CLASS 11 – ENGLISH – NOTE MAKING & SUMMARY

CLASS 11 – ENGLISH – NOTE MAKING & SUMMARY
1: Read the passage given below:

BALANCING THE SCALES
1. Artificial intelligence (AI) is making a difference to how legal work is done, but it isn’t the threat it is made out to be.
AI is making impressive progress and shaking up things all over the world today. The assumption that advancements in
technology and artificial intelligence will render any profession defunct is just that, an assumption and a false one. The
only purpose this assumption serves is creating mass panic and hostility towards embracing technology that is meant
to make our lives easier.
2. Let us understand what this means explicitly for the legal world. The ambit of AI includes recognizing human speech
and objects, making decisions based on data, and translating languages. Tasks that can be defined as ‘search-and-find’
type can be performed by AI.
3. Introducing AI to this profession will primarily be for the purpose of automating mundane, tedious tasks that require
negligible human intelligence. The kind of artificial intelligence that is employed by industries in the current scene, when
extended to the law will enable quicker services at a lower price. AI is meant to automate a number of tasks that take up
precious working hours lawyers could be devoted to tasks that require discerning, empathy, and trust- qualities that
cannot be replicated by even the most sophisticated form of AI. The legal profession is one of the oldest professions in
the world. Thriving over 1000 years; trust, judgement, and diligence are the pillars of this profession. The most important
pillar is the relationship of trust between a lawyer and clients, which can only be achieved through human connection
and interaction.
4. While artificial intelligence can be useful in scanning and organizing documents pertaining to a case, it cannot perform
higher-level tasks such as sharp decisionmaking, relationship-building with valuable clients and writing legal briefs,
advising clients, and appearing in court. These are over and above the realm of computerization.
5. The smooth proceeding of a case is not possible without sound legal research. While presenting cases lawyers need
to assimilate information in the form of legal research by referring to a number of relevant cases to find those that will
favour their client’s motion. Lawyers are even required to thoroughly know the opposing stand and supporting legal
arguments they can expect to prepare a watertight defence strategy. AI, software that operates on natural language
enables electronic discovery of information relevant to a case, contract reviews, and automation generation of legal
documents.
6. AI utilizes big-data analytics which enables visualization of case data. It also allows for creation of a map of the cases
which were cited in previous cases and their resulting verdicts, as per the website Towards Data Science. The probability
of a positive outcome of a case can be predicted by leveraging predictive analytics with machine learning. This is
advantageous to firms as they can determine the return on investment in litigation and whether an agreement or
arbitration should be considered.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the given passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings. Use
recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary. Supply an appropriate title to it. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the given passage in 80-100 words. (3)
Answer:
Title: Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
1. Not a threat
1.1 is of help
1.2 makes life easier
1.3 no profession defunct
2. AI.will help legal field
2.1 recog.human speech and object
2.2 making decisions based on data
2.3 translates langs.
2.4 do search and find tasks
3. AI. cannot perform high level tasks like
3.1 writing legal briefs
VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 1 of 15

3.2 advising clients
3.3 apprng in courts Key to Abbreviations
3.4 sharp decision making Abbreviations Words
4. Function of AI. AI Artificial Intelligence
4.1 collates data recog. recognises
4.2 predicts probable outcomes langs. languages
4.3 tells return on invest. apprng. appearing
4.4 considering agreement or arbitration invt. investment
Summary
Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
Artificial Intelligence is not a threat but makes life easier especially in the legal field. It cannot perform certain high-
level tasks like writing legal briefs, advising clients, making sharp decisions and appearing in courts but it can collate
data, aid research and decisions based on data. It can recognize human speech and translate languages. It can also
predict probable outcomes, tell return on investment, consider agreement or arbitration and is thus advantageous to
legal firms.

1. Colour Therapy is a complementary therapy for which there is evidence dating back thousands of years to the ancient
cultures of Egypt, China and India. If we define it in simple terms, Colour is a light of varying wavelengths, thus each
colour has its own particular wavelength and energy.
2. Colours contribute to energy. This energy may be motivational and encouraging. Each of the seven colours of the
spectrum are associated with energy. The energy relating to each of the seven spectrum colours of red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet, resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy centres of the body.
Colour therapy can help to re-balance and/or stimulate these energies by applying the appropriate colour to the body.
3. Red relates to the base chakra, orange the sacral chakra, yellow the solar plexus chakra, green the heart chakra, blue
the throat chakra, indigo the brow chakra (sometimes referred to as the third eye) and violet relates to the crown chakra.
4. Colour is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull, our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura and the energy of colour affects us on
all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual and emotional. Every cell in the body needs light energy – thus colour energy
has widespread effects on the whole body. There are many different ways of giving colour, including; Solarised Water,
Light boxes/lamps with colour filters, colour silks and hands on healing using colour.
5. Colour therapy can be shown to help on a physical level, which is perhaps easier to quantify, however there are deeper
issues around the colours on the psychological and spiritual levels. Our wellbeing is not, of course, purely a physical
issue. Fortunately, many more practitioners, both orthodox and complementary, are now treating patients in a holistic
manner.
6. Colour Therapy is a totally holistic and non-invasive therapy and, really, colour should be a part of our everyday life,
not just something we experience for an hour or two with a therapist. Colour is all around us everywhere. This wonderful
planet does not contain all the beautiful colours of the rainbow for no reason. Nothing on this earth is here just by chance;
everything in nature is here for a purpose. Colour is no exception. All we need to do is to heighten our awareness of the
energy of colour, absorb it and see how it can transform our lives.
Answer:
Title: Colour Therapy
1. Age old therapy
1.1 Found in
1.1.1 Egypt
1.1.2 China
1.1.3 India
1.2 light of vryng wvlngth & energy

