8 Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Relationships Contextualising Violence and Abuse 9

2008; Foshee et alo, 2014) have studied this extensively and list several Psychological/emotional or verbal abuse
examples of physical dating violence that include: scratchíng, slappíng, Like physical abuse, psychological/emotional or verbal abuse encapsu-
pushing, slamming or holding someone against a wall, biting, chok- lates a broad array of behaviours such as insulting, berating or humílí-
íng, buming, beating someone up, and assault with a weapon. Bonomi ating a partner. The Centre for Dísease, Control and Prevention (2012)
et alo (2012) identify similar types of behaviours suggesting physical suggest that emotional abuse includes name-calling, shamíng, bJllly-
dating violence includes slappíng, hitting, scratching, pushing, kick- ing, embarrassin on u 11 e, or ~ ing himLher awa . fram íends,
·ing, and punching. Likewise, physical violence has been referred to and family. Bonomi et alo (2012) report that psychologically abusive
as any actions that cause pain and injury with reference to different' behaviours includes ~s, insJJlts and stalking. Stalkin,.,g involves
behaviours such as spanking, shoving, punching with hands, feet and harassment and excessive monitoring activities, including spying on
objects, throwing objects at partner, hair pulling and biting (Halpern, a partner's movements and activities and insisting that the partner
Oslak, Young, Martín, & Kupper, 2001; Sesar, Pavela, Simic, Barisic & always can account for where they are, what they are doing and with
Banai, 2012). whom. Threats are identified as a common form of psychological
violence and examples include threatening to hurt a partner, damag-
lng a partner's property, throwing objects at a partner but missing,
topping short of hitting a partner and holding a weapon to a partner
(Draucker & Martsolf, 2010). Specific examples of verbal abuse include
incidents such as swearing at partner, speaking to partner in a hostile or
mean tone of voice or insulting a partner with put-downs (Fernández-
González, Wekerle, & Goldstein, 2012).
~eyond.JlUrtful l,an a e, llli'...QlQlogical_V-iolellc . ~rcierr.ed_.to as
behaviour t aLar used with the s ecific intent.of contwlling, intimí-
atin or dominating a artner such as :mrposetully' damagillg_prQ.~r.ty,
reS.!!.icting actiYitie. wjth..oíhers,..limiting...par.tner~s_phQDing_actLviti.e;;,
en aging in menacing behaviours,_IlLmlOking jealousy and_threatening
SOLATION/EXCLUSION: USING SOCIAL STATUS:
Controlling what another does, Treating her like a servant. to end the relationship ar commit su,iwe_(,Orpinas, Nahapetyan, Song,
who she/he sees and talks 10,
\ McNicholas, & Reeves, 2012). A relatively new concept borrowe.d.JIOJIl
Making ali lhe dsclslons.
what she/he reads, where she/he Acting like lha 'meeter of lhe
90e5. Limiting outside casne.' Being lhe one to
involvement. Using jealousy
to justify actions define men's and women's I 'he eer violence literature that has been identified in the literature on
roles,

SEXUAL COERCION: INTIMIDATION:

datin. viole ce is the issue of I 11'0 I a.gJ;es;;jon',_ ich involv s '/(
~~n~f~~~~na~;i~a~~nrg
threats
Making scmeone afraid
by using looks, acticne,
trytng to ~I!!!_!!:_person's relationshi with other friendi.Qy s reading_
pregnant. Threatening to take
the children away. Getting
gestures. Smashing things.
Destroylng property.
lles and rumours,_ or reveilliDginfo.rmation ...and.ímages.that.are.rneant
someone drunk ar drugged Abusing pais. Displaying
to ge1 sexo weapons t e rivate (Leadbeater, Banister, Ellis, & Yeung, 2008) . ..Ano.ther
conremp conce t that would also come unde t brella.term
Qf s cholo ical violence is using eChIlQlogx to harass (;lI intimidate
partners b textin, callin. and or
J }'.irlg_Q excessíze monímríng
via social netwçrk sites....QLf!!Q!2ll.e_ILhQll~S (Drauker & Martsolf, 2010).

Sexual violence/abuse
exual violence/abuse includes rape, attempted rape and other forms of
exual coercion (Rickert, Weimann, Vaughan, & White, 2004). Bonomi
t alo (2012) recount that sexual abuse includes forcing a partner to

Figure 1.1 Teen Power and Control Wheel engage in a sex act when he or she does not or cannot consent. Smith