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    5 views14 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Mrunali Gaikwad

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14
    Performance evaluation of solar water heater objective: To evaluate the performance of Solar Water Heater (FPC/ETC) to determine the efficiency of the system Apparatus: i Solarimeter 9, Digital temperature recorder with copper constant thermocouples 3. Stopwatch 4 4 Measuring cylinder Theory: Solar water heatingis' the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector. ‘The solar water heating systems have a solar collector, insulated storage tank. This system can be connected to bathrooms and kitchen, Generally, the life of the system is about 15-20 years and it requires no maintenance. A solar collector is a device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, Utilization of solar energy requires solar collectors. There are two general types- Flat plate collector and the Evacuated tube collector. The absorber surface in the collector and the pipes are painted black and embedded in a wooden box insulated at the bottom and sides. The ends of the pipe are connected to the insulated storage tanle which is kept just above the collector. Hot water temperature generally obtained is 55 - 63°C ona typical sunny day and heat loss due to overnight storage is about 4 to 8°C. ‘The performance sich as hot swater generation, temperature of hot water, eificiency of hot water system etc, can be assessed by the following procedures. ‘The assessment can be ied out for a specific period say 8 hours in a day, The seasonal variation can also be studied by ‘parametric assessment.in specified seasons. Dr. D.¥. Patil CAET, Telsandl; Kolhapur } p ‘ Procedure- eaoane 1, Select a site of working solar water i a 2. Measure the area of the absorber plate or surface and caleul number of absorber plates or tubes. on : 3. Calculate the capacity of storage tank and calculate number of storage tanks (if inore than one eolat water heaters are connected). 4, Note the initial temperature of water (cold) and final outlet temperature (hot) of water by digital temperature recorder with copper constant pening the copper thermocouples using a measuring cylinder, by dee thermocouples in measuring cylinder where the water is taken in measuring 4 cylinder. 5. Take the observations of average solar radiations by solarimeter. 6. Calculate the area of the collector for ail plates or tubes. 7. By using given formula, calculate the efficiency of the solar water heater. OBSERVATIONS: Solar insolation during the study period, 1: 350 w/m? Capacity of hot water system, Q +1500 Ipd Length of the collector, 1 ¢ 2 tf Width of the collector, w t {im Number of collectors, n e (2 Cold water temperature, T- : 2646 Hot water temperature, Tx $38.5 "© Specific heat of water, Cp + 4.186 kI/ke"C CALCULATIONS: 1. Daily heat energy required to heat water, Qu, kJ/day =Q* Cy x AT = 1500x4-186%(38.5=26) = 784875 5 /doy 2, Useful-solar heatenergy available, ~~ Total area of the collector, Ae, m®= aX letigth * width of each collector enw Tx ye =12 xa 1 233-15 Dr. D. ¥, Patil CAET, Talsande, 2023.04.04 1 objective: To evaluate the performance of solar cooker and determine the efficiency Apparatus: Box type solar cooker, pyranometer, digital thermometer, food jtems to be cooked, weighing balance etc, ‘Theory: Solar cookers are used to cook food using solar radiation as input energy. Solar radiation is being collected as direct radiation and/or reflected radiation/concentrated radiation. Using absorbers these radiations are converted into thermal energy. This heat energy is used to cook food which is kept in the vessels inside the solar cooker. Procedure: Keep the solar conker in the sun in open space free from any shadow. Keep the cooker in the sun at least for 45 minutes before loading it with cooking pots, This will keep the cooker ready for cooking and reduce the cooking time: Adjust the cooker in such a way that the reflecting mirror faces the:sun and the reflected rays fall on the transparent glass lid, Tighten the position fixing hinges of the mirror in this position. Open the glass lid of the solat cooker, place the cooking pots inside it and close the lid properly. Once the cooking vessels have been placed should inside the cooker the not be opened. |, While removing the’ cooking. cooked, tise clath napkins as the vessels are Open the lid fully once the food is cook vessels after the food has been’ Sf for cooking . ae required for cooking a specified food veies: oil properties of ingredients such as water, vegetables ete, The aoe | such as the temperature required for cooking, snimam ‘temperature taaintained duting cooking, duration of temperature maintenance ete. considered at the time of cooking. ‘Thermal energy required for reaching the calculated from the following formula. Q=mC,AT Aer, Q = Thermal energy requirement for cooking, kJ m = mass of material taken for cooking, ke p= snecific heat for the selected food material, kJ kg1*C+ AT = difference between initial and final temperature, “C cooking temperature can “The specific heats of various materials are given below: = Name of the material Specific heat (heat capacity) kJ, it ___Water 4.18 ? Milk 3.93 ‘ : 2023.04.04 1 Ji tota net tized for ooking (een + macee + meet ™ = [ (0-90 0-185) + (0: 2x29) + (0-08 ¥ 393 i = 0.165 + 0-68 +0-3144 X89) = $4.87 hk ‘ooking area in solar cooker, m?