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    5 views20 pages

    Electromagnetism

    Uploaded by

    raju

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    3 Electro-Magnetism me and current. In consis~ Yilabus : 1, Continuity equations for charge % may af Ampere’s law ving fields. Concept of displacement current Maxwell's equations sation of one dimensional 2. Wave equations for Band H. Propagi eleatro-ma; nes in dielectric medium. Energy density in electro~ tds. Boynuing Vector. 31, Continuity Equations for Charge and Current We have read earlier that the current flowing in a conductor is measured 5 the amount of charge flowing per sec through the cross-section of the con- ductor. Current is a scalar quantity but the current is assumed to flow in direction of flow of positive charge or in direction opposite to the flow of negative charge. By the law of conservation of charge, in the steady state same current flows through cach cross-section of conductor. If a charge q passes in time f through a cross-section of conductor, the current flowing through the x conductor is tet 7 But if there is change in rate of flow of charge with time, the current also changes with time In such a case if the charge dg passes in a small interval of time df through a cross-section of conductor, then current is aq dt Obviously, the SI unit of current is Coulomb/sccond or Ampere (A), I= We consider the concept of current density to stud: 2 eristic properties of a current carrying conduetor at 4 point, Cua ears of conductor is a vector quantity whose magnitude is equal to the a, pi iat Current flowing through unit arcs of cross-section of conductor. taken nee” to the direction of flow of positive charge. Thus if current density gee secon Sof a conductor is J the current flowing through its infinitesmall area da will be di=J. da The current flowing through the whole surface $ will then be. 1-([[Ta@ s ~ GD words, : deasty linked wih Goes Slowing in a conductor ss equal to the fox Obviously the i S. 1 unit of current density is Ampere/metre? (A/m*) ithe a on value of current density J does not change with time, the current epee ieee eee Stcady gurteat of eonservi : .e., charge can neither be The mathematical “form of this Jaw. servation of E 1 Consider 109 small clement da of it, Th ‘of the clement is directed aioe ths oe ie normal on the surface (Fig. 3:1). current density at a point of clement ee dais J, then the current (ie., rat of charge) through volume dV asic area dais} - da. Hence the total current flowii through volume V enclosed by the male surface (i.¢.) rate of flow of charge) ={[r a 8 But for the time independent current distribution (fe., for steady current), there is no ‘accumplation of charges at any point between two conse- ___ quiitive sections of the conductor (ie. current remains constant), therefore the. gurface integral of current density Over the whole surface S will be zero, fe ie da=0 G2) s. But according to Gauss divergence theorem Ife: da = {{faivs av 8 v «From eqn. (3:2), [[fostav-o v or div J=0 (3-3) (for the time independent cu! : In other words, for the time independent current distributi (or steady fil jensity through the entire volume is zero. Ss uatlon of continuity for steady current lk © If the current is not steady, the current density J will not depend only iti {), but will also depend on time t. In such a case, according ; f conservation of char; it any instant. The rate of charge entering in yolume Y enclosed by the surface S ‘=the rate of charge leaving out the volume V enclosed by the surface S { T. din 234) 8 rrent distribution or for steady current) 94 UNIFIED PHYSICS—1 casing with time ip (The negative sign here shows that charge is deer fame the given volume). in the volume If the volume charge density is ¢, the total charge enclosed by the surface 8 is qm If vdv from eqn (3*4), [fF da = - alll eae iy v But by Gauss divergence theorem II wheel] S.da AX) From eqn. (35), {I div ave se ii aa v v at ~, de a dp ie or (IC div )av-0 or div +45 v or divJ = - Sr (for the time dependent current distribution) i i i the-time The above expression is called the equation of continuity-for- dependent current distribution, according to which the divergence of current density is equal to the rate of decrease of volume density of charge. e Obviously, for the steady current (i.