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Influence of background color on the color changes of resin composites after

accelerated aging

Article  in  American journal of dentistry · March 2007

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Research Article
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Influence of background color on the color changes of resin composites

after accelerated aging
YONG-KEUN LEE, DDS, MS, PHD & JOHN M. POWERS, PHD
ABSTRACT: Purpose: To evaluate the changes in color and color coordinates after accelerated aging of resin composites
depending on the background color. Methods: Color of seven resin composites (14 shades, 1 mm-thick) was measured
in the reflectance mode over a zero calibration box, a white background, and a black background. After baseline color
measurement, specimens were aged for total energy of 150 kJ/m2. Color change after aging was calculated over three
backgrounds. Based on the data of A2 shade composites, the influence of the background color on the changes in color
(¨E*ab) and changes in three color coordinates (¨L*, ¨a* and ¨b*) after aging was analyzed by ANOVA (P< 0.01).
Correlation among the color changes over three backgrounds was determined with a linear regression analysis. Results:
Background color influenced ¨E*ab, ¨L*, ¨a* and ¨b* values. There were significant correlations among the color
changes over three backgrounds in the reflectance mode (r = 0.95-0.98). (Am J Dent 2007;20: 27-30).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Color changes over white background were higher than those over zero calibration box or
black background, but the discrepancy among the color changes over three backgrounds did not cross the acceptable or
unacceptable borderline value (¨E*ab=1.7) of each resin composite tested. Therefore, background color would not be
expected to induce clinically significant deviations of color changes after aging.

: Dr. Y-K. Lee, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Seoul
National University, Seoul, Korea. E- : ykleedm@snu.ac.kr

Introduction Optical properties of resin composites change with time,

Resin composite materials are widely used due to their
excellent esthetics, acceptable longevity, and relatively low
costs. When resin composite is used, selection and maintenance
of color match with the adjacent tooth is important. Light
transmittance characteristics, including the wavelength depen-
dency of resin composites play an important role for the color
of a resin composite.1 Since teeth and esthetic restorative
materials are translucent, the degree to which shade selection
techniques will be useful depends on the accuracy with which
they can be applied to these translucent substances.2 Difference
in the light transmittance of resin composites affected their
clinical appearance.1
The inherent translucency of resin composites may
contribute to shade matches by allowing the shade of the adja-
cent and underlying tooth structure to shine through.3 Reflected
color of resin composites is affected by the background
environment.4 When a solid background is used, the changes in
color parameters caused by the filtering effects of a translucent
material over a background result from the interaction of the
optical scattering and absorption, and are influenced by the
thickness of a material and the reflectance of a background.5
Background influences color coordinates differently depending
on the resin composite material and the specimen condition.6
When light is illuminated on a translucent specimen backed by
a glossy and white background, many portions of light may be
reflected; however, when backed by a matte and black back-
ground or a light trap, the degree of reflection may be reduced.7
When the color of a solid specimen is measured, the color
and surface properties of a background should be identified.8
Investigations on the dental color measurement have employed
varied backgrounds such as white plate, black plate, colored
plate, tooth shade plate, or light trap.6 To evaluate the color of
material itself, it may be more relevant to eliminate the
influence of background reflection.6
especially related to surface degradation and chemical reaction
of the tertiary amine accelerator;9 therefore, maintaining a
shade match to the tooth over time is important for clinical
success. There have been varied studies on the changes in
optical properties of resin composites after aging.10-14 Relatively
large color changes in color and translucency during clinical
service indicate that such changes must be taken into account
during initial shade selection.15
Background-dependent variations among color changes
after aging are expected.6 However, the influence of commonly
used standard backgrounds for color measurement such as a
zero calibration box, which is used to calibrate the zero
reflectance of a spectrophotometer, a white solid plate and a
black solid plate on the changes in color and color
coordinates, after aging of resin composites is still unclear. It
is not clear whether the color changes after aging would be
consistent when the color changes were calculated over
different backgrounds. The null hypothesis of the present
study was that there was no significant difference in the
changes of color and color coordinates of resin composite
after accelerated aging depending on the background. This
study evaluated the difference in the changes of color and
color coordinates of resin composites after accelerated aging
by the background (zero calibration box, white background
and black background). Though three backgrounds would not
exactly match clinical conditions, these were chosen because
these can be standardized and would cover the extremes of
potential clinical background conditions.
Materials and Methods
Seven resin composites with a total of 14 shades were
studied (Table 1). Specimens of 38 mm in diameter and 1 mm
thick were covered with polyethylene films. Three specimens
were made for each shade of resin composite. After curing with
a light-curing unit (UniXSf) for 90 seconds each on both sides,
 American Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 20, No. 1, February, 2007
28 Lee & Powers
Table 1. Resin composite materials investigated in this study.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Code Product Composition Shade