2. Colour relate to energy of chakras
2.1 red –base
2.2 orange – sacral
2.3 yellow – solar plexus Key to Abbreviations
2.4 green – heart Abbreviations Words
2.5 blue – throat vryng varying
2.6 indigo – brow wvlngth wavelength
2.7 violet – crown & and
3. Holistic benefits phy’l physical
3.1 phy’l spirit’l spiritual
3.2 spirit’l emtin’l emotional
3.3 emtn’l
Summary
Colour Therapy
Colour therapy is an age-old therapy found in the cultures of Egypt, China and India. Each colour has light of varying
wavelength and energy. Colours relate to the energy of chakras. Red is for base chakra, orange to sacral, yellow to
solar plexus, green to heart, blue to throat, indigo to brow and violet to crown. Colour impacts us on all levels, including
the physical, spiritual and emotional well being. Colour therapy has holistic benefits.

1. There is a clear dichotomy between Jayashankar Prasad’s daily life and the one that found expression in his literature.
In his literary formulations, Prasad advocated an escape- from personality ideals and categorically stated: “An artist‟s
art, and not his person, is the touchstone to assess his work . . . it is only after losing his personality that he emerges in
his art as an artist”.
2. In Prasad‟s works – his poems, short stories, novels, dramas etc. – what emerges is life as shaped in the writer’s
inner self by his emotions, fancies, dreams, reveries . . . His writings are a record not of outer reality, but of the artist’s
inner world. As such, of a proper appreciation and understanding of his works more emphasis needs to be placed on
the working of his mind, than the events of his dayto-day life.
3. Prasad was born in a renowned family of Varanasi. His grand-father Shiv RatanSahu, a dealer in high quality perfumed
tobacco (snuff). Besides being an astute businessman, he was endowed with a marked cultural taste. His home was the
meeting place of the local poets, singers, artists, scholars and men of religion. Prasad‟s father Devi Prasad Sahu carried
forward this high tradition of family. Prasad, therefore, had a chance to study the various phases of human nature in the
light of the business traditions, artistic taste and religious background of his family.
4. When the business had somewhat recovered, Prasad planned the publication of a literary journal. Prasad started the
“Indu”. The inaugural number appeared in July 1909. By this time Prasad’s notions of literature had crystallized into a
credo. In the first issue of Indu, he proclaimed, “Literature has no fixed aim; it is not a slave to rules; it is a free and all-
embracing genius, gives birth to genuine literature which is subservient to none. Whatever in the world is true and
beautiful is its subject matter. By dealing with the True and Beautiful it establishes the one and affects the full flowering
of the others. Its force can be measured by the degree of pleasure it gives to the reader‟s mind as also by the criticism
which is free of all prejudice”. The words sound like the manifesto of romanticism in literature.
5. Even while recognizing the social relevance of literature, Prasad insisted, “The poet is a creator . . . he is not conditioned
by his milieu; rather it is he who moulds it and gives it a new shape; he conjures up a new world of beauty where the
reader for the time being, becomes oblivious of the outer world and passes his time in an eternal spring garden where
golden lotuses blossom and the air is thick and pollen”. Thus, the chief aim of literature according to Prasad is to give
joy to the reader and to create a state of bliss in him. Later under the impact of Shiv Advaitism, this faith of Prasad got
further strengthened.
(Extract from ‘Jayashankar Prasad- His mind and Art’ by Dr. Nagendra)

Answer:
Title: Jayashankar Prasad- His life
1. His exprsn. in lit.
1.1 an escape
1.2 lose your personality
1.3 record of writer’s inner world
1.4 more emphsz. on mind than body
2. Personal life
2.1 renowned fam. of Varanasi
2.2 home- meeting place of the local poets, singers
2.3 grand-father- an astute businessman
2.4 had a chance to study phases of human nature
3. Started the “Indu”
3.1 in July 1909
3.2 proclaimed
3.2.1. lit. has no fixed aim
3.2.2. is free and all embracing genius
3.2.3. gives birth to genuine lit.
4. Social relevance of lit.
4.1 poet is a creator
4.2 moulds it Key to Abbreviations
4.3 conjures up a new world of beauty Abbreviations Words
4.4 becomes oblivious of the outer world lit. literature
5. Chief aim of lit. emphsz. emphasize
5.1 give joy to the reader exprsn. expression
5.2 create a state of bliss fam. family
Summary
Jayashankar Prasad- His life
Jayshankar Prasad found expression in literature and created an escape only after losing his personality. His writings
are a record of the writer’s inner world with more emphasis on mind than body. He was from a renowned family of
Varanasi where home-meetings of poets and singers would take place. His grandfather was an astute businessman
and therefore Prasad had a chance to study phases of human nature. In July 1909, he started ‘Indu’, in which he
proclaimed that literature has no fixed aim, is free and all embracing genius and gives birth to genuine literature. He
recognised the social relevance of literature as the poet is the creator who mould it, conjures up a new world and
becomes oblivious to the outer world. 5The chief aim of literature is to give joy to the reader and create a state of
bliss.
4: Read the following passage

