Government garden & Nursery, Attari

INTERNSHIP REPORT
AIA-415
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT
Conducted at: - GOVERNMENT GARDEN AND
NURSERY, ATTARI

Student Name:-Nimratpreet Kaur

Registration No:-2016.K/A.1504

B.Sc. Hons. Agriculture (Sem-VII)

College Roll No.:-16101114

University Roll No.:-1612493

SUBMITTED TO:

P.G. DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICUTURE KHALSA

COLLEGE, AMRITSAR

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CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

I. ANNEXURE- INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

II. ANNEXURE- SELF DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

SECTION-A

1. INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 NEED OF INTERNSHIP 5

1.2 SCOPE OF INTERNSHIP 6

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF INTERNSHIP 6

SECTION-B

2. PUNJAB HORTICULTURE 7

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO NURSERY 7

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF NURSERY RAISING

2.3 GOVERNMENT GARDEN AND NURSEY,ATTARRI

2.4 FACULTY OF THE UNIT

2.5 VISION AND MISSION

2.6 LAYOUT OF THE NURSERY

2.7 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE UNIT

2.7.1 SCREEN-HOUSE

2.7.2 POLY-HOUSE

2.7.3 GREEN-HOUSE

2.7.4 AUTO-FERTIGATION

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SECTION-C

3. FRUIT PLANT NURSERY DESCRIPTION

3.1 MOTHER BLOCK

3.2 PLANTS & THEIR VARIETIES GROWN IN

3.2.1 MANGO

3.2.2 PEAR

3.2.3 PEACH

3.2.4 PLUM

3.2.5 GUAVA

3.2.6 LITCHI

3.2.7 CITRUS

3.3 PROPAGATION METHODS

3.4 TOOLS USED FOR PEOPAGATION

SECTION-D

4. EXTRA ACTIVITIES

5. COCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This attachment was successful due to the cooperation and support of a number of people
who have enabled me gain much more that what the scholastic or field aspects of the
programs could have given.

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I wish to acknowledge my field supervisors, college professors and the entire Team at
Government’s PROGENY GARDEN AND NURSERY, Attari for enthusiastically
sharing with me their experiences in nursery raising and its management. I am sincerely
indebted to them for supporting and guiding me passionately throughout the entire
internship.

I wish also to extend my appreciation message to the Horticulture Department Officer,

Bikramjit Singh for the opportunity and availing resources required during the attachment
period.

Lastly, I would like to thank my Parents and dear ones with sincere gratitude for their
absolute financial and moral support on everything.

SECTION-A
1. INTRODUCTION

As per the requirement of the course of B.Sc. (hons.) (Agriculture), training of 15 days is
required for the students of 7th Semester during course. It is main part of the course to get
field exposure in an Industrial attachment.

The main emphasis of the training is to provide a general outlook of the ground realities faced
by the authorities while carrying out the works in practical, which the students may not be
getting to that in Agriculture practice exercise.

In the training period the students have to study about the Agriculture industrial organization
established and projects undertaking by the organization. I have chosen the “Horticulture

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nursery” for training because to understand the concept of nursery raising and sale of new
varieties in the state of Punjab.

Also Real life experience is the key to succeeding in today’s ground realities. Experience will
always provide a competitive advantage. It is important for the students to know about the
field work of Agriculture that helps us to plan or handle the future projects. This report is for
an account of the training undertaken by the author at the office of The NGO and the time
period of the training is three weeks , 5th September 2019 to 21st September 2019.

1.1 NEED OF INTERNSHIP

The need of the internship is as follows:

1. To gain the knowledge about the organizational structure, powers and functions of the
Agriculture Industries or related organizations.

2. It helps to understand the projects which are already undertaken by the organization and
to understand the concept of agriculture and process followed for different areas in
ground realities and to study or helps to know about the various on-going projects in the
Industry.

3. This helps in the exposure and field study of agriculture offices.

4. To know about the ethics of the industry and its contribution towards environment.

5. It helps to provide a general outlook of the ground realities faced by the authorities while
carrying out works in practical in field by the means of under taking project.

