data columns may be blank if the data was not available in
the file.
If the .fpf file does not contain any date information, the Effective Date
for each perforation record defaults to the simulation start date. If you
want the perforation to come online later in the simulation, you will
need to change the Effective Date appropriately.
If the .fpf file does contain date information for the perfs, they will
show in the Effective Date column. If there are sets of perforations
defined before the simulation start date, for each well only the more
recent one will be kept and its Effective Date will be set to the
simulation start date.
Important: because of perforation format in Nexus, if a well has sets of

perforations defined at different dates, all the perforations active at a
date have to be defined at that same date:
For example if well N1 has a perforation in layer 1 from date 1 1 1995

and another perforation in layer 2 from date 1 2 1995, 3 entries must be
present for the well in the Perf View as shown, one for perforation in
layer 1 at 1 1 1995 and two for perforations in layer 1 and 2 at 1 2 1995.
If only perforation in layer 2 was present, it would cause Nexus to have

only perforation (the one in layer 2) active after 1 2 1995.
Changing the Perforation List
Once you have set up well perforation data in the worksheet, you can
change the data in various ways, as explained on the following pages.
Changing the Effective Date or Other Data

The list of dates in the Effective Date column should correctly reflect
the dates on which the perforations apply to the simulation. To change
any date, simply click on it and retype it. However, the date you specify
must be within the simulation time interval as specified in the Dates
Summary worksheet (see “Defining Output Options” on page 243).
You can also change any other cells in the worksheet by retyping.
Sorting the Worksheet

You can sort the list of perforations based on any data type. For
Click column
heading to example, you may want to sort the list by Effective Date, Well Name,
sort by that
data type
or any of the other column headings.
To sort the list based on a particular data type, click the appropriate
column heading for that data type. For instance, if you click the Well
Number column heading, the list will be resorted by Well Number.
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Cells

You can cut, copy, and paste cells in the worksheet as a quick way to
remove or duplicate individual cell entries or a range of cells. For
details, see “Cutting, Copying and Pasting Cells” on page 266.
290 Working with Well Data: Changing the Perforation List R2003.19.1
Adding or Removing Columns in the Worksheet

When you first opened the perforation list and imported data, certain
columns were listed in the worksheet area. The columns displayed in
this worksheet are controlled by a special list, that you can use to add or
remove columns. Follow these steps:
1. Right-click anywhere in the worksheet and select Perforation

Options from the shortcut menu.This displays the Perforation
Options list.
2. Notice the folders tagged with a red mark. These contain data
types already shown in the worksheet. You can open any folder by
clicking the (+) sign to the left of it. When you open a red-tagged
folder, the selected data fields are indicated by a check in the
check box next to the data field name.
3. Review all the data types and turn check boxes on or off,
depending on how you want the worksheet to be organized.
4. Click the OK button to close this list.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Changing the Perforation List 291
Inserting a New Perforation Record

Use the following steps, if needed, to insert a new perforation record
into the existing worksheet.
2. Select Add Wells Perforations to view the following dialog box:
3. Specify an Effective Date for the perforation by typing it in or

selecting it from the drop-down list.
4. Use the scrollable list on the right to select the well being
perforated.
5. Indicate the range of layers that the perforation covers in the

Perforated From Layer and To Layer fields. You can type in a
number or use the scroll arrows to select it.
6. Click the OK button. The new perforation is added to the list at an

appropriate place in the hierarchy (in well number sequence).
7. If the well duplicates an existing perforation, you may see the

following message. Answer Yes if you want to overwrite the
existing definition. Otherwise, answer No.
Adding a Perforation to an Existing Well

Use the following steps, if needed, to insert a new perforation record
into the existing worksheet.
1. In the worksheet, locate the well that you want to add a perforation
to. Right-click on the well to see the following shortcut menu:
2. Select Insert Perforation for Well XX to view the following

dialog box:
3. Enter the Layer Number of the simulation grid layer in which the
well will be perforated, or enter the Depth to Top and Depth to
Bottom of the perforation interval, in the units requested.
4. Click the OK button when finished.
Deleting Well Perforation Records

You can delete individual perforation records from the worksheet or
delete all perforations on a well-by-well basis. Follow these steps:
1. To remove a single record, right-click on it and select Delete

Perforation for Well NN from the shortcut menu. The row is
deleted automatically from the worksheet.
2. To remove multiple perforations on a well-by-well basis, right-

click anywhere in the worksheet, then select Delete Wells
Perforations from the shortcut menu. This displays the following
dialog box:
3. Hold down the Control key and click on all the wells you want to
delete. Use the scroll bar to see the entire list.
4. Make sure all wells to be deleted are highlighted, then click the
OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change your
mind and do not want to delete any wells).
If you click OK, all the rows are deleted from the worksheet that
contain the selected wells.
Deleting Layer Perforations

You can delete specific layer perforation records from the worksheet or
delete all perforations on a layer-by-layer basis. Follow these steps:
1. To remove multiple perforations on a layer-by-layer basis, right-

click anywhere in the worksheet, then select Delete Layer
Perforations from the shortcut menu. This displays the following
dialog box:
Stepper Buttons
Increase Number
Decrease Number
2. Use the Scroll Arrows to increment or decrement the first and last
(inclusive) layer of perforations to remove.
3. Click the OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change
your mind and do not want to delete any perforations).
If you click OK, all the perforations are deleted from the
worksheet that contains the selected layers.

You can clear the Well Perforations worksheet and start over if desired.
Follow these steps:
message:
3. Click the Yes button to clear all data from the worksheet.
Otherwise, click No.
Viewing/Editing Well Constraints
The Wells Constraints worksheet helps you to define and review

specific constraints for specific wells over time. This worksheet should
be filled in automatically when you generate the Data File. However,
you can also use it anytime to add or edit well constraints.
To use the worksheet, double-click the Wells Constraint option in the

tree diagram to the left of the worksheet. The worksheet display area
should now appear as follows:
Double-click here Worksheet changes to well constraints display
The dates are those generated on the Dates Summary worksheet. The
wells are those generated on the Well Names and Locations worksheet.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Viewing/Editing Well Constraints 297

Well Type Color Code

You can set the color for each type of well. Once set, each row of data
in the worksheet will display in the selected color. Click to activate the
Disable Well Type Color Code toggle when you do not want the
color-coded worksheet display.
Click to open Color Palette
Activate toggle to disable color coding in worksheet
View Mode Selection

You can view the worksheet by well or by constraint. The selection
menus at the bottom of the panel reflect your View Mode Selection
option.
In By Constraint mode, you can select constraints from a pull-down

menu for all well types, all or selected producers, or all or selected
injectors. In Well mode, you can work from a list of constraint columns
for individual wells.
298 Working with Well Data: Viewing/Editing Well Constraints R2003.19.1

