The Domestic Turkey

(Meleagris gallopavo) In Mexico

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Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and

Entomology, Volume 2021, Issue 01
DOI: 10.37722/AAHAE.202111

SAN FRANCISCO DE CAMPECHE, CAMP., MÉXICO 2023

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DOI: 10.37722/AAHAE.202111

Research Article Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and Entomology AAHE-142

ISSN 2690-1900

The Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) In Mexico

Domínguez-May Angel Virgilio1*, Gamba-Galeazzi Ana Paula2, Burgos-Jiménez Miriam Noemí1,

Ramírez-Benitez José Efraín3, Briceño-Narváez Lizmayely del Carmen3, Carrillo-Landell Felipe
Guadalupe4
1
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Sur del Estado de Yucatán.
Carretera Muna-Felipe Carrillo Puerto. Tramo Oxkutzcab-Akil Km. 41+400.C.P. 97880, Oxkutzcab,
Yucatán, México
2
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av Universidad 3000, Ciudad
Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510
3
Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av Ing. Humberto Lanz
Cárdenas S/N Col. Ex-Hacienda Kalá, 24085. San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, México
4
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. Carretera Irapuato-Silao
Km. 12.5. Col. El Copal. S/N.C.P. 36821

Received Date: January 04, 2021; Accepted Date: January 11, 2021; Published Date: January 22, 2021;
*
Corresponding author: Domínguez-May Angel Virgilio, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico
Superior del Sur del Estado de Yucatán. Carretera Muna-Felipe Carrillo Puerto. Tramo Oxkutzcab-Akil Km. 41+400.
C.P 97880, Oxkutzcab, Yucatán, México. Email: virgiliomay@hotmail.com

Abstract mexicana/ intermedia/ silvestris/ osceola (C3), the latter group

The turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, is native to America.
This species of bird is found all over Mexican national
territory. The different climates in Mexico and the method of
domestication are the main factors that have caused variability
in the genotypes and plumage colors of these turkeys. In some
rural areas, turkey raising is typically done by housewives,
who use food waste or mixed feed blend with nixtamalized
corn; in daytime, turkeys are released into the backyard where
they eat herbs or insects. Unfortunately, the breeding of these
birds has been drastically reduced, due to the loss of Mexican
traditions.
Keywords: Birds; Mexican Traditions; Turkey
shares haplotypes with domesticated turkeys (Padilla-Jacobo
G., et al., 2018).
Environmental factors can affect the behavior of turkeys;
therefore, it is important to consider the density, group size,
space availability, maturation, lighting, feeding and transportation,
in order to reduce economic losses (Marchewka J. et al.,
2013). To be effective in turkey rearing, the physical,
morphological and mechanical characteristics of the female's
eggs must also be considered, since the development of the
embryo and hatching will depend on these characteristics
(Galic A., et al., 2018). In general, good handling and care of
turkeys should be done, as gastrointestinal parasites are very
common (Aniefiok-Udoh A., et al., 2014).

Introduction The wild ancestor of the domestic turkey is the Mexican

species Meleagris gallopavo. At the beginning of the XVII
There are three groups within the Mexican turkey’s century, these turkeys were taken from Mexico to Europe and
species: the population relict (C1), merriami (C2), and later to Eastern North America, where they were hybridized

1 | Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and Entomology, Volume 2021, Issue 01

The Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) In Mexico
with Eastern turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris),
generating a new variety, and currently marketed (Crawford
RD, 1992). The Meleagris gallopavo is a poultry that contributes
to the production of meat worldwide (Aslam M.L., et al.
2012).
A. Origins of the Turkey
Exists evidence that confirms that this bird is native to
America. The Mayas and Aztecs were the first to domesticate
it, later it was adopted by other pre-Hispanic cultures. Some
synonyms of the word turkey in Mexico are: Huexolotl, Jolote,
Chompipe, Cocono, Pipila, Pavo, Totol and úulum, among
others. The domestic creole Turkey comes from Meleagris
gallopavo (Gallardo-Nieto J. et al., 2007). Nowadays the
turkey is distributed throughout the National territory.
B. Genotypic Characteristics
Meleagris gallopavo is a species of bird that has been bred
for many years in Mexico. The genotypic characteristics of
this species can change due to the diversity of climates and to
the different methods in small scale production (Cigarroa-
Vásquez F. et al., 2013; Angel-Hernández A. et al., 2014).
C. Phenotypic Characteristics
The color of the skin and tarsus, as well as the color and
pattern of the plumage, are not very diverse, however, the
influence of the conditions of their raise could cause some
morphotypes to be lost (Zamora-Martínez G. et al., 2019).
D. Domestication
In Mexico the raising of the turkey is common in rural and
peri-urban areas. However this activity has been reduced due
to the loss of Mexican traditions, where it is commonly
consumed (Zamora-Martínez G. et al., 2019).
E. Management of the Guajolote In Michoacan
In a study carried out in five physiographic regions in the
state of Michoacán, it was shown that the turkey can have
variations in the color of its plumage, birds with the following
colors were found: Tan, Narragansett, Royal Palm, Spanish
Black, Slate or silver and Buffy (brown or red), other colors
2 | Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and Entomology, Volume 2021, Issue 01
Copyright: ©
2021 Domínguez-May A.V *
not included in this classification were found. Regarding
weight, within the same investigation, at 12 months it was
possible to know that the birds with the highest weight were
those from regions with a temperate climate. In the same
study, it was shown that females nest 2 to 3 times per year.
Regarding production units, 94.3% are not technified; but in
these cases some improved management practices have been
implemented, such as the use of balanced feed in poults up to
two months of age. Likewise, few vaccination plans are used
and very important the poultry farmers do not breed improved
varieties, this means that the genetic of the turkey is
autochthonous (López-Zavala R. et al., 2008). In another study
carried out in the state of Michoacán, it was shown that female
turkeys with gray feathers produced more eggs and with
greater weight than those of any other color (Juarez-caratachea
A. et al., 2018).
F. Management of the Turkey in Campeche
In a study carried out in indigenous Mayan communities of
the center and south of Campeche, it was shown that in the
raising of the native Turkey, more than 60% of the growers
use corn grains to feed them. With regard to diseases in this
bird, the most common are respiratory and digestive, due to
the few applications of vaccines. The flocks of this species are
majorly constituted by birds in the juvenile stage, and the
rearing is commonly carried out by women (Portillo-Salgado
R., et al., 2017).
G. Management of the turkey in Yucatán
The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is resistant to unfavorable
environmental conditions; however, this species can have
ectoparasites, such as Chelopistes meleagridis, Lipeurus
caponis and Menacanthus stramineus, this was demonstrated
in four municipalities of the State of Yucatán, Motul, Maní,
Cepeda and Timucuy (Canul et al., 2014).
In an investigation we have done this year in the south of
the State of Yucatán, regarding the feeding of the turkey, in
populations such as Xohuayan, Kancab, San Marcos, and in
other nearby towns, some families feed their Turkeys, with
corn grains, food waste or mix of balanced food with ground
nixtamalized corn. However, the custom is that the turkeys are
released in the backyard of the houses, where they feed on
insects or herbs (Figure 1)
The Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) In Mexico
Figure 1: Domestic turkey, úulum in the Mayan language. A) Turkey in a cage with a soil floor. B) Turkey in a cage with a cement
floor. C) Free turkey in the yard. D) Girl feeding turkeys.
Conclusions
In Mexico the species Meleagris gallopavo is still
domesticated; it can commonly be found in rural areas. The
variety of colors in the turkey plumage and its growth
characteristics may vary, due to the diversity of climates
throughout Mexican National territory. However, there is the
possibility that some genotypes or phenotypes could disappear
in the future, as a result of environmental factors and domestication
methods used in the management of this species. Furthermore,
this species could disappear because of the loss of Mexican
traditions, since they are usually consumed in traditional
festivities. Therefore, it is of great importance to create or
implement breeding programs for Meleagris gallopavo in rural
or peri-urban communities, as well as to promote the
preservation of Mexican traditions.
References
1. Ángel-Hernández A, Morales-Flores S, Carrillo-
Rodríguez JC, Rodríguez-Ortiz G, Villegas-Aparicio Y, et
al. (2014) Historia, domesticación y situación actual del
guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) en México.
Revista Mexicana de Agroecosistemas 1:132-143.
2. Aniefiok-Udoh N, Abdulkarim-Luka S, Amidu-Audu P
(2014) Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of
Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) Linnaeus, (1758)
Slaughtered in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State,
Nigeria. J. Nat. Scie. Res 4:105-109.
3. Canul SM, Sierra VA, Azcorra PG, Nava GFJ, Amaya
MSM (2014) Contribución a la identificación del
Mallophaga en guajolotes nativos del Estado de Yucatán.
AICA 4:279-281.
3 | Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and Entomology, Volume 2021, Issue 01
Copyright: ©
2021 Domínguez-May A.V *
4. Cigarroa-Vázquez F, Herrera-Haro1 JG, Ruiz-Sesma B, Cuca-
García JM, Rojas-Martínez RI (2013) Caracterización
fenotípica del guajolote autóctono (Meleagris gallopavo)
y sistemas de producción en la región centro norte de
Chiapas, México. Agrociencia 47:579-591.
5. Crawford RD (1992) Introduction to Europe and diffusion
of domesticated turkeys from the America. Arch. de
Zootec 41:307-314.
6. Gallardo-Nieto JL, Villamar-Angulo L, y Guzmán-
Valenzuela H (2007) Situación actual y perspectiva de la
producción de carne de guajolote (pavo) en México 2006.
Claridades Agropecuarias 161:3-37.
7. Galic A, Pliestic S, Janjecic Z, Bedekovic D, Filipovic D,
et al. (2018) Some Physical, Morphological, and
Mechanical Characteristics of Turkey (Meleagris
gallopavo) Eggs. Braz. J. of Poul. Scien 20:317-323.
8. Juárez-Caratachea A, Delgado-Hurtado I, Ortiz-
Rodríguez R, Gutiérrez-Vázquez E, Salas-Razo G, et al.
(2018) Efecto del color de plumaje en el desempeño
productivo de guajolotes (Meleagris gallopavo) en
confinamiento. Liv. Res. Ru. Devel 30:1-4.
9. López-Zavala R, Monterrubio-Ricob TC, Cano-Camacho
H, Chassin-Noria O, Aguilera-Reyes U (2008)
Caracterización de sistemas de producción del guajolote
(Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) de traspatio en las
regiones fisiográficas del estado de Michoacán, México.
Tec Pecu Mex 46:303-316.
10. Marchewka J, Watanabe TTN, Ferrante V, Estevez I
(2013) Review of the social and environmental factors
affecting the behavior and welfare of turkeys (Meleagris
gallopavo). Poultry Science 92:1467-1473.
11. Aslam ML ,Bastiaansen JWM, Elferink MG, Hendrik-Jan
M, Pma-Crooijmans R, et al. (2012) Whole genome SNP
The Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) In Mexico Copyright: ©
2021 Domínguez-May A.V *