1. How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who carefully choose the shows that they watch.
Television can increase our knowledge of the outside world; there are high quality programmes that help us understand
many fields of study, science, medicine, the different arts and so on. Moreover, television benefits very old people, who
can’t leave the house, as well as patients in hospitals. It also offers non-native speakers the advantage of daily informal
language practice. They can increase their vocabulary and practise listening.
2. On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. Of course, it provides us with a pleasant way
to relax and spend our free time, but in some countries people watch television for an average of six hours or more a
day. Many children stare at the TV screen for more hours a day than they spend on anything else, including studying
and sleeping. It’s clear that TV has a powerful influence on their lives and that its influence is often negative.
3. Recent studies show that after only thirty seconds of television viewing, a person’s brain ‘relaxes’ the same way that
it does just before the person falls asleep. Another effect of television on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor
concentration. Children who view a lot of television can often concentrate on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes.
They can pay attention only for the amount of time between commercials.
4. Another disadvantage is that television often causes people to become dissatisfied with their own lives. Real life does
not seem so exciting to these people. To many people, television becomes more real than reality and their own lives

seem boring. Also many people get upset or depressed when they can’t solve problems in real life as quickly as television
actors seem to.
5. Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on the TV. He or she begins to believe
that there is nothing strange about fights, killings and other kinds of violence. Many studies show that people become
more violent after viewing certain programmes. They may even do the things that they see in a violent show.
Answer:
Title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
1. Benefits
1.1 increases know.
1.1.1 of outside world
1.1.2 science
1.1.3 medicine
1.1.4 diff. Arts
1.2 recreation for old ppl. & patients
1.3 informal lang. practice
1.4 increases vocab. & helps practise listening
2. Disadvantages
2.1 ppl. watch for 6 hrs. or more Key to Abbreviations
2.2 students stare at screen for hrs. Abbreviations Words
2.3 negative influence ppl. People
2.4 effect on human brain know. Knowledge
2.4.1 poor conc. & And
3. Impact diff. Different
3.1 feels life not very exciting vocab. Vocabulary
3.2 TV more real, life seems boring lang. Language
3.3 depression when can’t solve problems hrs. Hours
4. Violence shown on TV conc. Concentration
4.1 children become violent TV Television
4.2 killings seem normal
Summary
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
Watching television increases knowledge of the outside world, science, medicine and different arts. It helps old people
and patients to recreate. It assists in informal language practice, improving vocabulary and practise listening. However,
watching television for more than six hours and staring on screens has a negative influence on students. It affects the
human brain and leads to poor concentration. Television makes life boring and nothing feels exciting. People can feel
depressed when they are unable to solve problems as quickly as actors do. Television normalises violence which can
make children violent.

1. Well-being is not just the absence of disease or illness. It is a complex combination of a person’s physical, mental,
emotional and social health factors. Well-being is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfaction. In short, it could be
described as how one feels about oneself and one’s life. Every aspect of one’s life influences the state of one’s well-
being. Researchers investigating happiness have found the following factors which enhance a person’s well-being :
network of close friends, enjoyable and fulfilling career, enough money, regular exercise, nutritious diet, sufficient sleep,
fun hobbies and leisure pursuits, healthy self-esteem, optimistic outlook and so on.
2. The factors that influence one’s well-being are interrelated. For example, a job provides not just money but purpose,
goals, friendships and a sense of belonging. Some factors also make up for the lack of others; for example, a good
marriage can compensate for a lack of friendship, while religious beliefs may help a person to accept physical illness.
Money is linked to well-being, because having enough money improves living conditions and increases social status. But

various international studies have shown that it is the quality of our personal relationships, not the size of our bank
balance, which has the greatest effect on our state of well-being. Believing that money is the key to happiness can also
harm a person’s well-being.
3. Understanding the well-being of the population is very important. Measuring well-being, however, in a population is
difficult because the interpretation of well-being is so subjective — how one feels about peoples’ lives largely depends
on the way one sees it. Like the saying goes: ‘one person’s problem is another person’s challenge.’
4. Keeping track of a population’s well-being helps governments to decide on particular policies. It also acts as an
indicator for various population trends. For example, knowing the average weekly income of a population helps to set
the ‘poverty line’, which may then influence decisions on social welfare reforms. Well-being can be achieved through a
variety of means. Some are as follows : developing and maintaining strong relationships with family and friends, making
regular time available for social contact, trying to find work that is enjoyable and rewarding, rather than just working for
the best pay, eating healthy, nutritious foods, doing regular physical activity, involving oneself in activities that interest
the people, joining in local organisations or clubs that appeal, setting achievable goals and working towards them and
trying to be optimistic and enjoying each day.
Answer:
Title: Well Being
1. Definition of WB
1.1 absence of disease & illness
1.2 combination of physical, emotional & health factors
1.3 strongly linked to happiness & satisfaction
2. factors which improve WB
2.1 network of close friends
2.2 enjoyable, fulfilling career
2.3 enough money, good health
2.4 religious beliefs
3. Imp. of understanding people’s WB
3.1 helps govt. frame good policies
3.2 helps determine poverty line
3.3 helps take appropriate action Key to Abbreviations
4. How best achieved Abbreviations Words
4.1 having strong relationship with family & friends. WB Well being
4.2 enjoyable, rewarding work Imp. Importance
4.3 involvement in interesting activities govt. Government
4.4 nutritious food & good health & And
Summary
Well Being
Well- being not just refers to absence of disease and illness, rather it is a combination of physical, emotional and
health factors. Well being is strongly linked to happiness and satisfaction. The factors that improve well being include
a network of close friends, enjoyable and fulfilling career, money, good health and religious beliefs. It is important to
understand people’s well being to frame government policies which would further help to determine the poverty line
and take appropriate action. Well-being is best achieved by having strong relationships with family and friends, doing
enjoyable and rewarding work, involvement in interesting activities and eating nutritious food for good health.