Setting Constraints
A definition for each type of constraint is provided. Procedures for
setting constraints are then detailed.
Definitions
Constraints are defined as summarized in the table below.
Constraint Description Keyword

Well Type Switch between producer, injector, or water-alternating gas. ???WAG,
Well Constraints
Maximum Rate The maximum rate a well is allowed to produce/inject. QMAX
Water Limit The maximum water cut, water rate, or gas ratio for a production well. WLIMIT
Gas Limit The maximum gas-oil ratio or gas rate for a production well. GLIMIT
Well Economic The units being used for minimum well rate data. ECOLIM
Limit
Fraction On-Time The fraction of time a well is actually producing/injecting. Fraction is ONTIME
applied to the well rate after the rate has been determined by the
Maximum Rate value or pressure constraints
Gas Injector The composition of the injected gas for injection wells using the STD YINJ
Composition or RES options and not identified as MI wells (with MI plant in the
major gas sales option).
Pressure Constraints
Well Index The well indices for wells. WI
Reference Depth The depth to which the flowing and limiting bottomhole pressures are WLWDAT
referenced.
Bottomhole Pressure The limiting bottomhole pressure (a productivity/injectivity index BHP
must be defined).
Tubinghead Pressure The limiting tubinghead pressure (Gas Producer THP tables must be THP
defined. See below).
Hydraulic Tables
Hydraulic Table Relates tubinghead pressure to bottomhole pressure. Must be defined if ITUBE
Assignment tubinghead pressure limits are defined for a multi-phase producer.
Gas Producer THP Number of the gas producer THP table that defines the z-factors and GTHPWL
Tables Assignment viscosities in the wellbore for this well.
Tubing Length Used in conjunction with tubing diameter data to relate tubinghead TUBE
pressure to bottomhole pressure.

Constraint Description Keyword

Tubing Diameter/ Used in conjunction with tubing length to relate tubinghead pressure to DIAM
Friction Factor bottomhole pressure.
Crossflow Model
Well Crossflow Select crossflow computations by well. Modine, Coats, and Wells XFON,
Calculations method is used. XFOFF
Targeting
Minimum Rate for Minimum rate to which well rate is cut back when a phase target is TRGQMN
Targeting being satisfied at any well management level.
Calculation
Procedures
You must specify the type of well and type of constraint for each
production or injection unit to be brought online during the simulation.
For instance, you might specify that well N4 is a gas producer at the
beginning of the simulation, and then change it to a water producer at a
later date in the simulation.
Perform the following steps to set a constraint:
1. Right-click the selected cell and select the constraint option from
from the pull-down menu as shown below. Or double-click with
the left mouse button.
This displays a dialog box you can use to define the constraint
parameters.
2. Complete the dialog box and click OK.
Each constraint dialog box is summarized below. Recall that the

constraints definition table on the previous page lists each associated
keyword.

Well Type
The Well Type dialog box is shown below.
Use the radio buttons to define the well as a producer, injector, or water
alternating gas. Then define the following based on the well type you
specified.
Well Type Parameters

Producer Specify fluid type and unit for rate constraint
specification.
Injector Specify fluid type and unit for rate constraint
specification. If you select Fraction of Surface
Injection Rate or Fraction of Reservoir Fluid
Withdraw, then specify the hierarchy level.
If you specified a gas injector, you can activate key
component reinjection or the miscible option???.
Water Alternating Specify unit for rate constraint specification and
Gas hierarchy level. You can activate key component
reinjection or the miscible option???.
Define WAG cycle (number of cycles, cumulative
injection per cycle, and after-WAG conversion).
Flow Rate Constraint

Now that you have specified the type of constraint, you can specify the
actual flow rate or pressure from the dialog box as shown below.

Enter the desired maximum flow rates to be applied to the selected well
on the selected date. If this is a producing well for which you selected
Specify each Fluid Phase within the Well Type dialog box, then this
dialog box provides entry fields for each fluid. If you selected a water
alternating gas well type within the Well Type dialog box, then this
dialog box provides entry fields for water and gas.
Water Limit
You can specify a water limit for any given well on any available
effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Click the toggle to select the limit option. Then enter the Water cut
limit value.
Gas Limit
You can specify a gas limit for any given well on any available
effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Click the toggle to select the limit option. Then enter the Gas/oil ratio
limit value.

Well Economic Limit

You can change an economic limit for any given well from the dialog
box as shown below.
Click the toggle to select minimum oil, gas, water, or liquid option.
Then enter the Rate Value.
Fraction On-Time
You can specify a fraction on-time for any given well from the dialog
box as shown below.
Enter the fraction value.
Gas Injector Composition

If you have a compositional model, you can constrain a gas injector
well so that the injected gas stream contains a specified component
mole fraction from the dialog box as shown below.

Each component you defined under the Fluid Model tab of the Basic
Utilities panel displays in the dialog box. Click in the corresponding
Mole Fraction entry field and enter the value. Values must sum to 1.0.
Well Index
You can specify a well index for any given well from the dialog box as
shown below
Click the toggle to select the index format. The dialog box expands to
display the Well Index Data topic block. The data fields vary
depending on the format you selected:
• If you selected to define the well index directly, enter the Well
Index.
• If you selected to define productivity/injectivity, enter the

geometric factor and the productivity/injectivity.
• If you selected radial flow equation, enter the wellbore radius,

equivalent radius, and skin factor.
Reference Depth
You can specify the depth to which the flowing and limiting bottomhole
pressures are referenced from the dialog box as shown below.
Click in the entry field and enter the depth value.

Bottomhole Pressure
You can specify a bottomhole pressure constraint for any given well on
any available effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Enter the desired maximum bottomhole pressure. Enter either the

referenced depth at which this pressure will be applied or click the
toggle to specify gridblock center with the first perforation.
Tubinghead Pressure
You can specify a tubinghead pressure constraint for any given well on
any available effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Enter the pressure value.
Hydraulic Tables Assignment

You can assign hydraulic tables to relate tubinghead pressure to
bottomhole pressure. Hydraulic tables are mandatory if tubinghead
pressure limits are defined for a multi-phase producer. It is optional for
single-phase (water and gas) injectors and gas producers. Define
hydraulic tables from the dialog box as shown below.

Use the stepper to select the bottomhole pressure table number that will
define tubing pressure losses for this well. Then enter the following:
• Vertical distance from the wellhead to the first set of perforations.
• Well datum depth. Bottomhole pressure is returned to this depth. If

not entered, datum depth defaults to the DEPTH from the first
IEQUIL card. A value of zero causes datum depth to be set to the
depth to the center of the gridblock containing the first perforation.
Activate the Turn Off Tubing Calculations for Well toggle to

deactivate the calculations without removing the data.
Datum Depth
The bottomhole pressure printed in well reports is referenced to this depth, which
must be measured from the same reference point as used for gridblock depths
Gas Producers THP Tables Assignment

You can assign a THP table to a gas producer in order to define the z-
factors and viscosities in the wellbore from the dialog box as shown
below.
Enter the number of the gas producer THP table that defines the Z-
factors and viscosities in the wellbore for this well.