discovery and analysis ofgenetic diversity in Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo).Bio. Med. Central 13:1-14.
12. Padilla‑Jacobo G, Cano‑Camacho H, López‑Zavala R,
Cornejo‑Pérez ME, Zavala‑Páramo MG (2018)
Evolutionary history of Mexican domesticated and wild
Meleagris gallopavo Genet Sel Evol 50:1-15.
13. Portillo-Salgado R, Herrera-Haro JG, Bautista-Ortega J,
Ortega-Cerrilla ME, Sánchez-Villarreal A et al. (2017)
Análisis descriptivo de las prácticas locales de cría y
manejo del guajolote nativo (Meleagris gallopavo L.) en
Campeche, México. Agroproductividad 11:88-94.
14. Zamora-Martínez G, Carmona-Hernández O, López del
Castillo-Lozano M, Arcos-Barreiro SI, Lozada-García JA
(2019) Caracterización fenotípica del guajolote (Meleagris
gallopavo) en localidades del municipio de Ixhuacán de
los reyes en el estado de Veracruz, México.AICA 13:6-9.

Citation: Domínguez-May A.V, Gamba-Galeazzi A.P, Burgos-Jiménez M.N, Ramírez-Benitez J.E, Briceño-Narváez L.C,
Carrillo-Landell F.G. (2021).The Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) In México. Adv Agri Horti and Ento: AAHE-142

4 | Advances in Agriculture, Horticulture and Entomology, Volume 2021, Issue 01

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