1.2 SCOPE:-The coverage of the internship report is as follows:-

1. Historical perspective of the Office.

2. Organizational set up of the Authority

3. Functions and mandates of Authority

4. Type of the projects undertaken in recent years.

5. Employment generated by the industry.

6. Observations and skill development in all crucial tasks of industry.

7. To prepare a detailed report covering each and every above aspect.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE INTERNSHIP

• The objective of the internship is to get experiences about the work of actual ground
realities.

• To bring the awareness among the students of Agriculture about the organizational
structure of organization and to know the powers and functions, of the organization.

• To know about the types of projects undertaken by the agriculture industries.

• To get work experience within an organization where we can use our skills efficiently and
professionally for fulfilling the goals of the organization in challenging situations.

• Internship helps to develop the skills and techniques of work done which directly helps to
careers of student.

• Internships provide knowledge to the students for the formal functional activities of
organization.

• To see the major projects and schemes which are running or proposed by the organization
and to see the role of authority in the development of state in agriculture sector.

SECTION-B
2. PUNJAB HORTICULTURE

Punjab lies in North West corner of the country with subtropical climate having 400-1000
mm annual rainfall concentrated in the months of July-October & soil pH ranges of 7.5 - 8.5.
The state is called the granary of India. With shrinking profits in the post green revolution
era, the state has recently started shifting swiftly to its high value segment horticulture with
4.83 % of total cropped area with 12.43% contribution of Horticultural GDP to the
Agricultural produce.

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The main aim of this department is to provide technical know-how for increase in yield as
well as production in limited area available for horticulture produce, to create awareness
regarding high value horticulture crops among farmers, with main focus on crop
diversification. This department acts as the bridge among the farmers and the scientific
community so as to enhance income by best management practices.

Presently, area under Horticultural crops in Punjab State is 380750 ha. out of which 86670
ha. is under Fruits, 273250 ha. is under Vegetables, 2100 is under Flowers and 18730 ha. is
under Spices and Aromatic crops. The Department provides subsidy / other available facilities
to the marginal as well as landless farmers on priority basis so that they can increase their
income by adopting horticulture.

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO NURSERY

A nursery is a managed site, designed to produce seedlings grown under favourable

conditions until they are ready for planting. All nurseries primarily aim to produce sufficient
quantities of high quality seedlings to satisfy the needs of users. In the existing infrastructure,
there are just over 100 big nurseries. At present 30-40% demand for planting material is
being met by the existing infrastructure. As per the report of the working group on
Horticulture, Plantation crops and Organic farming for the XI five year Plan (2007-12),
Planning Commission, Government of India (GoI), there are about 6,330 registered nurseries
under public and private sectors.

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF NURSERY RAISING

• Seedlings and grafts are produced in nursery from which the fruit orchards and
ornamental gardens can be established with minimum care, cost and maintenance
• The nursery planting materials are available at the beginning of the planting season.
This saves the time, money and efforts of the farmers to raise seedlings
• There is a wide scope for fruit orchards, ornamental, vegetable, and landscape gardens
at public places, highways and co-operative housing societies
• It assures the production of genetically improved quality planting material It provides
employment opportunities for technical, skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled labour
• They are an important source supplying the seedlings for meeting the fruit, pulp and
paper, fuel wood, timber and other demands of the industries

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2.3 GOVERNMENT GARDEN AND NURSERY, ATTARI

Government garden and nursery, Attari is accredited under National Horticulture Board,
established by British government in 1935, prior to Independence. It was first nursery in
undivided Punjab. This unit covers the area of 100 acres, 6 kanal and 8 marlas.It includes
different orchards of Guava, Peach, Pear, Plum, Citrus, Litchi, Mango, etc. About 25-30,000
Healthy plants are produced every year. Even there are some plants with age of 100 years and
are healthy. Some mango and Jamun trees are planted as wind-breaks. A wind-break is a
planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as
to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. They are commonly planted
in hedge rows around the edges of fields on farms. Various New technologies are introduced
in nursery according to their need, like, Screen house, Poly house, Green house, auto-
fertigation, and drip-irrigation. Nursery raised and fruit plants produced in the unit are sold to
other states. Varieties like Red Blood Malta are always in demand in Delhi, Abohar, Tarn
Tarn, and Amritsar. One of the best Variety of Nakh is Pb-Nakh remains in high demand in
Amritsar city. Annual income of the unit is Rs.35 lakh.

