CFD LECTURE

AE 4012COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS

Lecture 2 : Physic and Mathematical Models

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 Road Map

Fundamental physical principles

Mathematical Models

Mass is conserved Continuity equation

Newton’s second law Momentum equation

Energy is conserved
Energy equation

Models of the Flow

Intergral equations
fixed In conservation form
finite control volume
Intergral equations
moving In nonconservation form

Partial differential equations

fixed
In conservation form
Infinitesimal fluid element
moving Partial differential equations
In nonconservation form

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 Flow Models

Control Volumes
2
1

Fixed Control volume Moving Control volume

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 Flow Models

Divergence of velocity

A control volume moving with the fluid.

Mass is fixed, invariant with time
Control volume V and control surface S
are changing with time

Physically the time rate of change of

the volume of moving fluid element
per unit volume
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 Flow Models

Infinitesimal fluid element

4
3

Fixed Control volume Moving Control volume

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 Flow Models

Infinitesimal fluid element

y z

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 Substantial Derivative and Divergence of Velocity
1   ( x1 , y1 , z1 , t1 )
V  ui  vj  wk
u  u ( x, y, z, t )
v  v ( x, y, z, t )  2  1 D
w  w ( x, y, z, t ) lim 
   ( x, y, z, t ) t 2 t1 t2  t1 Dt
x2  x1
lim u
2   ( x2 , y2 , z2 , t2 ) t 2 t1 t 2  t1

 2  1         x2  x1     y2  y1     z2  z1
           
t2  t1  t 1   x 1 t2  t1   y 1 t2  t1   z 1 t2  t1
D     D    
 u v w  u v w
Dt t x y z Dt t x y z
Vector   
operation   i  x  j y  k z D 
  ( V  )
Dt  t
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 Substantial Derivative and Divergence of Velocity

Substantial derivative ( )

Convective derivative

Local derivative

Substantial derivative

DT T T T T T
  (V  )T  u v w
Dt t t x y z

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 Momentum Equation

Second principle

Net surface force

In x direction

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 Momentum Equation

Conservative form

X-component

Y-component

Z-component

Non-conservative form
X-component

Y-component

Z-component

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 Momentum Equation

Normal stress Shear stress

Stokes hypothesis

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 Momentum Equation
Complete momentum equation

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 Energy Equation

Third physical principle : energy is conserved

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 Energy Equation

Conservative form

Nonconservative form

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Compact Form

U is solution vector J is source term

F, G, H are flux vector

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 Conservative and Nonconservative form

Nonconservative form Conservative form

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 Applications

Conservative equations

Shock capturing

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 Applications

Non-conservative equations

Shock Fitting

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Complete Navier-Stokes eq.

U is solution vector J is source term

F, G, H are flux vector

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 Complete Navier-Stokes eq.

Navier-Stokes Eqs.

For laminar Flow, the requested input to the flow

equations are the dependence relations of the viscosity
and heat conductivity coefficients, with pressure and
temperature

For example : Sutherland‘s formula

3
This relation is obtained
1.45 T 2

 10 6 From emprical

T  110 information.

The accuracy of final

k  k (T ) computation will be
function of the accuracy
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 Tingkatan Persamaan Atur Aliran

Navier-Stokes Eqs. Direct Simulation

Subgrid scale
Space-Time Averaging Turbulence model

Large Eddy Simulation

complete
turbulence model

Reynolds Average
Navier-Stokes Eqs.

See
Next
page
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 Tingkatan Persamaan Atur Aliran

Neglect All Viscous terms Steady Supersonic flow

Except Normal deriv. No streamwise separation

Thin-Layer Navier-Stokes Parabolized Navier-Stokes

(TLNS) (PNS)

p See
. 0 Next
n page

Boundary Layer Eqs.

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Normal stress Shear stress

Stokes hypothesis

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Neglect Viscous &

Heat Conduction terms

Couple with BL Euler Equations

Viscous
Neglect Rotational Terms
Inviscid
Interaction
Full Potential Eq. (FP) Small Pertubation
M≈1
See
Next Transonic Small
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page Pertubation Eq. (TSP)
 Tingkatan Persamaan Atur Aliran

Inviscid Flow Models : Euler Equations

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Inviscid Flow Models : Potential Equations

Along streamlines the Enthalpy is constant

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Inviscid Flow Models : Potential Equations

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Inviscid Flow Models : Transonic Small Pertubation

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Full Potential Eq. (FP)

Neglect Compressibility
Effects

Laplace Equation Panel Methods

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 Tingkatan Persamaan Atur Aliran

Inviscid Flow Models : Laplace Equations

  0 2

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