yr wn oF IRRIGATION CANALS AND ECONOMICS op: Nie ter (q Annual Costs perimeter of lining = $740 sq, m, the cost of lining per km of channel @ Ry, Rs. 16 5740= Rs, 9) = 40 years 16 per sq. m. 840, Life of lining ‘Annual depreciation charges = Rs, 2840 2296 Annual interest charges I(r =3|F00 x91,840x 1 Rs. 3014 Total annual costs per km = 2296 +3214 =Rs, 5519 o() Annualbenefits Rs, 6145 cost ratio =~ enetits _ Rs 61 ag te amma core Rs, $519 ~ hH Since the benefit-cost ratio is greater than unity, the lining is justified $4, Justification for Lining Canals on New Projects Khas been stated carlier thatthe benefits obtained by lining canals in a new Project it Bény more than what are obtained by lining the existing canals, The smaller canal Seiions, smaller earth work, smaller land acquisition, smaller and possibly fewer eanal Shiels Teduced storage and diversion capacity, etc, are the additional benefits that are obtained in a new project. These benefits may also be added in finding out the annual benefits for a new project. ' — 2 or PESIGN OF LINED IRRIGATION CHANNELS 5. & ge: Irrigation canals should be aligned and laid out, uniform under all conditions, and so that the water re: slevation sufficient to ensure even and economical distrib an be permitted by taking the advantage of hard wear hydraulically efficient channel. 0 that the velocity of flow is hes the irrigated area at an ution. High velocities of flow Ing Surface, so a5 10 ensure a Very high flow velocities, even if notdamaging to lining, do entail extra expenditure a lumnouts, and require higher walls to take care of pulsations or wave action, While aligning the channel, sharp curves should also be avoided, as they not only reduce the Yelocity of flow, but also require higher walls on the outside to retain the water as it fOunds the curve, re Cross-sections Generally, two types of channel sections are adopted, ie. ( Triangular channel section for smaller discharges, (ti) ‘Trapezoidal channel sec- for larger discharges. In order to increase A/P ratio, the corners are rounded and PIS are made to use deeper sections by limiting depth, ete. The sections and their most commonly used, are shown in Figs. 5.3 and 5.4. tion tics,radius of circle = y Arca=ny?2 40x pV cot 2 EE e019 =y? (0+ cot6] Perimeter =Iry x2 ry 019 Fig. 5.3. Triangular ‘Section, =2y-O42y. Hence, Area for Fig, $3 Perimeter for Fig, §.3 “y ‘Hydraulic mean depth for Fig, Cot O= 2y 6 + cor) Y O+ cote) + (+ cot 6) 5.3 = ¥+ core) 2y (0+ cot@) = 2 (@) Trapezoidal Section (rig, 5.4) Area= By +2. 7} 2 yy cot 6) A=By +84 oot g Tig. 54. Trapezoidal section, a for Fig. 5.4 = 2(B+y0+y cor] t Fig, 5.4 — tc,Boerne! unc OFRRICATION CANALS AND BCONOMe OP LNG ait J ocity of 1.8 m/sec. (6 ft./sec.). If still velositl accordingly. Asphaltic Cone ee “i ehstand maximum velocity up to 1.5 m/sec. (5 ft/sec.) abe cai I eifferent Kinds of linings, as per Indian Standard, are tabulated in Tees Table 5.3. Max. Permissible Velocities in different types of Linings eee Type of Lining Permissible Velocity ‘Gement concrete lining (Unreinforced) Those ‘Burnt clay tile Tining (pleat 1smsec Boulder ining Example 5.3. Design a lined channel to carry a discharge of 15 cumecs. The qvailable and accepted country slope is is. Li in 9000. Assume suitable values of side slopes ‘and good Brick work in lining. Solution. Let us first of all assume that the side slopes of the channel be I 1 (Le. 18H: 1 Vand the value of Manning's rugosity coefficient be 0.015 for good brick work, ‘The channel section may be designed as triangular (as given in Fig. 5.3) because the discharge is small. Considering Fig. 5.3, we have Hol 1.25 2 .675 radians ag y? (8 +.cot 8) (0 + cot 8) F a lore 18> POPE 5-0 2 02 age Now, using Manning's formula : f se 1 pas? ( = 4k oe (esp) 2) Qiis given to be 15 cumecs. 5 0 OF 1 ts=—. «1.925705 Yoono. oar 0.63”) enue erat a =0.852)""Q: ARYAS2 a iven to be 15 cumecs. \ 1 ea yal 15= Taps (1-92) 059)” oop 1,925 ooI5x948 82176 y= (17.95 = 2.93, metres. ; say 2.95 m. (0.63y°) =0.85: m depth, with and 14: | side s ple $.4. Design a concrete lined channel io carry a discharge of 350 of] in 5,000. The side slopes of the channel may be taken as 12: 1. Th ining is 0.014. Assume limiting velocity in the channel as 2m/sec. 1.98)? =2.79 m. he channel section is assumed to be trapezoidal as shown in Fig, 5.4. For haye, cot = 1.5 or @ = 34.) _ A=y (B +0 +ycot6) =B+2y0+2y coteAD 72.00) |+418y at gee y 2 ) 2979 = 627 115=2.09y? + 4.18y?= 62.7) 2.09y?-62.7y+175=0 ene Ot - yn DEN AE 304238 30-238 2 3 =3.2metres, 77 1°) a (ignoring unfeasible + ve sign) 175 37 7209X42=547-61=48m, BA ts 7 sing ftee-board of 0.75 m (Table 5.4), we have depth of lined canal = 3.2 + ons St 495 mand Bed width = 48 Pe Hence, B= widih=48m and D-= Total depth=3.95 m Ans. hing Example 5.5. Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 350 cumecs fhaslope of i in 6400. The side slopes of the channel may be taken as 1:1. The value fn for lining material may be taken as 0013. Assume limiting water depth of the channel as 4.0 ri. Solution. The channel section is assumed to be trapezoidal as shown in Fig: 54. Now, we have A=y(B+)O+y cord) P=B+2y-642y-corO For 1 +1 slope, cot @= 1.5 and @ = 0.59 radian. (B+0.59 y+ 15y)=y (B+2.09y) B+118y+3y =B+4.18y y= 4.0m (given) Therefore, from (i) (B+2.09 x4) 4 418x428 + 16.72 ) =4 (B+ 8.36) = 4B + 33.44Use B=30m. LHS. = 364; R.H.S. 20+ 33.44)° _ (153.447 _ 539 0+ 16.72) (46.72) (ii) Use B=322m, Ris.= 1140" _ 359 (48,72) (iti) Use B=325m. 063.449? _ 564, oo (49.227 Hence, B = 32.5 m and y=4.0 m Ans. Using free-board of 0.75 m, we get total depth of lined channel = Hence,use B = 325m pa=473m | A" 4.0 m+ 0.75 =4.75m, TYPES OF LININGS, THEIR CONSTRUCTION, AND USES _ Yarious types of canal linings, which are commonly adopted are enumerated below: (A) Hard Surface Linings ~ (1) Cast insitu Cement Concrete lining (2) Shotcrete or Plaster lining G) Cement Concrete tile lining or Brick lining (4) Asphaltic Concrete lining (3) Boulder lining ‘Type Linings (2) Soil cement lining is considered. a good quality type of lining. S ly ive very satisfactory service, and are widely used owing cost of CC. lining is high, yet its long life and mi lly makes 1. °n economical type of lining over the life sp is is restricted ‘only to important proj of various important