2.4 FACULTY OF ATTARI UNIT:-

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Administrative committee

Incharge:- S.Bikramjit Singh -HDO Sub-Inspector:-Shri.Kuldeep Shastri Clerk:-Rajwant Kaur

Horticulture technichian

Budder:- 1.Shri.Sunil Kumar 2.Shri.Mast Ram

Beldar:-1.Gurdeep Singh (non-technical branch) 2.Davinder Singh
3.Sukhchain Singh

Others

Driver:-Sukhwinder Singh Watchman:- Hardeep Singh Gardener:-Sukhdev Singh.

2.5 VISION AND MISSION

“To enhance farmer’s income and to ensure nutritional security to the people” The main
objective of this department is to bring an improvement in quality and productivity of
horticultural crops by implementing the new techniques. The Department is purely extension
oriented & Working on “No Profit no loss” basis for the benefit of fruit, vegetable & flower
growers in the State.

1. To enhance area, production and productivity of Horticulture Crops through infusion of

innovative technologies.

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2. To provide nutritional security to the consumers through horticulture crops.

3. To inculcate the eating habits of fruits and vegetables in all ages.

4. To play a significant role in women empowerment, by providing required skill and

employment opportunities.

5. To motivate youngsters to become Horticulture entrepreneurs.

6. To ensure inclusiveness of differently abled, and other marginalized sections of the society
by handholding them in Horticulture activities.

2.6 LAYOUT OF THE NURSERY

Figure: 1 Layout of the unit

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2.7 FACILITIES IN GOVT. GARDEN AND NURSERY

Screen-house Poly-house

Green-house Auto-fertigation

2.7.1 SCREEN-HOUSE:-

Screen-house are used for production of virus free quality planting material, Specially
designed houses to protect crops from scorching heat and insect pests especially vector.
Ambient conditions are maintained for better growth of the plant.

Screen house are available in different shade percentage and range of colours like green, red,
white, and black adjusting to different crops and diversity of conditions.

2.7.2 POLY-HOUSE:-

Poly houses are basically naturally ventilated climate controlled. They have a variety of
applications, the majority being, growing of vegetables, floriculture, planting material
acclimatization, fruit crop growing for export market.

These houses are built of a Pre-galvanized channel cum tubular structure/ Tubular Structure
wherein crops are grown under a favourable controlled environment and other conditions viz.
temperature, humidity, light intensity, ventilation, soil media, disease control, irrigation,
Fertigation and other agronomical practices throughout the season irrespective of the natural
conditions outside.

In conventional Agronomical practices, the crops are being grown / cultivated in the open
field under natural conditions where the crops are more susceptible to sudden changes in

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climate i.e. temperature, humidity, light intensity, photo period and other conditions due to
which the quality, yield of a particular crop can get affected and may be decreased.

Poly houses are available in different sizes and constructed as per customer requirement. The
sizes vary from as small as 100 Sq. M to 10,000 Sq. M and more.

The degree of sophistication also varies from a simple poly house with polyethylene film
covering to highly sophisticated, fully automated drip and forgers systems, PAR lightings,
full scale computerized (fully automated) systems

2.7.3 GREEN-HOUSE:-

Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable environment condition to

the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as
wind, cold, precepitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases. It is
also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. This is possible by
erecting a greenhouse / glass house, where the environmental conditions are so modified that
one can grow any plant in any place at any time by providing suitable environmental
conditions with minimum labour. Greenhouses are framed or inflated structures covered with
transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully
controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.