Tubing Length
You can define the tubing length that, in conjunction with tubing
diameter data, relates tubinghead pressure to bottomhole pressure from
the dialog box as shown below.
Enter the following:
• Effective tubing length, including the equivalent tubing length of

any downhole equipment.
• Vertical distance from the wellhead to the first set of perforations.
• Well datum depth. Bottomhole pressure is returned to this depth. If

not entered, datum depth defaults to the DEPTH from the first
IEQUIL card. A value of zero causes datum depth to be set to the
depth to the center of the gridblock containing the first perforation.
Datum Depth
The bottomhole pressure printed in well reports is referenced to this depth, which
must be measured from the same reference point as used for gridblock depths
Tubing Diameter/Friction Factor

You can define the tubing diameter data that, in conjunction with
tubing length, relates tubinghead pressure to bottomhole pressure from
the dialog box as shown below.

Enter the inside diameter of the tubing and the tubing roughness factor.
Friction Factor Calculation
Friction factors are calculated by the Jain equation.
Well Crossflow Calculations

Well crossflow calculations (Modine, Coats, and Wells method) can be
toggled on or off from the dialog box shown below.
Click to activate or deactivate the calculation for this well.
Minimum Rate for Targeting Calculations

You can specify the minimum rate to which well rate is cut back when
a phase target is being satisfied at any well management level.
Click the button beside the phase to select and enter the corresponding
minimum value.

Setting Global Options
All wells that have been automatically shut in (pressure limit violation, lack of
mobility, rate limit violation) are tested periodically to determine whether
they can be returned to production/injection. These options are used to specify
the time interval between tests for each type of shut-in well.
Click the activation date in the Date/Time Card selection list. Then
select the options.
Time Interval
Click the ellipse button beside the Time Interval between Tests (or
Shut-ins) field and select the following.
R2003.19.1 Working with Well Data: Setting Global Options 309

1. Well test criteria. Select the well test criteria. Note that you can
use the the buttons on the right side of the field allow you to
modify and delete your specifications.
Time Interval Enter the number of days between pressure limit,

Selection mobility or rate violations. Or click the Every Timestep
toggle.
Calculation Click the toggle to use the time interval after t he date
Method card or after shut-in.
2. Injector mobility criteria. Select either Endpoint or Total

Gridblock mobility for both gas and water injectors.
3. Perforation tolerance. Click the ellipse button and enter the

minimum/minimum relative permeability thickness product and
pore volume.
4. Correlation for inclined producers. Select either the Haaland

single or Beggs and Brill correlation.
5. Non-Darcy gas density and viscosity. Click the toggle to select the
pressure method: gridblock, Russel Goodrich, or pseudo-pressure.
If you select pseudo-pressure, enter the maximum relative
integration error and the number of intervals for integration.
6. Gas percolation algorithm. Click the toggle to activate the

algorithm.
7. Separator battery. Click the dialog box to select the separator

battery.
310 Working with Well Data: Setting Global Options R2003.19.1

Hydraulics Tables
Introduction
These panels let you import and edit hydraulics tables for producers
and injectors.
PVT and Hydraulics table panels
Import the file. Scroll to the bottom of the panel and click the Import
from File button to open the file selection dialog box. Filter to and
select the file containing the hydraulics tables.
R2003.19.1 Hydraulics Tables: Introduction 311

The Table Import Selection dialog box opens as shown below. Note
that you can click on any table to preview the data. The default units
and table description display in the entry field for editing.
(Note: change the units value only if it was incorrectly assigned. This
option does not convert between units.)
In the Table Selection list, highlight the tables to import and then click
OK:
• Import All Table toggle - Click to highlight all the tables for
import
• Shift/Click - Highlight continuous range for import
• Control/Click - Highlight multiple tables for import
The tables are imported into the panel.
312 Hydraulics Tables: Introduction R2003.19.1

Well Management Level Data
Introduction
The Well Management Level Data panel lets you view, define, and edit
the available fields, areas, flow stations and gathering centers involved
in a simulation.
Expand the diagram to its full extent by clicking on the (+) signs.Right-
click any of the symbols in the diagram and notice the shortcut menus:
Symbol Shortcut Menu
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Introduction 313

Symbol Shortcut Menu
For the selected date/time, these menus let you add, delete, and rename
new components and assign targets and rates.
314 Well Management Level Data: Introduction R2003.19.1

Add, Delete, or Rename Components
Selecting the Add option on any shortcut menu automatically adds a

new component to the diagram. You can then rename or delete that
component, or add sub-components to it.
When you select the Add option on a Gathering Center, the Well List
CTRL-click to select multiple wells. Shift-click to select a series. Or

activate the Well Filter option to enter a search string.
Right-click on the component to Delete or Rename and select the

option from the menu. The component is removed, or the name is
removed and your cursor is placed in the entry field to enter a new
name.
Assign Targets and Rates

Define the following values from the menu options. Once defined, the
values display in the Well Management Level table.
Target and Rate Descriptions
These options are described in detail in the Well Data chapter of the Nexus
Keyword Document. Keywords are provided below for cross-reference.
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Add, Delete, or Rename Components 315
• Production rate (PTARG). The following dialog box opens. Click

the toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the corresponding
target.
If you activate the gas phase, you can choose to include gaslift gas.
• Injection rate (ITARG). The following dialog box opens. Click the
toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the corresponding target.
• Minimum production rate (PRDMIN). The following dialog box

opens. Click the toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the
corresponding rate.
For each phase, you can select to shutin producer wells when the
corresponding rate is not met.
316 Well Management Level Data: Add, Delete, or Rename Components R2003.19.1
• Minimum injection rate (INJMIN). The following dialog box

opens. Click the toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the
corresponding rate.
For each phase, you can select to shutin injectors when the
corresponding rate is not met.
• Ontime factor (ONTIME). The following dialog box opens. Click

the toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the corresponding
factor.
You can specify a single factor, or a separate factor for producing

and injecting wells.
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Add, Delete, or Rename Components 317
Targeting Options
Target parameters let you satisfy production or injection constraints by

controlling multiple connections simultaneously (as opposed to
CONSTRAINT input which constrains the production and injection in
a single connection). The production or injection target (i.e. the total
rate to be produced or injected) can be specified, or calculated by
various methods, and the method by which the target rate is allocated to
the controlled connections can be specified. When control methods are
based on potential production and injection, this potential is defined as
the rate that would be obtained if all targets in the system were relaxed,
constrained by all defined constraints.
The Target Controls window is shown below.
Target Controls option Panel tabs
Additional tabs let you access more panels in order to:
• Define the targets. Import or define targets and establish constraint

parameters. (Refer to “Target Management” on page 319.)
318 Well Management Level Data: Targeting Options R2003.19.1