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a
ESX Esthet X Filler: 60 vol.% of barium boron fluoroalumino A2/Grey
Improved silicate glass with a mean particle size below enamel (GE)/
1 µm and nanofiller silica (0.04 µm) Yellow
Resin: Urethane modified Bis-GMA dimethacrylate enamel (YE)
FSPb Filtek Filler for A2 shade: 59.5 vol.% combination of A2/Grey
Supreme of aggregated zirconia/silica cluster filler with translucent
primary particle size of 5-20 nm, and a non- (GT)/
agglomerated 20 nm silica filler Yellow
Filler for GY/YT shades: Combination of aggregated translucent
silica cluster filler with primary particle size of 75 (YT)
nm and a non-agglomerated 75 nm silica filler
Resin: Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, UDMA, TEGDMA
PQEc Palfique Filler: 71 vol.% silica-zirconia spherical filler of 0.2 A2/
Estelite µm and spherical filler Incisal (IS)
Resin: Bis-GMA, TEGDMA
Fig. 1. Changes in CIEL* values over three backgrounds.
PQSc Palfique Filler: 71 vol.% silica-zirconia filler of 0.1-0.3 µm A2/
Estelite (average, 0.2 µm) Incisal (IS) for total energy of 150 kJ/m2 with an accelerated aging chamber
Sigma Resin: Bis-GMA, TEGDMA
TCRd Tetric Filler: 60 vol.% barium aluminofluorosilicate glass A2
(Weather-Ometer Ci35Ah) by exposure to a controlled-irradi-
Ceram filler of 0.04-3.0 µm (average 0.7 µm) A1 ance xenon arc filtered through borate borosilicate glass at 0.55
Resin: Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA W/m2/nm at 340 nm. After this, the, color was measured again.
TPHa TPH Filler: 57 vol.% bariumaluminoborosilicate glass A2 Color change (¨E*ab) after aging was calculated between the
Spectrum and highly dispersed silicon dioxide of submicron
filler (0.8 µm)
color coordinates before and after aging over the zero cali-
Resin: Urethane modified Bis-GMA dimethacrylate bration box, over the white background and over the black
ICEe ICE Filler: 60-82 wt.% silica filler A2 background. Changes in CIE L*, a* and b* values (¨L*, ¨a*
Resin: acrylic monomer
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and ¨b*) after aging were also calculated over three back-
JURXQGVDV³&,(/
D
RUE
YDOXHDIWHUDJLQJ±&,(/
D
RU
Table 2. Color changes ¨E*ab after aging by the background (SD).
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E
YDOXHDWWKHEDVHOLQH´
Zero White Black Based on the data of A2 shade composites, the influence of
Code Shade calibration box background background
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ background color and resin composite material on the changes
ESX A2 1.2 (0.3) 1.0 (0.2) 1.4 (0.1) in color (¨E*ab) and three color coordinates (¨L*, ¨a* and ¨b*)
GE 2.2 (0.1) 2.5 (0.2) 2.2 (0.1) was analyzed with two-way ANOVA (SPSS 11.0,i Į= 0.01).
YE 1.6 (0.2) 1.6 (0.3) 1.6 (0.2) Correlation among the color changes over three backgrounds
FSP A2 2.0 (0.1) 3.0 (0.1) 2.2 (0.1)
GT 3.0 (0.2) 4.9 (0.2) 3.2 (0.2) was determined with a linear regression analysis. Effect of
YT 3.1 (0.4) 4.6 (0.2) 3.0 (0.1) changes in each color coordinate (absolute values) on the color
ICE A2 0.5 (0.2) 0.6 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) changes was determined with a multiple regression analysis. For
PQE A2 4.0 (0.8) 7.1 (1.2) 4.2 (0.8)
IS 3.7 (0.5) 6.1 (0.9) 3.8 (0.6)
this, color change after aging was set as a dependent variable,
PQS A2 2.4 (0.2) 4.4 (0.4) 2.4 (0.2) and changes in each of the three color coordinates were set as
IS 2.6 (0.3) 4.9 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3) independent variables.
TCR A2 1.1 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 1.1 (0.2)
A1 1.5 (0.2) 1.7 (0.2) 1.5 (0.1) Results
TPH A2 2.2 (0.6) 2.6 (0.4) 2.3 (0.5)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Color changes (¨E*ab) after aging by the background are