= 1X w os 1364 mM 4 Consider same area of reflector, 9.1369 rm * ‘Thus, total area of solar radiation ¢ollection, m= 0.1369 X2 re = 0.2468 m* Total solar energy collected, E = Total collection area * I 5-0-2758 ¥350 E 295.85) «waite + 96.83%2 x5500 looo = 689.93 kJ No. 04 Ex. No. Performance evaluation of ‘solar dryer Date: objective: To test the performance of natural convection Solar Dryer Apparatus: Natural convection solar dryer, wei oe . thermometer, hygrometer, anemometer etc, ‘ ‘Theory: Most of the fruits and vegetables are perishable in nature due to 4 availability of higher amount of water in the fruits and vegetables. The higher amount of water increases in water activity in turn deterioration in short soon of time, The way of increasing shelf life is by removing moisture of the commodity to the safe level. This can be achieved by using drying or dehydration techniques, There are several mechanical drying systems available for drying of fruits and vegetables. The mechanical drying system is an energy intensive operation. The solar drying system is an alternative to the mechanical drying system. The open sun drying lias its own disadvantages i.e. the product is exposed to the dust, birds, rodents, insects ete. The other limitation of open sun drying is that in case of non seasonal rain or clouds, the drying may be affected. The exposure of food materials to the dirt, dust, rodents ete. is non hygienic too. Therefore the solar dryer can enhance and protect the fruits to be dried as well as it can save the conventional sources of energy: Testing of natural convection type solar dryers has not been standardized 80 far. Also the testing of natural convection dryer is more complex because flow rate of air by naturel convection changes with change in soler radiation intensity & ambient temperature. Drying of various commodities such as Gains, vegetables, fruits ele can be performed in solar dryers. The Performance gueh as thot air temperature, system selficiency ete; ean Be @tteased. ‘The assessment can be carried out for‘a specific:period say 8 hours 33 pgeo.¥. patil caer,Talsande, Kolhapur in a day. The seasonal variation can also, be studied by performing evaluation test during specified seasons. Procedure: 1, Put the dryerin open sun. 2. The given natural convection solar dryer is to be tested for drying products. 3.The product is first washed. Then peeled if necessary. The pecled should be cut with 3-5 mm thickness and pretreated with potassium 110 ee xA 0A cI metabisulphide to retain its colour. {i-The product to be dried is loaded with specified loading rate per eperture area in the diver. 5. The experimental data collected are- solar irradiations on aperture, ambier air temperature, air temperature in bottom, middle and top tray, loading rate! per unit aperture solar area, moisture content of the product loaded in the morning, moisture of the product removed in the evening and weight of the Prodict loaded and removed in the morning and the evening, respectively. 6. From experimental data on untoading and loading condition, plot the curve: between temperature versus time illustrating mean stagnation temperature, ambient temperature and solar radiation intensity. 7. Finally, calculate the valies of mfficiency, Daily Energy Consumption Index and Overall Energy Consumption Index, Ait Tate: Figi GOLAR OR emma tee ne GH:SL VO'VO'SZ0e Number of collectors, n Initial moisture content of produce, m; ; , Final moisture content of produce, mz Effective hours of drying, P Ambient temperature, Ty Hot air temperature in dryer, Th ‘Specific heat of the product, Cy ‘Latent heat of water, L Loading rate per unit area [ Sr. segs 5 ‘oe (ax2a ‘es eerie 9 i ee KI /KG- 2, Use energy available, q natn ie yeWh = 3600 1 ty/ezlw ie Ll 1% Ac * 3600 xP lable solar radiation, Qiny kJ = =~ = ySOOX2 x 3600X8 {ooo = 295920 al efficiency of solar dryer, Fharmal ef ficiency. % = S100 100 4tFh25. Qin 25920 Se18G Energy Consumption Index Consumption Index = Soler energy i i a : ergy input on given day + 2023.04.04 15:46 Ex. No. 05 Date: Performance evaluation of solar-wind hybrid system Objective: To evaluate the performance of solar-wind hybrid system Apparatus: Solar-wind hybrid system, solarimeter, anemometer, voltmeter, ammeter, thermometers etc. ‘Theory: Hybrid systems are the ones that use more than one energy resources. 4 Integration of systems {wind and solar) has more influence in terms of electric power production. Such systems are called as hybrid systems. The PV-Wind hybrid system, consists of wind turbine, solar panel, solar charger controller, hybrid charger controller, inverter and battery banks, Neither solar nor wind power is sufficient alone. A number of renewable energy expert claims to have a satisfactory hybrid energy resource if both wind and solar power are integrated within a unique body. In the winter time, when sunny days are relatively shorter, wind velocity is high on the contrast. Efficiency of these renewable systems show also differences through the year, Depending on the environmental o rid iti ns, required energy for the system can be supplied either separately from the wind or solar systems or using these two resources at the same time. Control unit decides which source to use for charging the battery with respect to condition of the incoming energy. The power output from a combined solar and wind system, Pws may be expressed as Pys = Ps + Pw Where, Py the total wind turbine power (W), Ps is the total solar power (W). Nw end Ns indicates the efficiencies of system, Py = nw.Pwr and Ps = 1s.Ppy ‘Solar Load Solarwind controller B y 2 Bs off grid inverter a ‘Fig, BlbeK didgtamn. of dolab- eine hos a AYbEA system, Dr 0.¥, Paty, CAET, p, ol Be 6 a fo} Tt = Nn Nn coy is] 1, Maximum useful power by SPV Poy = Val 250(0-5 xo.F5K14+0-6+0:2) #24-5 — Bil ae ne wlan, 1924-5 ____

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