• Maintain the connection lists. Create and manage the members of

connection lists. (Refer to “Connections List Management” on
page 325.)
• View target plots. View pre-define target-related plots. (Refer to

“Target Value Plot” on page 327.)
Target Management
You can either define or import an existing target management file.
Perform the following steps to specify the target management
parameters.
Import a File
Scroll to the bottom of the panel and click the Import from File button
to access a file selection dialog box in order to import an existing file.
When you select a path/filename for a file in the appropriate format and
click the OK button, the panel is populated with the existing target
management data
Define a Target
Perform the following steps to define target management parameters.
1. Add a target. Scroll to the bottom of the panel and click the Add
New Target button. A menu displays letting you select the target
type: simple production/injection, voidage replacement, or
pressure maintenance. You can also select to activate a Wizard to
define a simple target by specifying the phase rate, production/
injection value allocation method.
2. Select the target date. Click on a date in the Date/Time card

column on the right of the panel. The selected date displays in the
Active From field.
3. Specify the target parameters. Click in the remaining columns to

select or enter the target parameters as defined in the table below.
For more information, note that exact keyword names as described
in the Production and Injection Targets section of the Surface
Network chapter of the Nexus Keyword Document are shown in
capital letters.
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Targeting Options 319

CTRL Click in the field and select from the pull-

down menu to specify the type of flow rate
control to be imposed at each of the control
connections based on conditions specified in
the next (CTRLCOND) column:
QO – oil rate.
QW – water rate.
QG – gas rate.
QLIQ – liquid rate.
QHC – hydrocarbon rate.
QALL – total fluid rate.
DEACTIVATE – deactivate target.
CTRLCOND Click in the field and select from the pull-
down menu to specify the conditions used for
the control (default is Surface):
SURFACE -- surface conditions.
FIELD -- field average reservoir conditions

(Not valid for the master network file in a mul-
tifield run).
REGAVG -- average reservoir conditions for

the region. (Note: this assumes the same
region that is used to calculate the target rate.)
CON at the conditions of the connections in

the CTRLCONS connection list.
CTRLCONS Click in the field and select from the pull-
down menu to specify the connection list to be
controlled to satisfy the target:
All Production Well Connections

All Production Wellhead Connections
All Injection Well Connections
All Injection Wellhead Connections
The connection list should not mix connec-

tions controlling injection with connections
controlling production.

CTRLMETHOD Click in the field and select from the pull-

down menu to specify the method to be used to
allocate the target constraint to the controlling
connections (default is SCALE):
SCALE -- scale back connection rates in pro-

portion to their productivity/injectivity (lim-
ited by any maximum rate constraints
specified for the connection).
AVG -- average all connections which are not

limited by a pressure constraint or a maximum
rate constraint flow at the same average rate.
GUIDERATE -- all connections which are not

limited by a pressure constraint or a maximum
rate constraint are scaled back in proportion to
their specified guide rate.
WCUT -- reduce the production rate of the

highest water cut wells to the user-specified
minimum rate until the target is reached. The
last well reduced is constrained so that the tar-
get is exactly met.
GOR -- reduce the production rate of the high-

est GOR wells to the user-specified minimum
rate until the target is reached. The last well
reduced is constrained so that the target is
exactly met.
WRATE -- reduce the production rate of the

highest water rate wells to the user-specified
get is exactly met.
GRATE -- reduce the production rate of the

highest gas rate wells to the user-specified
get is exactly met.

AVGGOR -- reset the rates of the highest

GOR wells to an average rate. The number of
wells with reduced rates is the minimum
required to meet the target.
AVGWCUT -- reset the rates of the highest

water cut wells to an average rate. The number
of wells with reduced rates is the minimum
required to meet the target.

CALCMETHOD Click in the field and select from the pull-

down menu to specify how the target rate will
be determined. The default is to use the rate
specified in the VALUE column, but can also
be specified as the sum of the flow rates:
QW - total water rate.

QG - total gas rate.
QO - total oil rate.
QLIQ - total liquid rate.
QHC - total hydrocarbon rate.
QALL - total rate.
QWP - total potential water rate.
QGP - total potential gas rate.
QOP - total potential oil rate.
QLIQP - total potential liquid rate.
QHCP - total potential hydrocarbon rate.
QALLP - total potential rate.
QWNETPROD - net water production rate.
QGNETPROD - net gas production rate.
QONETPROD - net oil production rate.
QLIQNETPROD - net liquid production rate.
QHCNETPROD - net hydrocarbon production
rate.
QALLNETPROD - net total production rate.
QWPNETPROD - net potential water produc-
tion rate.
QGPNETPROD - net potential gas production
rate.
QOPNETPROD - net potential oil production
rate.
QLIQPNETPROD - net potential liquid pro-
duction rate.
QHCPNETPROD - net potential hydrocarbon
production rate.
QALLPNETPROD - net potential total pro-
duction rate.
QWNETINJ - net water injection rate.
QGNETINJ - net gas injection rate.
QONETINJ - net oil injection rate.
QLIQNETINJ - net liquid injection rate.
QHCNETINJ - net hydrocarbon injection rate.
QALLNETINJ - net total injection rate.

QWPNETINJ - net potential water injection

rate.
QGPNETINJ - net potential gas injection rate.
QOPNETINJ - net potential oil injection rate.
QLIQPNETINJ - net potential liquid injection
rate.
QHCPNETINJ - net potential hydrocarbon
injection rate.
QALLPNETINJ - net potential total injection
rate.
CALCCOND Click in the field and select from the pull-
down menu to specify the conditions used to
calculate the target rate (default is Surface):
SURFACE -- surface conditions.
FIELD -- field average reservoir conditions

(Not valid for the master network file in a mul-
tifield run).
REGAVG -- average reservoir conditions for

the region.
CON -- at the conditions of the connections in

the connection list.
CALCCONS Click in the field and select from the pull-
down menu to specify which connection list
contributes to the target calculation.
VALUE Click in the entry field and enter the value for
the target rate.
ADDVALUE Click in the entry field and enter the value for
the amount which will be added to the
target rate calculated by CALCMETHOD.
(Can not be used with INJTGTP and PRODT-
GTP methods).
REGION If the specified calculation method requires a
region or if REGAVG is specified for CTRL-
COND or CALCCOND, click in the field and
select from the pull-down menu of previously-
defined regions.

