S.Y.B.Sc.

IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Practical No.1
Manipulating Data
Aim: -Using Insert Statement Using Delete Statement
Using Update Statement

Creating Table

Syntax: -
Create Table tablename(
Column1 Datatype (Size),
Column2 Datatype (Size),
…..
Column Datatype (Size)
);

Or

Create Table Tablename(Column1 Datatype(Size), Column2

Datatype(Size),…. Column Datatype(Size));

Describing Table
Syntax: -
Describe Tablename;

Or

Desc Tablename;

Inserting Records Into Table

Syntax:-
Insert Into Tablename Values (Data1,Data2,…,Datan);

Or

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Insert Into Tablename Values(Data1,

Data2,
….,
Datan);

Displaying Data Of Table

Syntax:-
For Entire Table:
Select * From Tablename;

For Particular Column:

Select Column From Tablename;

For Multiple Columns:

Select Columnx, Columny,… From Tablename;

For Particular Record With All Columns:

Select * From Tablename Where Column=’Data’;

For Particular Record With Particular Columns:

Select Columnname From Tablename;

Inserting Records With Selective Column Values

Syntax:-
For One Column:
Insert Into Tablename (Columnx) Values (Data);

For Multiple Columns:

Inert Into Tablename (Columnx, Columny,) Values (Data1, Data2);

Deleting A Perticular Record

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Syntax:-
Delete From Tablename
Where Columnx=’Data’;

Delete All Records Of Table

Syntax:-
Delete From Tablename;

Updating Values Of A Column Using Same Column (Replace Or Set

New Data)
Syntax:-
Update Tablename
Set Columna=’Newdata’
Where Columna=’Olddata’;

Updating Values Of Column Using Another Column

Syntax:-
Update Tablename
Set Columna=’Newdata’
Where Column=’Data’;

To Add A Column In Table (Structure)

Syntax:-
One Column:
Alter Table Tablename
Add(Columnp Datatype(Size));

Multiple Column:
Alter Table Tablename
Add(Columnp Datatype(Size)
Column Datatype(Size)

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

…);

To Modify A Column In Table (Structure)

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Modify(Columnp Datatype(Size));

To Change The Column Name (Structure)

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Rename Column Oldcolumnname To Newcolumnname;

To Change The Tablename (Structure)

Syntax:-
Rename Oldtablename To Newtablename;

Delete / Drop A Column (Structure)

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Drop Column Columnname;

Delete/ Drop The Table (Structure)

Syntax:-
Drop Table Tablename;

Question Queries
Create Table Dept_(Roll No.) With Following Columns: Dept_Id,
Dept_Name, Dept_Addr.

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Query:-
Create Table Dept_5
(Dept_Id Number(10),
Dept_Name Varchar2(20),
Dept_Addr Varchar2(20)
);
Output:-

Insert 5 Records.
Query:-
Insert Into Dept_5 Values(300,’Accounting’,’Borivali’);
Insert Into Dept_5 Values(301,’Managment’,’Kandivali’);
Insert Into Dept_5 Values(300,’Purchesing’,’Andheri’);
Insert Into Dept_5 Values(300,’Marketing’,’Malad’);
Insert Into Dept_5 Values(300,’Finanace’,’Goregoan’);
Output:-

Add Column Named D_Manager.

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Query:-
Alter Table Dept_5
Add (D_Manager Varchar2(10));

Output:-

Change The Name Of Dept_Name And Set It As D_Name.

Query:-
Alter Table Dept_5
Rename Column Dept_Name To D_Name;
Output:-

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Delete The Column Having Name As Dept_Addr.

Query:-
Alter Table Dept_5
Drop Column Dept_Addr;
Output:-

Delete The Table Dept_(Roll No.) From The Database.

Query:-
Drop Table Dept_5;

Output:-

Practical No. 02
Creating And Managing Tables

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Aim: - Creating And Managing Tables Includes Constraints

Theory: Constraints
What Is Constraints?
Constraints Enforces Limits To The Data Or The Type Of Data That
Can Be Inserted Into, Updated Or Deleted From A Table.
The Purpose Of Constraints Is To Maintain Data Integrity In
Insertion, Updation Or Deletion Of A Table.

Types Of Constraints
Not Null
It Make Sure That A Column Does Not Hold A Null Value.
When We Do Not Provide Values For Particular Column While
Inserting A Records It Takes A Null Value.
By Defining Not Null Constraints, We Can Make Sure That A
Particular Column Will Have Values For All Records.
Keywords: Not Null

Unique
This Constraints Enforces A Column To Have A Unique Value.
If A Column Has This Constraints, Then That Column Will Not Have
Duplicate Values.
Keywords: Unique

Default
This Constraint Provides The Default Value To The Column. When
No Value Is Provided For A Particular Record, The Default Value Is
Set.
Ex. For A Particular Table Consisting Column Name City, Has A
Default Value Set As Mumbai. So When No Values Is Entered For
City For A Particular Record While Inserting, The Default Value
Mumbai Will Be Set As City For Those Particular Records.