the films were removed. Specimens were stored at 37ºC, in a listed in Table 2, and the changes in L*, a* and b* values after
100% relative humidity chamber for 24 hours before baseline aging by the background are presented in Figs. 1-3. Based on the
color measurement. result of only A2 shade, the influence of the background and
Color was measured according to the CIELAB color scale resin composite material on the changes in color and color
relative to the standard illuminant D65 in the reflectance mode coordinates were as follow: background and resin composite
over a zero calibration box (CIE L*= 0.0, a*= 0.0, and b*= 0.0, material influenced ¨E*ab, ¨L*, ¨a* and ¨b* values, and there
mean reflectance between 360-750 nm = 0%), a white ceramic were significant interactions between two independent variables
tile (CIE L*= 94.3, a*= -0.4, and b*= 1.4, mean reflectance
between 360-750 nm = 83.9%) and a black ceramic tile (CIE
L*= 0.2, a*= 0.4, and b*= -0.6, mean reflectance between 360-
 )LVKHU¶V 3/6' LQWHUYDOV E\ WKH UHVLQ
750 nm = 0.3%) under ultraviolet light included condition using
a reflection spectrophotometer (Color-Eye 7000g). The aperture
size was 25.4 mm in diameter, and illuminating and viewing
configuration was CIE diffuse/8º geometry.16 Integrating sphere
was used for diffuse illumination, and an 8º viewing angle was
chosen for visual color matching of fields of larger angular
subtense. Measurements were repeated three times for each
specimen in each condition.
After the baseline color measurement, specimens were aged
IRU DOO IRXU FKDQJHV 3  )LVKHU¶V 3/6' LQWHUYDOV E\ WKH
background were 0.08 for ¨E*ab, 0.04 for ¨L*, and 0.02 for ¨a*
and 0.08 for ¨E
composite material were 0.12 for ¨E*ab, 0.06 for ¨L*, and 0.03
for ¨a* and 0.13 for ¨b*.
Correlations between the color changes over three
backgrounds based on all the shades of resin composites are
listed in Table 3. There were significant correlations between all
combinations of the color change values, and the correlation
coefficient (r) was in the range of 0.95 to 0.98.
Table 4 shows the effect of the changes in each color coor-
dinate (based on absolute mean values of each shade of material,
American Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 20, No. 1, February, 2007
Fig. 2. Changes in CIEa* values over three backgrounds.
Fig. 3. Changes in CIEb* values over three backgrounds.
and all shades) on the color change based on multiple regression
analysis. Influencing orders were ¨b*, ¨a* and ¨L* values, and
the multiple correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99.
Discussion
The hypothesis of the present study was rejected because all
four color change parameters (¨E*ab, ¨L*, ¨a* and ¨b * values)
were influenced by the background (P< 0.01). However, the
range of correlation coefficients between all combinations of the
color change values over the three backgrounds was 0.95-0.98.
Therefore, although the sizes of the color changes were different
by the background (¨E*ab = 0.5-4.0 over zero calibration box,
0.6-7.1 over white background and 0.4-4.2 over black back-
ground), the trends over three backgrounds were very similar.
The acceptable threshold of color difference for ceramo-metal
crowns is 1.7 ¨E*ab units,17 although difference in material can
influence the acceptable threshold value, ¨E*ab values of each
resin composite tested did not cross the borderline value of 1.7
when the background was changed. Each of the resin composites
was acceptable (1.7< ¨E*ab) or unacceptable (1.7> ¨E*ab)
regardless of the background (Table 2). Therefore, in a clinical
situation, color change of a resin composite restoration after
aging may vary depending on the color of background such as
tooth or restorative material used for a base; however, the
influence of the background would be limited within acceptable
or unacceptable range of color difference, because the back-