PRIORITY Click the up or down steppers to specify the

priority for the target. Priority is in inverse
order of its integer value, i.e. a value of 1 is the
highest priority. Targets are satisfied in the
order of their priority.
QMIN Click in the entry field and enter the minimum
rate for each connection. This minimum rate
will be used by every connection.
QGUIDE Click in the field and select from the pull-
down menu the rate for every connection as
defined under the “Guide Rate Management”
on page 327 tab. Or select FORMULA to
specify that the guide rate formula (see the
Guide Rate Formula section of the Surface
Network chapter of the Nexus Keyword Docu-
ment) will be used to calculate the guide rate.
MAXDPDT Click in the entry field and enter the maximum
rate of change of region pressure versus time if
the INJTGTP or PRODTGTP method of cal-
culating a target is specified.
RANKDT Click in the entry field and specify the mini-
mum time change between re-ranking the con-
nections if the CTRLMETHOD is WCUT,
GOR, WRATE, GRATE, AVGWCUT or
AVGGOR is used. Ranking will not be re-per-
formed until the time elapsed from the last
ranking exceeds this time limit.
Connections List Management

You can use this panel to define and manage your target connection
lists. Perform the following steps to create a new connections list.
1. Add a line. Click the Add Line button located at the bottom, right
of the panel as shown below. (Notice the use of the other list

management buttons in the illustration.)
As you define the function, the description will display on the line
you added.
2. Select an effective date. Click on a date in the Date/Time Card

column at the right of the panel to select an effective date for the
connection list.
3. Select the members at effective date. Click the ellipse button

next to the Add at Date column. This opens the Add to
Connection List dialog box within which you can create a new
connection list or add to an existing one.
tabs for connection types
Click the tab for each corresponding connection type to define. For
each type, all connections of the type display as shown below.
selected connection

4. Select the connections. Click the corresponding box to select the

connection as shown in the illustration above. Once you have
selected all the connections under each tab and clicked the OK
button to close the dialog box, your selections are listed in the
Members at Date column.
Use the same procedure to remove connections at a selected date.

Deselected connections are listed in the Remove at Date column.
Guide Rate Management

This panel is not yet functional.
Target Value Plot

This panel lets you display various pre-defined target-related plots,
including:
• Comparative rate value of each target
• Total rate or rate potential by connection list
• Pressure maintenance or voidage replacement for a region
• Connection list or region net production or injection.
Click the pull-down menu next to the Target Type field as shown
below to select from a complete list of plot options.

Gaslift Data
Global
This panel lets you define global options.
Global options will be applied to all wells in the network for which
individual values are not defined. Perform the following steps to set the
global values.
1. Select active date. Click the active data in the Date/Time Card
Selection list at the right of the panel.
328 Well Management Level Data: Gaslift Data R2003.19.1

2. Define control values. Enter the gaslift Control options as

described below:
Time Interval for Gaslift Maximum time interval between optimization

Rate Calculation calculations. (Days, Days, Days, Hours).
Default is 90 Days.
Minimum Gaslift Effi- Minimum gas lift efficiency (i.e., oil
ciency production rate / gas lift rate) below which the
connection will be taken off gas lift. This limit
should be specified for the gas lift connection.
The Oil Production Rate will be the rate in the
out flowing connection from the specified
output node for the gas lift connection (often
the tubing connection). (STB/MSCF, m3/ m3,
m3/ m3, cc/cc) The default is no minimum.
Include Gaslift Gas in Click the checkbox to assign the gaslift gas as part
Gas Handling Loop of the gas handling loop.
3. Define optimization values. Click the ellipse button beside the

Gas Lift Optimization parameters to open the dialog box. Enter the
following optimization and calculation data:
Value of Produced Oil Enter the value of produced oil. ($/STB, $/

m3, $/m3,$/cc). Default is30 $/Stb.
Value of Produced Gas Enter the the value of produced gas. ($/MSCF,
$/m3, $/m3,$/cc). Default is 3 $/MSCF
Cost of Gaslift Injected Enter the cost of gas lift gas injected. ($/
MSCF, $/m3, $/m3,$/cc). Default is 4.5 $/
MSCF
Cost of Produced Water Enter the cost of produced water. ($/STB, $/
m3, $/m3,$/cc). Default is 2 $/Stb
Maximum Time Interval Enter the maximum time interval between
between Optimization optimization calculations. (Days, Days, Days,
Calculations Hours). Default: 90 Days
Minimum Time Interval Enter the minimum time interval between
between Optimization optimization calculations. (Days, Days, Days,
Calculations Hours). Default is 0 Days
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Gaslift Data 329

Group
For each group, this panel lets you invoke a gas sales option and define
the rates. It allows the produced gas stream (minus fuel and shrinkage gas)
in any well
Select the activation data in the Time/Date list. Click on the icon in the
Hierarchy column to open the pull-down menu.

Gas Sales This option can be turned ON or OFF. When

turned ON, specify in the dialog box the:
amount of gaslift available for reinjection,
computation method (GLR table number or
performance curve option), and fraction of
group production rate to be used as gaslift gas.
Click the check box if you wish the production
rate calculated only from wells on gaslift.
Maximum rate Maximum gaslift rate.
Minimum rate Minimum gaslift rate.
Makeup rate Makeup gaslift rate.
Fraction of Surface Pro- Fraction of the total surface production rate to
duction be used as the shrinkage gas rate.
Well
For each well, this panel lets you specify the gaslift allocation and rate.
Specify the minimum and maximum gaslift gas rate in MSCF/D (SCM/
D).
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Gaslift Data 331

Optimal GLR Tables

Scroll to the bottom of the panel and click the Import from File
button. The File Selection dialog box opens.
Select the table to import or click the toggle to import all tables. The
preview box for the table opens for the table highlighted in the list.
Click the Open button to close the Selection dialog box and import the
table(s).

Injection Regions
This option is not yet implemented in SimDataStudio
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Injection Regions 333

Gas Cycling
This option is not yet implemented in SimDataStudio
334 Well Management Level Data: Gas Cycling R2003.19.1

Gas Plant Group Data
For each level, this panel lets you invoke a gas sales option and define
the rates. It allows the produced gas stream (minus fuel and shrinkage gas)
in any well
Select the activation data in the Time/Date list. Click on the icon in the
Gaslift Hierarchy column to open the pull-down menu.
R2003.19.1 Well Management Level Data: Gas Plant Group Data 335
Gas Sales This option can be turned ON or OFF. When

turned ON, specify in the dialog box the:
amount of gaslift available for reinjection,
computation method (GLR table number or
performance curve option), and fraction of
group production rate to be used as gaslift gas.
Click the check box if you wish the production
rate calculated only from wells on gaslift.
Maximum rate Maximum feed rate to the NGL plant.
Minimum rate Minimum feed rate the NGL plant.
Makeup rate Maximum makeup gas rate to be added to the
pool of gas available for reinjection (produced
minus sales minus shrinkage minus fuel) for
use with gas injectors.
336 Well Management Level Data: Gas Plant Group Data R2003.19.1
Time-Dependent Grid Data
Introduction
Data Management and Selection