1. Keeping cities clean is essential for keeping their residents healthy. Our health depends not just on personal hygiene
and nutrition, but critically also on how clean we keep our cities and their surroundings. The spread of dengue and
chikungunya are intimately linked to the deteriorating state of public health conditions in our cities.
2. The good news is that waste management to keep cities clean is now getting attention through the Swachh Bharat

Mission. However, much of the attention begins and stops with the brooms and the dustbins, extending at most to the
collection and transportation of the mixed waste to some distant or not so distant place, preferably out of sight.
3. The challenge of processing and treating the different streams of solid waste, and safe disposal of the residuals in
scientific landfills, has received much less attention in municipal solid waste management than is expected from a health
point of view.
4. One of the problems is that instead of focusing on waste management for health, we have got sidetracked into ‘‘waste
for energy’’. If only we were to begin by not mixing the biodegradable component of solid waste (close to 60 percent of
the total) in our cities with the dry waste, and instead use this stream of waste for composting and producing a gas
called methane.
5. City compost from biodegradable waste provides an alternative to farmyard manure (like cow-dung). It provides an
opportunity to simultaneously clean up our cities and help improve agricultural productivity and quality of the soil. Organic
manure or compost plays a very important role as a supplement to chemical fertilisers in enriching the nutrient-deficient
soils. City compost can be the new player in the field.
6. Benefits of compost on the farm are well-known. The water holding capacity of the soil which uses compost helps
with drought-proofing, and the requirement of less water per crop is a welcome feature for a water-stressed future. By
making the soil porous, use of compost also makes roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay. Farmers using
compost, therefore, need less quantity of pesticides. There is also evidence to suggest that horticulture crops grown
with compost have better flavour, size, colour and shelf-life.
7. City compost has the additional advantage of being weed-free unlike farmyard manure which brings with it the seeds
of undigested grasses and requires a substantial additional labour cost for weeding as the crops grow. City compost is
also rich in organic carbon, and our soils are short in this.
8. Farmers clearly recognize the value of city compost. If city waste was composted before making it available to the
farmers for applying to the soil, cities would be cleaned up and the fields around them would be much more productive.
9. Quite apart from cleaning up the cities of biodegradable waste, this would be a major and sustainable contribution to
improving the health of our soil without further damage by excessive chemical inputs. What a marvellous change from
waste to health!
10. The good news is that some states are regularly laying plastic roads. Plastic roads will not only withstand future
monsoon damage but will also solve a city’s problem of disposing of non-recyclable plastic. It is clear that if the mountains
of waste from our cities were to be recycled into road construction material, it would tackle the problem of managing
waste while freeing up scarce land.
Answer:
Title: Waste Management: Some Facts
1. Reasons for keeping cities clean
1.1 to keep the residents healthy
1.2 health depends on
1.2.1 personal cleanliness
1.2.2 cleanliness of city
2. Reasons for waste management
2.1 being promoted through SBM
2.2 to sensitize imp. of waste separation
3. Challenges of waste management
3.1 has received less attn.
3.2 no focus on WM for health
3.3 biodegradable being mixed with solid waste
4. Benefits of organic manure
4.1 supplement of chem. fertilisers.
4.2 drought-proofing

4.3 makes roots stronger Key to Abbreviations
5. Benefits of city compost Abbreviations Words
5.1 weed-free SBM Swachh Bharat
5.2 more productive fields Mission
5.3 chemical inputs avoided imp. importance
6. Benefits of plastic roads attn. attention
6.1 withstand monsoon damage WM waste management
6.2 free lands from dumping waste chem. chemicals
Summary
Waste Management: Some Facts
It is important to keep the cities clean to keep the residents healthy. Their health depends on personal cleanliness and
the cleanliness of the city. It is crucial to sensitise the importance of waste separation. Waste management is promoted
through Swachh Bharat Mission. Waste management is given less attention and biodegradable waste is mixed with
solid waste. There is no focus on waste management for health. Organic manure acts as a supplement to chemical
fertilisers, makes roots stronger and leads to drought-proofing. City compost is weed-free, avoids chemicals and leads
to productive fields. Plastic rods are able to withstand monsoon and dumping is avoided.
7. Read the passage given below:

1. The Mayan civilisation of Mexico and Central America is one of the ancient world’s most fascinating, prolific and
mysterious civilisations. They left their mark on the region’s culture, architecture, cuisine, and language — and left an
indelible impression on the imagination of the modern world. Who were they? How were they able to build such an
impressive civilisation of towering temples and sophisticated artwork in the middle of the harsh rainforests of Meso-
America? And why did they vanish?
2. The earliest Mayans lived along the Pacific coast of what is now Guatemala and can be dated to about 1800 BC; by
1000 BC they were also living in Guatemala’s southern lowlands. The period from about 1800 BC to about AD 250 is
referred to as the Pre-classic, a time when the early Mayans lived as farmers in small villages along rivers and other
bodies of water, hunting game, tending gardens and making use of the abundant natural foods found in the region’s
marshes and seasonal swamps.
3. In time, strong rulers began wielding power over these communities and the Mayan culture grew in complexity. Cities
rose from the forest floor, boasting of stone temples with stuccoed and painted facades created at the behest of elite
rulers. People in the new power centres communicated over long distances and traders using the same routes carried
luxury goods such as cacao beans, jade ornaments, quetzal feathers and jaguar pelts.
4. The Classic period, AD 250-900, is the time of the civilisation’s greatest glory and of the greatest depths of political
intrigue between rival cities. During these centuries, the Mayans erected coundess stelae, stone monuments inscribed
with portraits and hieroglyphs that recorded dynastic histories — the births, marriages and conquests of the ruling
families. There were dozens of important regional capitals at the time, and among the most important were.
5. Tikal in Guatemala and its fierce rival Calakmul in Mexico, Palenque in southern Mexico, Caracol in Belize and Copan
in Honduras. The Classic period is known for artistic and intellectual splendour. The Mayans developed a complex
religious and ritual system that considered rulers divine beings and called for blood sacrifices. They also grasped the
numerical notion of zero, created agricultural timetables and sophisticated calendars to track the heavens, and made
beautiful polychrome pottery as well as exquisite ornaments, murals, and carved decorations.
6. But the Classic Mayans were also known for their rancorous political fighting and for being extremely bellicose —
warfare was always on the horizon. One by one, the cities in the southern Mayan lowlands fell to each other, their
downfall often recorded on stelae in the conquering city. By AD 900 most of the important Classic period cities had
collapsed, and their remaining populations had scattered into the surrounding forests. The last date recorded on stelae
that archaeologists have found so far is from AD 909 in Tonina, in southern Mexico.
7. Among the factors that help explain why the civilisation collapsed were the endemic warfare, overpopulation,
degradation of the environment, and drastic climate change and drought. While the cities and ceremonial centres to the
southern lowlands were being reclaimed by the jungle, the Mayans living to the North were gaining prominence, rising
to amazing heights during the post-classic period (AD 900-1502), wonderful and wealthy cities in Mexico’s Yucatan
Peninsula flourished, most famous among them being Chichen ltza. Yet it too fell victim to political infighting and by AD
1200 had collapsed.
8. The Mayans never truly disappeared. Centuries after the major cities were abandoned, small groups of Mayans
continued to live in the area. It was they who met and resisted the Spanish conquistadors after the first contact in 1502.
And today, more than six million Mayans live in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, speaking 28 languages and blending
ancient and modern ways.
Answer:
Title: WHO WERE THE MAYANS?
1. Glorious Past
1.1 It’s the civilization of Mexico & Cent. America
1.2 Makes for the world’s most mysterious & prolific
civilization
1.3 Resided in Guatemala since 1800 BC
2. Classical Period
2.1 Spans from 250 – 900 AD
2.2 Cities developed tremendously
2.3 Artistic & intellectual splendour dominated
2.4 Religious & agricultural systems were consolidated and
devised
3. Downfall
3.1 Major S. Mayan cities collapsed, 900 AD
3.2 Remaining popu. scattered in the forests Key to Abbreviations
3.3 Northern popu. Rose Abbreviations Words
3.4 Though they also perished in the 1200, Chichen Itza & And
4. Current Scenario Cent. Central
4.1 Mayans didn’t disappear completely S. Southern
4.2 Met in small groups popu. population
4.3 Reside in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize
Summary
The Mayan Civilization
The Mayan Civilization of Mexico and Central America is one of the world’s most glorious and fascinating civilizations.
They Mayans resides in Guatemala in 1800 BC. The era which spans from 250 – 900 AD was the classical period
which saw the development pf cities, religious capital etc. There were also advancements in religious and ritual
systems and agricultural practices were also established. However, majority of the south Mayan cities collapsed due
to overpopulation, environmental degradation, warfare etc. By 900 AD, the northern part of the civilization gain
prominence and reached newer heights. They had wealthy cities. However, its most flourishing city, Chichen Itza
collapsed by 1200. But the population never really dwindled and today six million Mayans reside in Mexico, Guatemala
and Belize.