2.7.4 AUTO-FERTIGATION:-

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Fertigation is the process of delivering plants nutrients along with water to produce a quality
crop with higher yields. Employing an automated fertigation system can help farmers by
significantly improving water and nutrient usage. The objective is to automatically maintain
the moisture level in the soil and to mix different nutrients to obtain the required NPK ratio
and give it to plants along with irrigation. This work is carried out in two parts. One is

Figure 2 Auto-fertigation unit

maintaining the optimum level of moisture in the soil. A soil moisture sensor which senses
the moisture content in the soil is used. The sensor output is given to the controller, which
decides if more water needs to be pumped or not. Then a control system for the fertilizer
mixing and delivery part is designed. The user will give the input in terms of how much
amount of N, P and K is needed in Kg. The user will also input the concentrations of NPK
fertilizer solutions used. Taking all these parameters into account, the system will prepare a
fertilizer mixture that contains the required amount of nutrients needed by the plant. It will
then deliver the mixture along with irrigation water. The preparation of fertilizer mixture will
be done with specific intervals of time which will be decided by the user. The system is

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connected to internet by using Wi-Fi and the user can enter the parameters in a mobile
application which will transmit the data to the system over internet.

SECTION-C

3. FRUIT PLANT NURSERY DESCRIPTION

In this nursery, seedlings and cuttings of rootstocks, budded plants, grafts, layers and cuttings
of fruit trees, such as citrus, mango, litchi, ber, bael, guava, sapota, etc., are raised and
conserved.

3.1 MOTHER BLOCK

Mother block various plant parts, such as bud, branch, etc., are used as propagating material
for vegetative propagation. The plants from which the plant parts are collected for
propagation are known as ‘mother plants’. To get healthy and true-to-type planting material,
it is mandatory that the mother plants are maintained. Thus, it is necessary to establish the
mother plant block. Progeny tree, which is true-to-type in nature, healthy, free from diseases
and insect-pests, and is high yielding in nature, and stock plants are maintained in the mother
block area of the nursery. An adjoining block can maintain healthy disease-free rootstocks,
which can be used in propagation

In this unit, there are two mother blocks.one with area of 0.5 acre for all varieties of citrus
(i.e. grown over there) and other having area of 2 acre which include plants of peach, pear,
plum, pomegranate.

3.2 PLANTS AND THEIR VARITIES RAISED IN ORCHARD

3.2.1 MANGO-Mangifera indica

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a) DASHERI:-

It is a mid-season and most widely grown cultivar of the region. Fruits mature in the first
week of July .Fruits mangoes are long and oval shaped, small to medium in size, with a light
green or yellow-green thick and smooth skin when mature, becoming yellow when ripe. They
have a fibreless, peach-coloured flesh with a medium-sized stone. They have delicious taste
and excellent flavour. The acid content of ripe fruit is 0.2% and protein content is about 1
%.It has tendency towards regular bearing and is well adapted to Punjab conditions. It yields
150 Kg fruit per tree.

b) LANGRA:-

This variety is indigenous to Varanasi area of Uttar pardesh.It is extensively grown in north-
India. It is a mid-season variety. Fruits are medium to large in size, having lemon yellow
colour. Skin of fruit is smooth and medium thick. Shelf life of fruit is short. It gives average
yield of 100 kg per plant.

c) CHAUSA: -

It is commonly grown variety in northern parts of India, due to its characteristic aroma,
pleasant flavour and sweet taste. Fruit is large in size, ovate to oval oblique in shape. It is
almost fibreless and light yellow in colour. It is late season variety.

d) AMRAPALI (HYBRID):-
This hybrid variety is from a cross of DASHERI and NEELUM. It is dwarf, regular bearing
and late maturing variety. The variety is suitable for high density planting as about 1600
plants may be planted in a hectare. It yields on an average of 16 tonnes/hectare.