Data Management and Selection options lets you add and delete from
the list array definitions that can be defined by array name and I,J, K
grid range.
Delete selected function Move down function list
Add function Move up function list
Add an Array Name and Range

Click the icon to add a new line to the list.
Delete Array Name and Range

Click and highlight the line in the list. Then click the icon to delete
the selected line.
Move between Lines

Click and highlight a line in the list. Then click the and icons to
move within the defined list.
R2003.19.1 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Introduction 337

Input Array Modification
This panel lets you modify over time the cell-to-cell transmissibility
(ITRAN), saturation (ISAT), imbibition saturation (ISATI), and
transmissibility for named faults.
VIP OVER/VOVER or FTRAN options.
Procedures for modifying input arrays are described.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to to complete the Array Modification
panel.
from the pull down menu.
2. Define the gridblock range. Click in the To/From fields to define

the I,J,K gridblock range to limit the function by I, J, K range.
Click the up or down stepper arrow to define the range over which
the function is applied.
338 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Input Array Modification R2003.19.1


include file.
an include file.
Include files
unfaulted grids) or FTRANS values (for faulted grids) but a single include
file cannot mix the two types of keyword values.
6. Define the effective date. Click in the Effective Date field to

specify the effective date for the modification. The default value is
the beginning date for the property. Click the down arrow by the
default date to open a Calender dialog box and select an alternate
date.
R2003.19.1 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Input Array Modification 339

Arbitrary Gridblock Connections
When using the standard fault option this panel lets you specify non-
cornerpoint connections between gridblocks and the transmissibility
between two blocks connected as the result of a named fault
VIP FLT option.
Procedures for defining arbitrary gridblock connections are described.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to define arbitrary gridblock connections.

2. Select the grid. Click the Grid field and select the active grid for
which the connections are to be made.
340 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Arbitrary Gridblock Connections R2003.19.1

3. Define the value. If Single Value format is selected, click in the

entry field and enter the value. If the Include File value format is
selected, a File Selection dialog box opens when you click in the
Value field.
4. Define the format for the value. The Single Value option applies a
constant arithmetic operation to the specified portion of the grid
system. It modifies the immediately preceding array data.
When the Include File value format is selected, a File Selection

dialog box opens when you click in the Value field.

specify the effective date for the modification. The default value is
the beginning date for the property. Click the down arrow by the
date.
R2003.19.1 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Arbitrary Gridblock Connections 341

Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility

Multipliers
This panel displays the named transmissibility regions and lets you
assign a multiplier to modify transmissibilities between and within
gridblocks over time. Both standard and non-standard connections can
be multiplied.

the VIP MULTIR and corresponding PTHLD options. Flow across any
interface connection will not occur until the phase potential difference
across the connection exceeds the threshold pressure. The phase
potential difference to flow will be reduced by the threshold pressure.
Procedures for modifying transmissibility multipliers are described.
342 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers

Procedures
Perform the following steps to define inter/intra gridblock region
transmissibility multipliers.
1. Select the transmissibility region from which the multiplier is to be

applied . Click on the transmissibility region from which you want
to assign the multiplier. The line highlights.
2. Select the transmissibility region to which the multiplier is to be

applied . If it is not displayed by default, click in the entry field
and enter the region to which you want to assign the multiplier.
3. Enter the multiplier. Click in the Multiplier entry field and enter
the multiplier value.
4. Select the direction. Click in the Direction field and select the
multiplier direction from the pull-down menu: X, Y, Z, or both X
and Y.
within the region.

specify the effective date for the modifier. The default value is the
beginning date for the property. Click the down arrow by the
date.

R2003.19.1Time-Dependent Grid Data: Inter/Intra Gridblock Region Transmissibility Multipliers 343

Named Fault Multipliers
This panel displays named faults that intersect the grid and lets you
assign fault multipliers to change the transmissibility of the fault over
time.

the VIP MULTFL option.
Multiplier values range from zero to one:
Value Description
0 sealed
1 fully conductive
decimal value between 0 and 1 partial transmissibility value
344 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Named Fault Multipliers R2003.19.1

Procedures for entering fault transmissibilities are described below.
Alternate Method for Assigning Pressure Dependent Faults
Optionally, the PTHLD keyword lets you assign gridblock to gridblock flow
based on calculated pressure threshold. Refer to the “Interface Pressure
Threshold” on page 346.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to assign fault multipliers.
1. Display the fault list. Click the Check Fault Name List button
located near the bottom of the panel. A list of all faults that
intersect the active grid displays in the Fault Name list.
2. Select the date. Click on the effective start date in the Date/Time
card column on the right of the panel. This is the date from which
the multiplier value will be active for the fault.
3. Select the fault. Click the fault name for which you want to change
the multiplier value. The row highlights and the associated Fault
Multiplier field activates.
4. Enter the multiplier value for the fault. Click in the Fault
Multiplier field for the selected fault and enter a value of zero
(sealed), 1 (fully conductive), or an intermediate decimal value
indicating partial transmissibility.
R2003.19.1 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Named Fault Multipliers 345

Interface Pressure Threshold
This panel lets you limit the pressure threshold for a named fault or
between transmissibility regions of a fault. Flow across any interface
connection will not occur until the phase potential difference across the
connection exceeds the threshold pressure. The phase potential difference to
flow will be reduced by the threshold pressure.

the VIP PTHLD option.
Procedures for limiting pressure thresholds are described.
Procedures
Perform the following steps to limit the pressure threshold.
1. Display the fault list and transmissibility regions. The data stored
in the VDB displays automatically in the panel. Click the Check
346 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Interface Pressure Threshold R2003.19.1

Fault Name List and Check Transmissibility Regions buttons

located near the bottom of the panel if you need to update the lists.
2. Select the date. Click on the effective start date in the Date/Time
card column on the right of the panel. This is the date from which
the multiplier value will be active for the fault.
3. Select the fault. Click the fault name for which you want to define
the the pressure threshold. The row highlights and the assigned
transmissibility regions for the fault display.
4. Assign the pressure threshold. You can assign the pressure

threshold either to the entire fault or between specific
transmissibility regions. Click in the Pressure Threshold entry
field for either the fault (left panel) or region interface (right panel)
and enter the value.
R2003.19.1 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Interface Pressure Threshold 347

348 Time-Dependent Grid Data: Interface Pressure Threshold R2003.19.1

Simulation Control
Introduction
This panel lets you define or modify the timesteps and the related simulator limits and controls.
Multi-reservoir models
If you imported a multi-reservoir model, the default values are determined by the
selection you made on the Multi-reservoir Wizard. (You chose to either apply to
all reservoirs the simulator controls for the first reservoir you imported, or apply
the most restrictive controls to all reservoirs.)
:Procedures for defining simulation control options are described.
R2003.19.1 Simulation Control: Introduction 349

Procedures
Perform the following steps to modify the simulation control
parameters:
Define Timestep Method

Click the icon beside the Time Step Control field to open the dialog
box as shown below.
1. Select timestep controls. The default is automatic size control.