1. You may never want to fly kites to keep away evil spirits, as the Chinese have done for centuries, or to make rain, as
the Tibetans did, but some more modern and western uses may tempt you to try experimenting yourself along similar
lines. Ancient and medieval Chinese sources, describe kites being used for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting
men, signalling and communication for military operations.
2. The earliest known Chinese kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a
stabilising bowline. Kites were decorated with mythological motifs and legendary figures; some were fitted with strings
and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. From China, kites were introduced to Cambodia, India, Japan, Korea
and the western world.
3. The most widespread use of kites in modern times has been for meteorological investigations. Everybody knows about
how Benjamin Franklin, the great American scholar and statesman, sent a kite up in 1752 during a thunderstorm to prove

that lightning was caused by electricity. He produced sparks at ground level from a key hung on the wet line as the
current flowed down it.
4. A second investigator repeated Franklin’s experiment shortly afterwards and was killed. By sending up instruments on
kites it has been possible to make readings of air pressure, temperature, speed, direction and humidity. Although
thermometers had been sent up long before, it was not until 1894, that a self-reading thermometer, a thermograph, was
sent up by a kite. The army, navy and air force have used kites in various ways for decades. Another Korean version of
the invention of the kite tells how a general used one to carry a line across a stream. This line then formed the basis of
a bridge.
5. Lines are still occasionally flown from point to point in this way using kites. At sea, kites have often been used to carry
a line to distressed ships in rough weather. Kites, especially box and bow kites, have been used as gunnery targets.
They are easy to make and cheap to use and will stand quite a lot of punishment before they cease to fly. Apart from
their use as targets, kites have been used by the army to fly flags, for aerial photography over enemy trenches, for
suspending flares over targets during night fighting, for carrying a man over enemy lines, for dragging torpedoes etc to
a target area.
6. They have been used by both military and civil authorities for raising, transmitting and receiving aerials to obtain
improved wireless reception. As a matter of fact, the first long-distance short wave transmission of all made use of an
aerial flown on a kite. When Marconi made the famous transatlantic transmission, he raised his receiving aerial some
400 feet on a kite. During World War II the RAF developed ‘a kite flare’ as part of survival equipment for airmen forced
down at sea. When airborne, the kite was attached to a special shock absorber which was fixed to the dinghy.
7. It was stated that provided there was a 6 mph wind, the kite would stay aloft indefinitely. Some of these kites were
brought to Australia and sent to the 6th Australian Division in 1944 for trials to determine whether they were of use in
jungle warfare, especially in defining locations. After experiments, the authorities decided that they were of no value for
this purpose.
Answer:
Title: Kites and Their History
1. History of Flying Kites
1.1. Chinese in ancient times used them for various
purposes
1.2. Tibetans used them for making rain
1.3. Intrdcd to rest of the world from China
2. Modern Uses of Flying Kites
2.1. for mtrlgl invstgtns
2.2. started with Benjamin Franklin’s famous expt
3. used for
3.1. msrg air pressure, temperature, humidity
3.2. msrg wind speed and direction Key to Abbreviations
4. civil and military purposes of kites Abbreviations Words
4.1. aerial phtgy Intrdcd Introduced
4.2. improving wireless rcptn Mtrlgl Meteorological
4.3. carrying flares Invstgtns Investigations
4.4. not useful in jungle warfare Expt Experiment
5. other uses Msrg Measuring
5.1. gunnery targets Phtgy Photography
5.2. carrying lines across streams Rcptn reception
Summary
Kites and Their History
In ancient times, kites in China and Tibet were thought to bring rain and keep away evil spirits. The Chinese also used
them for other purposes and introduced them to the rest of the world. Benjamin Franklin discovered that electricity
produced lightning by flying a kite. Kites are presently used for measuring various atmospheric parameters like air
pressure, temperature, wind speed, direction etc. Civil and military purposes of kites include aerial photography,
improving wireless reception and carrying flares, but they are not useful in jungle warfare. Kites are also used as
gunnery targets and for carrying lines.

1. Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data
to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g. computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services) which can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide
users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centres that may be
located far from the user – ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. Cloud computing relies on sharing
of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utili ty (like the electricity grid) over an electricity
network.
2. As a metaphor for the Internet, ‘the cloud’ is a familiar cliche, but when combined with ‘computing’, the meaning gets
bigger and fuzzier. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription based or pay per use service that, in real time over
the Internet, extends IT’s existing capabilities.
3. In a cloud computing system, there’s a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy
lifting when it comes to running applications. The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead.
Hardware and software demands on the user’s side decrease. The only thing the user’s computer needs to be able to
run is the cloud computing system’s interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud’s
network takes care of the rest.
4. Advocates of cloud computing claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid upfront infrastructure costs (e.g.
purchasing servers). It also enables organisations to focus on their core businesses instead of spending time and money
on computer infrastructure. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up
and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables Information Technology (ii) teams
to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.
5. The goal of cloud computing is to apply traditional supercomputing or high-performance computing power, normally
used by military and research facilities, to perform tens of trillions of computations per second, in consumer-oriented
applications such as financial portfolios, to deliver personalised information, to provide data storage or to power large,
immersive computer games. As the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure
and shared services. Companies can scale up as computing needs increase and then scale down again as demands
decrease. In 2013, it was reported that cloud computing had become a highly demanded service or utility due to the
advantages of high computing power, cheap cost of services, high performance, scalability, accessibility as well as
availability.
6. It’s only in recent years that companies have started renting servers and storage instead of purchasing hardware and
running it at huge costs. And with more organisations especially those that rely on India’s outsourcing infrastructure –
transferring some of their IT work onto the cloud, companies such as Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys and
Wipro have stepped up to facilitate that shift. They have positioned themselves as enablers between owners and renters.
7. A report published by IT research and advisory firm Gartner estimates that in India alone the market for cloud-based
services will rise by a third to $557 million this year and more than triple by 2018. Cloud computing will become even
more prominent in the coming years, with the predicted rapid, continued growth of major global cloud data centres.

