Atmospheric & Topographic Correction (ATCOR)

method used to reduce atmospheric and illumination

effects on satellite image data to retrieve physical
parameters of the earth's surface such as
atmospheric conditions emissivity, temperature,
thermal, atmospheric radiance, and transmittance
functions to simulate the simplified properties of a 3D
atmosphere.
utilized for producing large amounts of image data for
multispectral and panchromatic imagery. 

objective of this method is important for the

 

analysis to:

 Remove or reduce the influence of atmospheric

and solar illumination, and cloud cover.
 Be able to compare multi-temporal satellite
images with different times of acquisition. After
time atmospheric correction, changes observed
are due to different features on the earth's
surface rather than differences of the atmospheric
condition.
 Improve the results of change detection and
classification algorithms.
 Be able to compare multi-sensor images with
similar spectral bands.
 Compare ground reflectance data retrieved
from satellite imagery to the ground reflectance
from measurements in the field
ATCOR3 is atmospheric correction and haze removal software
used to correct changes in the spectral reflectance of materials
on the earth's surface. 

Spectral Angle Mapping

 calculates the spectral angle between spectral signatures of
image pixels and training spectral signatures. The spectral
angle θ is defined 

 x = spectral signature vector of an image pixel;

 y = spectral signature vector of a training area;
 n = number of image bands

pixel belongs to the class having the lowest angle

 𝐶𝑘 = land cover class k;

 𝑦𝑘 = spectral signature of class k;
 𝑦𝑗 = spectral signature of class j
Generating crop sequences in land-use models using
maximum entropy and Markov chains
minimum cross entropy is used to ensure a unique solution when
modelling a linear programming model at the field level, even when
objective and constraint coefficients are identical for different fields

Markov chain approach allows the creation of land-use sequences that

are closer to the linear programming model's