Typically, you would leave the default Automatic control to let the
program select the timestep size. Optionally, you can define a
constant time step size.
You can define the maximum timestep change based on number of

days. Specific timestep changes can be defined for the activation
of a production or injection subnetwork connection.
You can also define the number of timesteps for which to skip the
size adjustment. (The specialized Skip Time Step Size Adjustment
parameter is not typically used.)
350 Simulation Control: Introduction R2003.19.1

Define Controls
2. Select the date. In the date list on the right side of the panel, click
to select the date from which the controls will apply. The active
folder icon displays as open . Follow the subsequent procedure
steps to modify the simulator controls that you want to activate on
the selected date. Folder icons in the date list display with a red
asterisk when populated with simulation control changes.
3. Define the scope for the specified simulation controls. The Control
Scope column lists All Grids by default. Some input parameters
can be specified by individual grids or individual fields in a multi-
field model. If applicable, select the grid or field for which you
want to apply different controls.
4. Select time stepping method. Click the toggle to select whether the
solver should use IMPES or Implicit formulation. If you toggle the
Impes method off, the Implicit method will be used.
5. Select maximum mass/mole fraction. Click the icon open a dialog

box to to define the maximum change of fraction of mass for a
single component. For example, if the value you specify is .5 and
the values for the cell at the start of the timestep are .4 oil, .3 gas,
and .2 water, at the end of the timestep, the oil rate will be as close
to .5 as possible.
6. Select grid solver options. Click the ellipse button beside the
Grid Solver options column to open the Grid Solvers Parameters
dialog box. For both the Impes or Implicit method, you can
define:
• Facility grid coupling grid matrix modification method.

Options are no modification, nested factorization rowsum, and
nested factorization colsum.
• Pre-conditioner for full Implicit set of equations. Options are

Gauss Seidel (symmetric point Gauss Seidel) or Does the
Elimination Exactly Where it is Convenient (half fast)
Default: Gauss Seidel.
• L2 norm reduction criteria. A 2 norm reduction is required.

The default is 0.03 for the CPR pressure solve, 0.01 for the grid
in multi-grid solve, and 0 for the CPR Implicit solve.
7. Select IMPES stability criteria. If you have selected IMPES

formulation, these options let you control simulator treatment of
R2003.19.1 Simulation Control: Introduction 351

IMPES stability restrictions. By default, the simulator calculates

the maximum timestep size for which IMPES is a stable
formulation (based on volumetric and molar throughput) and
forces the timestep to be no larger than this value.
Click the ellipse button beside the IMPES Stability column to

open the dialog box. You can define.
• Activation. The default is to activate the values you define,

Once defined, click the Ignore toggle to deactivate the defined
settings.
• Timestep Constraints. Fraction of the maximum stable IMPES

time step to use as the target for each calculation of time step
size. Default is 0.9.
• Largest fraction of the maximum stable IMPES time step at

which the simulator is permitted to run. Default is 1.0. On a
single time step, maximum number of time step reductions due
to violation of the above-described limit on a single time step.
Default is 3.
• Type of checks. Check Ignore violations of largest fraction of

maximum stable IMPES time step at which the simulator is
permitted to run. Default is OFF. Check flow both into and out
of blocks is to be checked for stability. Default i to only check
the flow out of blocks.
• Type of stability criteria to use, Coats or Peaceman,
• Maximum rate of change in global tolerances for time step

control at which to skip the calculation.
8. Set the rate limit. Set maximum rate of GOR increase. Click the
ellipse button under the Limit on Rate column. A dialog box
opens to let you enter a limit on the rate of solution gas-oil ratio.
You can also specify that this limit will apply only to gridblocks
that have both an oil and a gas phase.
352 Simulation Control: Introduction R2003.19.1

Defining External Include Data for

Network and Control Options
Introduction
External include panels are available for network, and control option
data. These panels let you import or enter additional keyword
command not those currently recognized by the SimDataStudio
application.
R2003.19.1 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: Introduction 353
There are two ways to add external include data. You can specify an
external file. Or you can key the information directly into the panel.
Both options are described.
Warning - Data placed at beginning of section
Include data is placed at the beginning of the section. Any data dependencies
within the section must be performed by editing the data file directly.
354 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: Introduction R2003.19.1
Include Files
This option lets you attach external include files to the current
simulation file.
Key commands to manage the file list are shown below.

Move up a line
Delete selected line
Add line Move down a
line
Perform the following steps to attach external files:
1. Add a line. Click the Add Line button as shown above. A line is
added to the list.
2. Open the dialog box. Click the button located beside the line.
The File Selection dialog box opens.
3. Select the include file. Filter and select the include file to add.
Click the Open button to close the dialog box when the file is
selected.
4. View the include file. Click the button located at

the bottom of the pane to view the include file. The file displays in
the lower portion of the window a shown below.
Include file tab
When you regenerate the file, an include statement is added to the data
file at the beginning of the selected section of the Nexus file as shown
below.
Include statement within Grid

section of file
R2003.19.1 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: Include Files 355
When you have multiple include files, you can view the contents of any
file by clicking on the file name and clicking the . The
name of the currently open include file displays on the Include File tab.
You can also use the right mouse button menu in the include file
display area as shown below.
These options let you:
• Open include file. This open opens the File Selection dialog box
and displays the contents of the selected file.
• Close include file. Closes the currently displayed file.
• Save include file as. Opens the File Save dialog box to let you save
the file under a new name.
• Find. Opens the Find dialog box to let you search the file for a
particular search string.
356 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: Include Files R2003.19.1
External Data
This option lets you enter keywords data directly onto the panel to be
written into the current Nexus file.
One command procedure per section
Note that you must perform the procedure separately for commands within
different sections of the Nexus file.
Perform the following steps to type in simulator keyword commands.
1. Type in the command. Click in the entry field as shown below and
type the keyword command(s). Your entry must conform to all
simulator format requirements in order to be valid. SimDataStudio
cannot perform validity checks on your entries.
2. Update external data. When the command has been entered, click
the button located at the bottom of the pane. The
command is added to the buffer and the screen clears. You can
perform another command procedure.
When you regenerate the file, the commands are added directly to the
data file at the beginning of the selected section as shown below.
Keyword command within