3.2.2 PEAR: - Pyrus communis

a) PATHARNAKH: -

It is a hard, spreading and vigorous variety. Fruits are medium, round, green with prominent
dots. Flesh of fruit is gritty, crisp and juicy. Keeping quality is good, stands transportation
well. It matures in the last week of July. Average yield is 150 kg per tree.

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b) PUNJAB GOLD: -

It is a semi-soft variety of pear. Fruits are large with golden-yellow colour and white fleshed.
Total soluble solids in fruit are 13.3% with acidity is 0.22 %. Mature fruit is less gritty,
mellow when ripe. Fruits get matures in end of July. It yields 80 kg per tree. This variety is
Suitable for processing and table purposes.

c) PUNJAB NECTAR: -

It is a semi-soft variety of pear. Tree is of medium height and precocious. Fruit are of medium to
large size. Fruits are of yellow green colour, white fleshed, Total soluble solids in fruit are
13.6%, and acidity is 0.21% .On ripening, fruits become juicy. It matures in fourth week of
July. The average yield is 80 kg per tree. This variety is suitable for table and processing
purposes.

d) PUNJAB SOFT-NAKH:-

It is a semi-Pear variety. Fruits are medium sized with white flesh with TSS of 11.3% and
acidity 0.135%.The fruit is yellow green in color, mature fruit is very soft and very juicy.it
matures in first week of July. The average yield is 85 kg per plant. It is suitable for
processing.

e) PUNJAB BEAUTY:-

It is a semi soft variety of pear. Tress bear regularly and are medium in vigour.Fruits are
medium of size with yellow and red blush. The flesh is white and more juicy. Fruits mature
in third week of July. It gives average yield of 80 kg per plant.

f) BABUGOSHA:-

It is semi soft variety of pear. Fruits are greenish yellow in color. Flesh is white or cream
coloured, sweet, somewhat gritty. It matures in first week of August. It gives average yield of
60 kg per tree.

3.2.3 PEACH:-Prunus persica

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Peach is a temperate fruit tree but it is possible to grow in the sub-tropical climate of Punjab
due to availability of suitable low chilling cultivars and their production technology. In
Punjab about 300 chilling hours are available and the cultivars whose chilling requirement is
more than 300 hours shall not grow successfully. Peach cultivation is distributed throughout
the state.

SHAN-E-PUNJAB: -

Tree is vigorous and the fruits mature in the first week of May. Fresh fruits are quite big,
turns yellow with red blush at maturity. Average yield is 70 kg per tree. Flesh of fruit is firm
and stone free at full ripe stage. It is good for canning. Its TSS is 12% and acidity is 0.74%.

3.2.4 PLUM: - Prunus domestica

Plum is a minor fruit crop of Punjab which can be planted as filler or in solid blocks. It is
highly productive with medium sized, sub-acidic fruits. Plums are rich in sugars and vitamin-
A. Fruits are used either as fresh fruits or processed into squash and jam.

a) SATLUJ-PURPLE:-

This is a self-unfruitful cultivar, also needs Kala-Amritsari as being pollinizer. Pollinizer

should be planted as an alternate plant in alternate rows for decent fruits and maximum yield.
Satluj-Purple and Kala-Amritsari plants should be planted in the ratio 85:25 in an acre. The
fruit is medium large with average weight of 25-30 g, round in shape. On ripening, fruit turns
into crimson color. Fruits have thick skin with yellow orange firm flesh. It is sweet in taste
having 13-14% TSS. It gives average yield of 35-40 Kg per tree.

b) KALA-AMBARSARI:-

It is most popular variety grown in Punjab. It is self-fruitful and high-yielding variety with
vigorous tree. Fruits are medium in size, round oblate in shape, depressed at both ends. On
ripening, fruit turns dark purple. Flesh is yellowish with moderately juicy pulp. Fruits are
minor acidic (1.2%) in flavor, having 15% TSS. It gives average yield of 45 Kg per acre.
Fruits are renowned for producing Jam as well as Squash.