grounds used in the present study were extremes of potential
clinical background conditions.
¨E*ab values over the white background were generally
Color changes of resin composites 29
Table 3. Correlations among the color changes ¨E*ab over three backgrounds.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dependent Independent Regression
variable (y) variable (x) equation r-value
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zero box White background y =0.48 x + 0.62 0.95
Black background Y=0.96 x + 0.03 0.98
:KLWHEDFN %ODFNEDFNJURXQG \ [± 
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
All the values were significant at the level of 0.01.
Table 4. Effect of changes in each color coordinates on the color changes based
on absolute mean values of each shade of material (all shade included).
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Background Regression equation Multiple
or mode [slope x variable (ȕ valuesa) + constant] r valueb
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zero box ¨E*ab = 0.90 ¨b* (0.91) + 0.33 ¨a* (0.15) + 0.31 ¨L*
(0.09) + 8.7×10-2 0.998
White ¨E*ab = 0.88 ¨b* (0.94) + 0.28 ¨a* (0.08) + 0.53 ¨L*
(0.08) + 5.3×10-2 0.998
Black ¨E*ab = 0.92 ¨b* (0.95) + 0.30 ¨a* (0.13) + 0.27 ¨L*
(0.06) + 7.9×10-2 0.999
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a b
Standardized partial correlation coefficient. Multiple r indicates multiple
correlation coefficient including all the influencing variables.
higher than those over the zero calibration box or black back-
ground, and the magnitude of discrepancy between color
changes under different backgrounds should have been influ-
enced by the properties of resin composites. This result may
reflect the fact that the reflectance of the zero calibration box
was 0%, that of the white background was 83.9%, and that of
the black background was 0.3%. Although color changes were
calculated between the color coordinates over the same
backgrounds, ¨E*ab values over high reflectance background
were higher than those over low reflectance background.
Correlation coefficients between the color changes over three
backgrounds were in the range of 0.95 to 0.98 (Table 3).
Correlation between ¨E*ab values over the black background and
the zero calibration box was very high because the reflectivity of
the backgrounds was nearly the same (0.3% vs. 0%). When the
background was changed from white to black, not only L* values
but a* and b* values of resin composites decreased, which
indicated that the effect of black background is not limited to
lightness of the materials, but chromatic changes may occur.18
Therefore, the observed changes in the lightness and chroma by
the background would explain the observed grayish aspect in
Class III restorations where the lingual wall of the cavity no
longer existed.18 This phenomenon may also partly explain the
difference in the changes of color by the background.
To determine whether CIE L*, a* and b* values of the
specimens at baseline (over white background) influenced the
difference between ¨E*ab values over white and black back-
grounds (delta-¨E*ab), multiple regression analysis was per-
formed. As the result, delta-¨E*ab was influenced by CIE a*
value (r = 0.371, 0< 0.01), which indicate that delta-¨E*ab was
weakly correlated with CIE a* value.
Although there were significant correlations between the
color changes over three backgrounds, the directions for change
in each of CIE L*, a* and b* directions were different. There-
fore, the influence of the changes in each color coordinates on
the color changes based on mean values of each shade of resin
composites was determined using multiple regression analysis.
Since the change in color coordinates were negative or positive
by the material and shade, changes in each color coordinate
were transformed into absolute values. As the result, the changes