Grid section of file
R2003.19.1 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: External Data 357
358 Defining External Include Data for Network and Control Options: External Data R2003.19.1
Index
A common well IDs 265

connection across pinchout and fault tolerances 90
aquifers constraints
Carter-Tracey Algorithm 176 viewing and editing 297
definition 173 cut, copy, paste cells 266
Fetkovich algorithm 179
area
definition of 313 D
arrays
data
advanced reservoir model 142
averaging 228
defining 137
data files
definition arrays 139
closing 22
functions for array definition 143
creating new 20
importing 136
saving 22
physical properties arrays 139
understanding 20
region arrays 140
dates
saturation Table Endpoint 141
changing the date list 252
thermal 141
of perforations 290
transmissibility Multiplier 141
setting preferences for 16
transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications 141
setting up the date list 246
user-specified Initialization 141
Dates Summary worksheet 244
using the Roadmap 136
default color and line widths
averaging data 228
setting 18, 20
dimension data
B automatically set (CORE) 74
specifying (CORE) 73, 75
barriers for low pore-volume gridblocks 90
black-oil table monotonicity (deactivate) 96
bottomhole pressure E
specifying 302, 303, 304, 305
effective dates
for wells 261
C of perforations 290
EOS fluid properties 124
capillary pressure hysteresis 114 component properties 127
case files labeling 127
existing 18 phase transition 126
saving and closing 19 existing case 18
chart properties external data
changing 223 entering 357
charts
production data 221
closing a case 19 F
colors
field
setting 18, 20
definition of 313
R2003.19.1 Index 359

flow rate O
specifying 301
flow station offband connections 90
definition of 313 opening an existing case 18
fluid model OpenWorks
defining 59 importing production data 185
types of 58 output 246
functions for array definition output data options
defining 145 setting 23, 25
limiting range 151 output regions (CORE) 67
functions for array definitions
defining 143 P
parse
G existing dataset 18
gas injector composition unrecognized data 18
specifying as a constraint 303 perforation
gathering center data types 271
definition of 313 perforations
graphs adding columns to worksheet 291
production data 221 adding to well 293
grid system adding to worksheet 292
creating LGRs 51 deleting 294, 295
defining 48 effective dates 290
including GridGenr files 47 setting up a list 272
PLOT options (EXEC) 245, 249
preferences
H setting 15
pressure
hydrocarbon compressibility checking (deactivate) 96
specifying 301
PRINT options (CORE) 65
I PRINT options (EXEC) 244, 248
production data
I/J location 261 averaging 228
importing production data 184 charts 221
INCLUDE files importing 184
attaching 355 importing from OpenWorks 185
initialization Production Data worksheet 215
algorithm 88 clearing 239
equilibrium 87 Properties 139
non-equilibrium 88 PVT interpolation (activate) 96
L R
line widths region data
setting 18, 20 fluid property 118
local grid refinement 262, 271 rock property 111
regions
M defining and managing 106
reservoir constants
MAP Options (CORE) 62 water 72
MAP options (EXEC) 244 reservoir model
MAPOUT options (EXEC) 249 dual option 78
360 Index R2003.19.1

hydrocarbon tracking option 80 W

miscible option 83
polymer injection 77 water-oil capillary pressure hysteresis 114
thermal 77 well constraints
water tracking option 82 viewing and editing 297
Restart option 255 well management hierarchy 313
Well Names and Locations worksheet 261
Well Perforations worksheet 271
S well type
specifying 300
saving a case 19
wells
separator batteries 129
adding a new well 267
sorting columns 266
adding perforations 293
specifying EXEC output 246
changing well list 266
standard pressure 73
defining common IDs 265
standard temperature 73
deleting 268
start date
effective dates 261
adjusting 203
setting up well list 263
status bar
Wells Dates worksheet 297
controlling display of 25
worksheet
switchovers
cut,copy,paste 266
working 225
worksheets
adding columns 291
T Dates Summary 244
Production Data 215
tables Well Names and Locations 261
editing 110 Well Perforations 271
importing 109 Wells Dates 297
target
conditions 324
connection lists 324
constraints 321
guide rate 324
rate 321
toolbars
changing location of 24
controlling display of 25
creating new 28
customizing 26
resetting or deleting 28
U
units
setting preferences for 16
unrecognized data 18
user options
setting colors and line widths 18, 20
setting output data 23, 25
utility data 241
user preferences
setting 15
utility data
specifying 241
R2003.19.1 Index 361

362 Index R2003.19.1

VIP SimDataStudio User's Guide

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Table of Contents............................................................................................................ iii

Basic Operations ............................................................................................................ 15

Setting User Preferences ........................................................................................... 15

Defining Initialization Utility Data .......................................................................... 45

R2003.19.1 Table of Contents iii

Unit Grid System ................................................................................................................ 46

Initialization Data ............................................................................................................ 97

Defining Table Data ....................................................................................................... 105

iv Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Delete Region Pane ...................................................................................................... 107

Defining Grid Array Data ............................................................................................ 135

R2003.19.1 Table of Contents v

Select a Function .................................................................................................... 145

Multipliers - Overrides ................................................................................................. 157

Defining Aquifer Data ................................................................................................... 173

Working with Production Data ................................................................................ 183

vi Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Appending Production Data to an Existing Case with Production Data - Examples

Defining Utility Data ..................................................................................................... 241

Defining Output Options ............................................................................................ 243

Working with Well Data ............................................................................................... 259

R2003.19.1 Table of Contents vii

Changing the Effective Date or Other Cells ................................................................ 266

Hydraulics Tables ........................................................................................................... 311

Well Management Level Data................................................................................... 313

viii Table of Contents R2003.19.1

Connections List Management .............................................................................. 325

Time-Dependent Grid Data ........................................................................................ 337

Simulation Control ......................................................................................................... 349

Index ...................................................................................................................................... 359

R2003.19.1 Table of Contents ix

x Table of Contents R2003.19.1

SimDataStudio is an application which automates the creation of the

The output files created by SimDataStudio are in the ASCII keyword/

SimDataStudio includes the most common simulation options.

• Tabular Data, including equilibrium table, relative permeability/

• Array Data, including gridblock dimensions or cornerpoints,

R2003.19.1 Overview: What is SimDataStudio? 11

• Recurrent data, including a definition of each well that is active

• Output data, including the content and frequency of output files.

• Multi-reservoir data, including interconnect networks, constraints,

12 Overview: What is SimDataStudio? R2003.19.1

• Knowing the difference between case files and data files

• Creating, opening, saving and closing case files (including using

• Opening, saving and closing data files

• Setting the toolbar display

• Setting the user options

This chapter explains how to perform each of the operations listed

R2003.19.1 Basic Operations: Introduction 15

Working with Case Files

VIP organizes the simulation process around the concept of a “Case

The same is true with SimDataStudio. However, SimDataStudio sets

When you select SimDataStudio from the application executive, you

Within SimDataStudio you can:

• open an existing VDS case file created previously

• select from a menu of recently-opened Cases

16 Basic Operations: Working with Case Files R2003.19.1

Opening a New Case

Filename Folder where

2. Change directory if necessary. The current directory is shown in

4. Select creation mode option. The default is to create an empty

• VIP-CORE (i.dat) and VIP-EXEC (r.dat) simulation files are