3.2.5 GUAVA

a) L-49:-

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It is a selection from Allahabad Safeda. This cultivar is also known as SARDAR. The tree is
dwarf with open rounded but flattened crown and spreading branches. The leaves are medium
in size and the tree has dense foliage. The fruit is large, with rough surface. It has creamy
white, smooth juicy flesh with excellent taste, with 10-12 percent TSS. In full grown trees,
the fruit yield may vary from 125 to 150 kg per tree.

b) ALLAHABAD SAFEDA:-

Trees of this variety are dwarf with compact sub-globose, round crown and spreading
branches. The leaves are large in size and the tree has less dense foliage than Sardar guava.
The fruit is round and smooth with white flesh having pleasant flavor and 10-12 per cent
TSS. In full grown trees, the fruit yield may vary from 120 to 140 kg per tree

3.2.6 LITCHI

a) DEHRADUN: -

It is an early, regular and heavy-bearing cultivar. Fruits mature in the second week of June.
Its fruits have an attractive color but are prone to splitting. The pulp is sweet, moderately
juicy, medium soft in texture. It has 17 % TSS and 0.48 % acidity. The pulp stone ratio is
3.75:1.

b) CALCUTTIA: -

It is heavy bearing cultivar with excellent fruit quality. Its fruits are large, attractive. They
mature in the third week of June. It is less prone to cracking. The pulp is sweet and soft in
texture, moderately juicy with good flavor. Juice has 18% TSS and 0.49% acidity. The pulp
stone ratio is 4.78:1.

3.2.7 CITRUS

The Citrus fruits comprising of Mandarins (mainly Kinnow), Sweet oranges, Limes, Lemons
and Grapefruit are of major economic significance in Punjab. Kinnow ranks first with respect
to area and production, followed by Sweet orange and Limes and Lemons. The districts of
Fazilka, Hoshiarpur, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda occupy over maximum area under
Kinnow in the State. Sweet orange is grown particularly in the arid irrigated region of Punjab
i.e. districts of Fazilka, Hoshiarpur, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda. The Citrus fruits are

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rich source of vitamin C (25-60 mg of vitamin C per 100g of juice). The rind of fruit is rich in
pectin and essential oils.

1. KINNOW:-

It is the major fruit of Punjab state. Fruits are of golden-orange color. Fruits are
medium globose to oblate in shape. Its acidity is moderate with fine sugar/acid blend. It
is rich in flavour. It matures in January and can produce 125-150 kg fruit/tree

2. MALTA:-

a) VALENCIA:-

Fruits are medium in size and slightly oval in shape. Skin of fruit is deep golden yellow in
colour. Juice in fruit is abundant, sub-acid in taste and rich in flavour. It contains 2-7 seeds. It
ripens during February-March and produces 38.9 kg fruit/tree.

b) MOSAMBI:-

Fruits are small to medium in size and sub-globose in shape. It has smooth surface with
longitudinal furrows and apex marked with circular ring. Its flesh is pale yellow or whitish
and juice has low acidity. It contains seeds 20-25. It ripens in November. The average yield is
41.3 kg fruit/tree. Plants budded on Pectinifera rootstock do better than others.

c) JAFFA:-

Fruits are medium to large in size and round to oblate in shape. Its skin is orange red in
colour .Its acidity and sweetness is well blended. It is rich in flavour rich. It consists of 8-10
seeds. It ripens in December. The average fruit yield per plant is 54 kg.

d) BLOOD RED:-

Fruits are medium to large in size and roundish to slightly oblong in shape. Its rind is thin,
deep orange, tight and glossy. Its flesh is fully red when ripened. It is rich in flavour with
sweetness and acidity well blended. It consists of 8-10 seeds. It ripens in December-January.

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Plants budded on Cleopatra rootstock are better as comparative. The tree can yield 42.3 kg
fruit/tree.