30 Lee & Powers
in CIE b*, a* and L* values influenced the color changes over
all three backgrounds (Table 4).
In case of the changes in CIE L* values (Fig. 1), ICE and
PQS composites showed different directions (increase or
decrease) in changes by the background. One of the possible
explanations for this might be the small sizes in changes.
However, since the photometric range of the instrument is 0-
200% and the photometric resolution is 0.001% in reflectance
based on the brochure of the manufacturer, changes in L* value
should have been larger than instrumentation resolution.
Therefore, other reasons such as positioning of specimen in the
instrument or measurement error might have existed.
As to the color change after polymerization of resin com-
posites, polymerization could cause a change of the refractive
index of the matrix phase, making the materials less translucent
due to the increased scattering.19 In the present study, CIE L*
values over zero calibration box decreased in five of seven resin
composites after aging (Fig. 1). However, in two resin compo-
sites (PQE, PQS), lightness increased. High temperature in
aging process should have increased the degree of polymeri-
zation of resin composites, but other procedures such as water
spray caused a kind of erosion on the surface of specimen.
These two procedures acted together, resulting in the increase or
decrease of the lightness. The refractive index difference
between the particles and matrix could affect the opacity and
lightness of resin composites.20
After aging for 150 KJ/m2, color change (¨E*ab) of resin
composites was 1.1-3.9,10 and also the color changes of white
shades of resin composites were 2.4-5.8, and those of the con-
ventional shade were 1.7-2.9.11 After the same aging procedure,
three brands of resin composites showed small differences (1.6-
2.2) with ¨E*ab, while the other four resin composites had large
¨E*ab ranging from 6.2 to 15.5.12 In the present study, some
showed higher color change but others showed small color
changes such as lower than 1 ¨E*ab unit. Color changes after
aging for 150 KJ/m2 over the zero calibration box were not
acceptable in nine shades over 14 shades of resin composites,
assuming the acceptable color difference as 1.7 ¨E*ab units.17
The lightest shades tested in prosthetic resin composites resulted
in the largest color changes after aging for 150 kJ/m2.12 In the
present study, translucent shades (GE, YE in ESX and GT, YT in
FSP) also showed larger color changes compared to A2 shade.
The manufacturer of the Weather-Ometer used in the present
study claims that 300 hours of accelerated weathering are
equivalent to 1 year of clinical service.21 A total exposure of 150
kJ/m2 corresponded to 77 light hours, which means 150 kJ/m2
exposure indicates approximately 3 months of clinical service.
In the present study, the specimens were aged only for 150
kJ/m2, because resin-based cement showed the largest change
during this initial period in a previous study.22
Within the limitations of the present study, background influ-
enced the color change; however the correlation coefficients
between color changes after aging over three backgrounds were
very high (r = 0.95-0.98). Color changes over white background
were higher than those over zero calibration box or black back-
ground, but the discrepancy among the color changes over the
three backgrounds did not cross the acceptable or unaccepta-ble
borderline value (1.7=¨E*ab) of each tested resin composite
tested. Therefore, background color would not be expected to in-
duce clinically significant deviations of color changes after aging.
View publication stats
American Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 20, No. 1, February, 2007
a. Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE, USA.
b. 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA.
c. Tokuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo, Japan.
d. Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein.
e. SDI Inc., Bensenville, IL, USA.
f. Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany.
g. GretagMacbeth Instruments Corp., New Windsor, NY, USA.
h. Atlas Electric Devices Co., Chicago, IL, USA.
i. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.
Dr. Lee is Associate Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science,
Dental Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea. Dr. Powers is Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry and
Biomaterials, and Director, Houston Biomaterials Research Center, The
University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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