¢., time independent current distribu -(3°9) tion), do. 5 qr 79 +. diy J=0 Thus if the amount of charge through a surface enclosed by a given volume is not zero, the charge density in that volume changes with time such that the rate of charge entering a small element is equal to the rate of charge leaving that small element. This is the law of conservation of charge. (97 Am pere’s Law and Inconsistency of Ampere’s Law for Time Vary- ing Fields We have read earlier that there is only the electrostatic field around a static charge. While there are both the electric and magnetic fields around a moving charge. If current flows in a conductor, there is only the magnetic held around it. According to Ampere's law, the ‘ine integral of magnetic. field vector B along a closed curve in the magnetic field produc in a conductor, is equal to ty times the sum of all currents en, curve. Here His the magnetic permeability of vacuum (or ai 4m 10-7 N/A®. Thus in vacuum > $F B- dl=H1 c But for steady current, the total current encl ithi 4s equal to the flux of current density linked with the suntan a closed rine en 1={[ eh losed by that a BLECTRO-MAGNETISM = 720 fl jag OD + = -. According to Ampere’s law, g B > di=io c s But by Stoke's theorem ¢ B - di = |\| curlB - da c s sue ae ©. From eqn. (37), [feos Wah iG . da Ss 8s i — > or { [econ B10 3 Wa0 or culB-r =O «(3°8) or curl B=Hy Jy fe F the Now we can show that the above law (eqn. 3:8) holds only for steady currents (f.e., for time independent fields). Taking divergence on both sides of eqn. (3'8), we get = Py is Soe div J=div (2 ) =—V - (VxB) Fo Bo ee aS But VY. (V¥xB)=0__.._ diy J=0 the equation of continuity for the steady currents, But if the charge distribution is time varying i.e, the electric and ae fields linked with the given charge distribution are time varying (for a then mple in charging and dischargiog of a condenser connected with a resistance), the charge density ¢ is a function of time and dp/di40. The equation of continuity is then de divi=- F ied I40 Therefore we can say that the Ampere’s law (curl B=HyJ) does not ‘old in the time varying fields. To find the value of curl B for the time varying ields, we shall have to add a time varying term on the right side of eqn. (3:8). fen for the time varying fields et curl B=) V+ J’ wl3°9) Where J’ is an unknown quantity which is time dependent, This can be understood by the following example :— Im fig. 3:2, a charged capacitor is discharged through a resistance. Obviously, there will be magnetic field around the conducting wires connecting the resistance with the capacitor, due to flow of current in them. In fig. the ‘tight side plate of the capacitor is positively charged. If we consider a loop -€ around the conducting wire, far from the plates of capacitor (Gig a), then by _Ampere's Jaw, the line integral of magnetic field B along this loop will be #1 Lis the current flowing in the conducting wire (ie., § B-di=ytgl). In i. < WLNOTROMAGNETINM 99 bangs of electro FNL WAIN dine (He, AT) will be opposite to the direction teste fehl Hwhich ie showin by ¥ thre clark arrows in fl 4 (0b), Thus in fig (b) SHOWS FopreNeAE Che comduction curReNt and the dark aerows represent eee SAHFENL Obviously, the value af curl B for the curve enclosed Swill How be Hot mero, but (will be equal to that for the cueve: emotive by the swetace S$. The reason is that i eqn, cuel Bhy Ojpeg dy De We vale of Tivee As Boro for the cteve enclosed by the surface S’, while the valve of Wy {8 moro for the curve enclosed by the surface S. Fig. $3 Thas we can explain the dow of current in the circuit during the dis- Shane of capacitor by considering a displacement current between its plates, equal to the conduction current Mowing in any other part of the circuit (other- suse there wall be no real flow of charge due to in between the plates of capacitor and heace ao curreat will flow in the circuit). 34% Maxwell's Equations The relations expressing the divergence and curl of electric and magnetic elds are called Maxwell's cquations,-These equations completely explain the electro-magnetic field in a uniform and isotropic medium. Tt is concluded from. these equations that an accelerated charge always emifsclectro-magnetic waves which propagate in wacuum with the speed of light (¢= 108 m/s). Maxwell's four equations are @ dwE « dvD=r o ¥-D=r ] @ div B=0 or = TV B=0 | = => | Qenib— oa vee | @@ cal E = Fo oF a ae a r sn(3'10) a => aE He: al §") carl B=*, (Seq “5-) or curl HJ + \ i

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