3. GRAPE FRUIT:-

a) STAR RUBY:-

Trees are medium in size. Fruit are small to medium in size and oblate-roundish in shape. Its
Peel is smooth and glossy yellow having distinctly bright red blush. Its flesh is deep red in
colour. Fruits are seedless (1-2 seeds), juicy and rich in vitamin C. It has high TSS well
blended with acidity. It is an early variety which ripens during last week of November and
have yield of 53 kg fruit/tree.

b) MARSH SEEDLESS:-

Fruits are medium to large in size and oblate roundish in shape. Its skin is smooth and light
yellow in colour. It has medium acidity and sweetness. It consists of 0-6 seeds. It ripens in
December-January. The average yield of this variety is 92.8 kg fruit/tree.

c) DUNCAN:-

Fruits are large in size and oblate in shape. Its skin is pale light yellow or creamy. It is acidic
and of medium sweetness but bitterness is well marked in fruit. It consists of 40-50 approx.
seeds. It ripens in January. It matures late in January and yields 84 kg fruit/tree.

d) FOSTER:-

Fruits are medium to large in size and oblate in shape. It has pale yellow skin and its flesh is
pink. Its acidity and sweetness are well-blended but its bitterness is well-marked. It consists
of 40-50 seeds. It ripens in November-December. It yields 51.4 kg fruit/tree.

4. LEMON

a) BARAMASI:-

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Fruits are medium to large in size, Spherical in shape. Its peel is smooth and thin. Fruit is
very juicy with low seed content. It matures in first week of July. Average yield is 84 kg fruit
per tree.

b) KAGZI:-

It is the most common variety of lime grown on large area. Tree is spreading with dense
small leaves. Fruits are small in size and round in shape. It has thin skin and its pulp is
greenish white. Its juice is strongly acidic.

3.3 PROPAGATION METHODS USED FOR RAISING

NURSERY:-

PLANT PROPAGATION ROOTSTOCK TIME OF

METHOD PROPAGATION

MANGO Grafting(Side grafting, Desi rootstock July-August

Wedge grafting)

PEAR Grafting(Whip &Tongue Kainth (Pyrus pashia) 10 December- first

grafting) week of February

PEACH T-budding & Grafting Sharbati December-January

PLUM Grafting(Whip &Tongue Kala amritsari 10 December- first

grafting) week of February

GUAVA T-budding, Patch Budding Desi Guava May – June

LITCHI Air layering - Mid July-September

CITRUS Grafting-budding Jatti-Khati & June-July

Jalandhari-Khati

TERMINOLOGY:-

A) GRAFTING:-

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Grafting describes any of a number of techniques in which a section of a stem with leaf buds
is inserted into the stock of a tree. The upper part of the graft (the scion) becomes the top of
the plant, the lower portion (the under stock) becomes the root system or part of the trunk.
Although grafting usually refers to joining only two plants, it may be a combination of
several. A third plant added between two others becomes the trunk or a portion of it. This is
called an inter-stem.

Some fruit trees cannot be reproduced "true" to the original cultivar from seed. They can
only be reproduced by grafting. Grafting (top working), is a way to change a large tree from
old to a new variety. It is also a method of using a root system better adapted to soil or
climate than that produced naturally by an ungrafted plant. By using special understocks or
interstems, grafting is a way to produce dwarf plants.

Most varieties of a particular fruit species are interchangeable and can be grafted. Because of
differences in vigour, some are better able to support others as understocks. Plants of the
same genus and species can usually be grafted even though they are a different variety. Plants
with the same genus but of a different species may often be grafted.

B) BUDDING:-

Budding is a method of grafting in which the scion (upper portion of the graft) is a single bud
rather than a piece of stem or twig. It is the most commonly used method for fruit tree
production in the nursery, but can also be used for top working plum, cherry, apricots, and
peach as well as young apple and pear trees.

T-budding: - The “T” cut on the stock is done about 20-25 cm above the surface with a 2
cm long vertical cut and a 7-8 mm long horizontal cut on the stock. A slight twist with the
budding knife may open the two flaps of bark. After that, the bud should be inserted under
the two flaps of bark by pushing downward. If part of the bud remains above the horizontal
cut, it must be cut off. This will allow the flaps to be closed tightly. Finally, the incision
should be closed with budding tape, which should be wrapped tightly around the stem. Tying
must start at the bottom or the top end of the incision. After 3-4 weeks, the tape should be
removed (if it did not already fall off). At this time, the shield of the bud and the petiole may
indicate the condition of the bud. If the shield is shrivelled and the petiole does not fall off at
the touch, the bud is possibly dead and the budding process should be repeated.

