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Signalized Intersections
Signalization Justification
Cycle
• any complete sequence of signal indications (green-yellow-red), time in seconds,
denoted by C
Phase (Φ)
• the part of the cycle allocated to any combination of traffic movements receiving
right-of-way (green indication) simultaneously during one or more intervals
Interval
• a period of time during which all signal indications remain constant
Interval Sequence
• The order of appearance of signal indications during successive intervals of a
cycle
Offset
• Time lapse in seconds of the cycle length between the beginning of a green
phase at an intersection and the beginning of a corresponding green phase at
the next intersection downstream.
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Pre-timed Operation
• The cycle length, phases, green times, and change intervals are all preset. The
signal rotates through this defined cycle in a constant fashion: with the cycle
length and phases constant. Depending on the controller available, several
preset timing patterns may be used, each being implemented automatically at
fixed times of the day.
Semi-actuated Operation
• Detectors are placed on the minor approaches to the intersection. The signal is
green for the major street' at all times, until of the minor street detectors is
activated, indicating the presence of a vehicle waiting for service. For semi-
actuated signals, cycles have widely varying lengths, depending on the pattern of
actuations by minor -street vehicles.
Full-Actuated Operation
• In full-actuated operation, every intersection approach has a detector or
detectors. Green time is allocated based upon detector actuations. Each cycle is
different from another, and both the sequence and length of phases can be
altered in response to detected demand.
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Intergreen Time
v2 v2
d = vtr + = vtr +
2a 2 fg
t r = perception - reaction time W
v = speed of vehicle L
x
f = pavement friction
g = 9.81m/s 2
W = distance from stopline until vehicle rear is clear
L = length of vehicle
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Intergreen Time…2
Intergreen time, I d +W + L v W +L
I= = tr + +
I = yellow+all red v 2 fg v
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Ped. Clearance
Interval
W FDW DW
D
Ped clearance time = D=distance for
v ped ped. to cross road
D
G +Y =W +
v ped
D
Min.Green = W + − Y = W + FDW
v ped
D
FDW = −Y
v ped
12
3600
Total Lost Time per Hour = NTL ×
C
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Phasing
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Phasing
Signal Timing