Answer:
Title: Cloud Computing
1. Definition and Meaning of Cloud Computing
1.1. servers ntwkd to centralise data storage, access
computer services or rscs
1.2. sharing cmptg rscs
1.3. Internet-base cmptg Key to Abbreviations
2. Goal of Cloud Computing Abbreviations Words
2.1. apply tdnl supercomputing or high pfmc cmptg Ntwkd Networked
power to perform trillions of computations p/s Rscs Resources
2.2. deliver prsnld info in consumer-oriented apps Cmptg computing
2.3. provide data storage Tdnl Traditional
2.4 power large, immersive computer games Pfmc Performance
2.5. converge infra and shared services p/s per second
3. Recent Developments Prsnld Personalised
3.1. cos rent servers and storage Info Information
3.2. more org relying on India’s outsourcing infra Apps Applications
3.3. TCS, Infosys, Wipro facilitate services Infra Infrastructure
4. market expectations
COS Companies
4.1. will rise by a third to $ 557 million this year
Org Organisations
4.2. more than triple by 2018
Tata Consultancy
5. cloud cmptg to grow steeply in future TCS
Services
Summary
Cloud Computing
In cloud computing, large groups of remote servers are networked to allow centralised data storage. It is basically
internet-based computing and relies on sharing computing resources. Its goal is to apply traditional supercomputing
or high performance computing power to perform trillions of computations per second. It can also power consumer-
oriented applications. It is based on the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services. In recent
years major Indian companies like Wipro, TCS and Infosys have started renting servers and storage. More companies
are relying on India’s outsourcing infrastructure. The market for India is expected to grow steeply in future.

1. The effects of plastic bags on the environment are really quite devastating because there is no disposal method that
will really help eliminate the problem. While reusing them is the first step, most people don’t do it, because most of them
are not durable enough to survive multiple use.
2. The biggest problem with them is that once they have been soiled, they end up in the trash, which then ends up in
the landfill or is burned. Either solution is very poor for the environment. Burning emits toxic gases that harm the
atmosphere while landfills hold them indefinitely as part of the plastic waste problem throughout the globe.
3. One of the greatest problems is that an estimated 300 million plastic bags end up in the Atlantic Ocean alone. These
bags are very dangerous for sea life, especially those of the mammal variety. Any hunting mammal can easily mistake
the size, shape and texture of the plastic bag for a meal and find its airway cut off. Needless deaths from plastic bags
are increasing every year.
4. The environmental balance of the waterways is being thrown off by the rate of plastic bags finding their way into the
mouths and intestinal tracts of sea mammals. As one species begins to die off at an abnormal rate, every other living
organism in the waterways is impacted.
5. The indefinite period of time that it takes for the average plastic bag to break down can be literally hundreds of years.
Every bag that ends up in the woodlands of the country threatens the natural progression of wildlife. Because the
breakdown rate is so slow, the chances that the bag will harmlessly go away are extremely slim. Throughout the world
plastic bags are responsible for suffocation and deaths of woodland animals as well as inhibiting soil nutrients.
6. The land litter that is made up of plastic bags has the potential to kill over and over again. It has been estimated that
one bag has the potential to unintentionally kill one animal per every three months due to unintentional digestion or
inhalation.

7. While it’s a noble thought to place the plastic bags in the recycling bin every week, studies have proven that there are
very few recycling plants that actually recycle them. Most municipalities either burn them or send them off to the landfill
after sorting. This is because it can be expensive to recycle this type of plastic. It doesn’t melt down easily and is often
not fit to be reused in its original form.
8. The premise of recycling these bags is nice. Yet funding for the upgrading of the recycling units just has not happened
and thus less than one per cent of all bags are sent to recycling plants worldwide. Most are left to become a pollution
problem in one way or another.
9. There are always alternatives to plastic bags and the search for more alternatives continues. Paper bags are a possible
option but they also take their toll on the environment. The use of trees to increase the production of paper products will
also have a negative environmental effect.
10. Reusable plastic bags are being introduced into regions that want to outlaw the plastic bags altogether. These are
stronger and more durable and can be used for three to five trips to the market. Of course, the reusable cloth bag is fast
becoming a favourite among environment supporters. While, thus far, no bag is without its issues, these are the bags
that are currently recommended for use to help protect environmental concerns.
Answer:
Title: Harmful Effects of Plastic Bags
1. Plastic bags harmful for Environment
1.1. No effective disposal method
1.1.1. trashed in Ifls and held indefinitely
1.1.2. burned but emit harmful gases
1.2. Reuse not practical
1.3. Millions of plastic bags end in Atlantic Ocean
1.3.1. harmful for sea life, particularly
mammals -cuts off airway, causing death -
adversely affects envtl balance
1.3.2. burned but emit harmful gases
1.4. On land, breakdown period is centuries
1.4.1. suffocate forest animals
1.4.2. inhibit soil nutrients
2. Recycling Impractical
2.1. Few rclg plants actually work because Key to Abbreviations
2.1.1. operation expensive Abbreviations Words
2.1.2. products cannot be used as earlier Ifls Landfills
2.2. Most bags dumped in ifls Envtl Environmental
2.3. Cause land pltn Rclg Recycling
3. Options to Plastic Bags Pltn Pollution
3.1. Paper bags Piste plastic
3.1.1. negative envtl effect due to tree cutting
3.2. Reusable cloth bags
3.2.1. preferred by env supporters
3.3. Redusable piste bags
3.3.1. stronger and more durable
Summary
Harmful Effects of Plastic Bags
Plastic bags are harmful for the environment because there is no effective disposal method for them and their reuse
is impractical. A large number of plastic bags which ultimately land in the Atlantic Ocean become harmful for sea life,
particularly mammals, causing their death and creating an environmental imbalance in the sea.