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Figure: 3 Procedure of T-Budding

The inverted T-budding technique is exactly same as the normal T-budding method
with the exception that the horizontal cut is made on the bottom end of the incision. In this
case, the bud is cut from the bud stick by starting above the bud and exiting below it.

Currently most fruit trees are propagated with the T-budding method. However, the use of
inverted T-budding technique, it is much more effective due to the downward flow of
hormones that are intercepted below the bud. Therefore, the union will be stronger and the
healing process will be faster (as opposed to the normal T-budding method).

Chip-budding: - Chip-budding does not use the protective bark flaps as T-budding does,
but it also does not use slipping bark. The first step is to make a cut about 2-2.5 cm long with
a depth of ¼ to 1/5 the diameter of the stock. With a horizontal cut made on the bottom, the
cutting can be removed. The bud can also be cut off if necessary. The bud stick and stock
must be the same diameter. The stock and scion must be placed together in such a way that
allows the cambia of the bud and stock to match together as much as possible. Desiccation is
a high risk when we use this method, therefore, the wound should be wrapped tightly with
grafting tape.

C) AIR LAYERING:-

This method is used on the tip of the branch, when stems are usually younger than one year
old. A strip of bark is cut approximately 2 cm wide on the stem about 20 cm from the tip (just
below a leaf stalk, or join). Once cut, a rooting hormone is applied and rooting material is
placed under the strip. Finally, the cut is covered with a thin plastic bag, which is opened at

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both ends. Rooting material must be placed in the bag before it is sealed. This process must
be completed during rainy conditions, when the air humidity is highest. Litchi, guava,
macadamia and mango are propagated with this method

3.4 TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS USED FOR PROPAGATION

KNIFE: - A good quality knife, able to hold a sharp edge, is the key to good grafting.
Although special grafting and budding knives are desirable, you can use almost any good
pocket knife. Keep material to sharpen the knife handy.

GRAFTING TAPE: - This is a special tape with a cloth backing that decomposes before
girdling can occur. Tapes may be used for binding grafts where there is not enough natural
pressure. Rubber Electrician's tape is an excellent material that will bind and protect graft
unions.

PLASTIC ELECTRICAL AND MASKING TAPES are also used. Plastic tape can be a
problem because it lasts to long and may constrict the growth of the graft. If used, choose a
brand that is elastic and will stick well to itself. Do not stretch this tape too tightly or it may
crack or weather. Masking tape is suitable where little pressure is required, as in the whip
graft.

ASPHALT WATEREMULSIOM: - Is widely used as a protective coating on graft unions.

It is of pasty consistency and can be applied with a brush. It is preferable, however, to smear
it on thicker with a small paddle.

BUDDING STRIPS: - Budding strips are elastic bands. They look like a wide rubber band
that has been cut open.

SECTION-D

4. EXTRA ACTIVITIES PERFORMED AT THE UNIT:-

1. Removing extra branches from nursery plants:-Having multiple branches on

plant can hinder its growth and even distribute its nutrition among the branches, leaving the

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trunk thin. Therefore, extra branches are removed to promote growth of the plant and to attain
thickness on trunk for a healthy raisin of the plant.

Figure 4:-Extra activities

2. Different types of Grafting and Budding:-

Performing any activity individually makes us more attentive and acknowledged about the
process. We performed various types of Budding and grafting at nursery and learned about
their importance.

5. CONCLUSION

This suggested that raising nursery under surveillance would ensure that healthy plants can be
raised in nursery and can help farmers to get easy access to new varieties and to young plants
or seedlings that meet their needs, for plantation of orchards in their field. The larger

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centralised government or project run nurseries could be used as information and resource
centres.

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