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Keywords: Default

Check
This Constraint Is Used For Specifying Range Of Values For
Particular Column Of Table.
Ex 10<=Age<=20
When This Constraints Is Been Set To A Column, It Ensures That
The Specific Column Must Have The Values Fitting Into That Range.
Keyword: Check

Primery Key
It Uniquely Identifies A Particular Record.
The Constraint Associated With Primary Key Are:
Not Null
Unique

Foreign Key
The Primary Key Of One Table When It Is Referenced Into Another
Table It Is Known As Foreign Key.
The Keyword Is Reference Which Is Used To Refer The Primary Key
Of Another Table.

To Add Constraints (With Table Creation)

Syntax:-
Create Table Tablename
(Columna Datatype(Size) Not Null,
Columnb Datatype(Size) Unique,

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Columnc Datatype(Size) Default ’Data’,

Columnd Datatype(Size) Check (Condition)
);

To Add Constraints (After Table Creation)

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Modify(Columnp Datatype(Size) Constraint);

Or

Alter Table Tablename

Add Constraint Cn1 Constraint(Columnp)

Demonstrating Not Null, Unique, Default, Check Constraints

For Not Null: Try Inserting A Null Value
For Unique: Try Inserting Duplicate Value
For Default: Use Default Keyword Instead Of Value / Data While
Inserting Into A Record
For Check: Try Inserting A Values / Data Which Is Out Of Range

To Add Primary Key And Foreign Key Constrints

Syntax:- (Table 1-Parent Table-Primary Key)
Create Table Tablename1
Columna Datatype(Size) Primary Key,
Columnb Datatype(Size),
Columnc Datatype(Size),
…
);

Or

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Syntax:- (Table 2-Child Table-Foreign Key)

Create Table Tablename
Columnp Datatype(Size),
Columnq Datatype(Size) References Tablename1(Columna),
Columnr Datatype(Size),
…
);

Demonstrating Primary Key And Foreign Key Constraints

For Pk: Try Inserting Duplicate Value / Data For Column Set As Pk.
For Fk: Try Inserting A Value / Data For Column Set As Fk In Child
Table Which Has No Match In Pk Column Of Parent Table.

Delete / Drop A Constraint

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Modify(Columnname Datatype(Size) Null);

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Modify(Columnname Datatype(Size) Default Null);

Syntax:-
Alter Table Tablename
Drop Unique (Columnname);

Question Queries
Create Table Student_5
Query:-
Create Table Student_5
(

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Roll No Int Not Null,

S_Name Varchar2(10)Unique,
S_Location Varchar2(30)Default’goregoan’,
S_Age Int Check (S_Age<=20)
);

Output:-

Insert Records And Demonstrate / Check The Constraints

Query:-
To Check Not Null Constraint.
It Will Not Allow You To Insert Null Values.
Insert Into Student_5 Values(‘’,’Shweta’,’Kandivali’,19);

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Query:-
To Check Unique Constraint.
It Will No Allow You To Insert Same / Duplicate Values.
Insert Into Student_5 Values(100,’Shweta’,’Kandivali’,19);
Insert Into Student_5 Values(105,’Shweta’,’Borivali’,18);

Query:-
To Check Default Constraint
It Will Show You The Value That Is Set
Insert Into Student_5 Values(102,’Neha’,Default,20);

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Query:-
To Check ‘Check’ Constraint.
Insert Into Student_5 Values(103,’Pallvi’,’Andheri’,21);

Create 2 Tables: Stream_B1 And Student_B2

Query:-
To Create Table:
For Table Stream_B1
Create Table Stream_B1
(
Stream_Id Number(5) Primary Key,
Stream_Name Varchar2(20)
);

For Table Student_B1

Create Table Student_B1

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

(
S_Id Int,
S_Name Varchar2(20),
Str_Id Number(1) Reference Stream_B1(Stream_Id)
);

Output:-

Insert Records And Demonstrate / Check The Pk And Fk Constraints

Query:-
To Insert Records
For Stream_B1 Table
Insert Into Stream_B1 Values(1,’It’);
Insert Into Stream_B1 Values(2,’Cs’);

For Student_B1 Table

Insert Into Student_B1 Values(1001,’John’,’1’);
Insert Into Student_B1 Values(1002,’Bob’,’2’);
Insert Into Student_B1 Values(1003,’Alice’,’1’);

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Output:-

To Check Primary Key And Foreign Key Constraint:

To Check Primary Key Constraint Insert Values In Child Table
Which Has No Reference In Parent Table.
Query:-
Insert Into Student_B1 Values(1004,’Joy’,’4’);

To Check Foreign Key Constraint, Try To Delete A Column From

Parent Table That Has Reference In Child Table.
Query:-
Insert A New Record In Parent Table
Insert Into Stream_B1 Values(3,’Ba’);
Insert New Record In Child Table
Insert Into Student_B1 Values(1002,’Joy’,’3’);

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S.Y.B.Sc.IT Semester 3 Roll no 432

Delete A Record Which Has Reference In Parent Table

Query:-
Delete From Stream_B1
Where Stream Name=’Ba’;

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