If dumped on land, they suffocate forest animals and inhibit soil nutrients. Their recycling is impractical because few
recycling plants actually work as they are uneconomic. Dumped in landfills, they cause land pollution. Options available
are paper bags or reusable plastic bags, the latter being preferred by environmentalists.

1. The work of the heart can never be interrupted. The reason is that the heart’s job is to keep oxygen rich blood flowing
through the body. All the body’s cells need a constant supply of oxygen, especially those in the brain. The brain cells live
only for four to five minutes after their oxygen is cut off, and then brain death occurs, leading to the entire body dying.
2. The heart is a specialised muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is divided into four chambers, two called atria
and two called ventricles, connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers work to keep the blood flowing round
the body in a circle with a detour to the lungs to purify the blood by removing carbon dioxide from it and adding oxygen
to it.
3. At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the first of the four chambers. Two-fifths of the
oxygen by then is used up and it is on its way back to the lungs to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon
dioxide it has accumulated. From the right atrium the blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the second chamber,
the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which
leads to the lungs. In the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen. Then it travels to the
third chamber, the left atrium. When this chamber is filled, it forces the blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
From here it is pushed into a big blood vessel called aorta, the main artery, and sent round the body through the various
arteries.
4. Fleart disease can result from any damage to the heart muscle, the valves or the ‘natural pacemaker’ of the heart.
Electrical impulses from the heart muscle cause our heart to beat (contract). This electrical signal begins in the sino-
atrial (SA) node, located at the top of the heart’s upper-right chamber (the right atrium). The SA node is sometimes
called the heart’s ‘natural pacemaker’.
5. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump properly. If the valves are damaged blood cannot flow normally
and easily from one chamber to another, and if the pacemaker is defective, the contractions of the chambers will become
un-coordinated.
6. Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In 1953 all this changed. After twenty years of work,
Dr John Gibbon in the USA had developed a machine that could take over temporarily from the heart and lungs. Blood
could be routed through the machine, bypassing the heart so that surgeons could work inside it and see what they were
doing. The era of open heart surgery had begun.
7. In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace a defective heart. Many parties have had
plastic valves inserted in their hearts when their own was faulty. Many people are being kept alive with tiny battery
operated pacemakers; none of these repairs could have been made without the heart-lung machine. But valuable as it is
to the surgeons, the heart-lung machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few hours at a time because its
pumping gradually damages the bloods cells.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings. Use
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in 80-100 words. (3)
Answer:
Title: How the Heart Works
1. Functions of Heart
1.1. vital for living
1.1.1. never stop wrkg
1.2. supplies oxygen rich blood to diff parts of body
2. Structure of Heart
2.1. divided into 4 chambers connected by vlvs
2.2. blood purified in lungs
2.3. arteries carry pure blood to diff parts of body

3. Causes of Heart Disease
3.1. weak heart muscles
3.2. defective vlvs
3.3. defective ‘natural pacemaker’ Key to Abbreviations
4. History of Open Heart Surgery Abbreviations Words
4.1. 1953: Dr Gibbon invents Heart lung m/c Wrkg Working
4.1.1. blood could pass through m/c bypassing Diff Different
heart. and lungs Vlvs Valves
4.2. enabled open heart srgy Dr Doctor
4.3. m/c limitations m/c machine
4.3.1. used only for few hrs at a time because Srgy surgery
it damages blood cells Hrs hours
Summary
How the Heart Works
The heart is a vital organ of the body which never stops working. It supplies oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body.
It is divided into four chambers inter-connected by valves. Blood is purified in the lungs and arteries carry it to different
parts of the body.
Heart disease has various causes such as weak heart muscles, defective valves or a defective natural pacemaker. The
era of open-heart surgery began in 1953 when Dr Gibbon developed the heart-lung machine. Replacement of valves
and other areas of a damaged heart is now possible.
-x-

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CLASS 11 – ENGLISH – NOTE MAKING & SUMMARY

1: Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 1 of 15

2: Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 2 of 15

3: Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 3 of 15

4: Read the following passage

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 4 of 15

5: Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 5 of 15

6: Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 6 of 15

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 7 of 15

7. Read the passage given below:

8. Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 9 of 15

9. Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 11 of 15

10. Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 12 of 15

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 13 of 15

11. Read the passage given below:

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 14 of 15

VGS-Bardoli | Class 11 | English Core (301) | Note-Making and Summary | Page 15 of 15

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