Name: _________________________ ( ) Class: ___________

YEAR FOUR INTEGRATED PROGRAMME

END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY
Paper 2 5 October 2022
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

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READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, register number, and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do NOT use highlighters, glue, correction fluid or correction tape.

Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.

Section B
Choose between “8 Either” and “8 Or” to answer.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.

The use of a scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The total number of marks for this paper is 80.

Marks
Section A:
Section B:
6
7
8
Total: /80

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This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

[Turn over]
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Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.

The total mark for this section is 50.

1 Fig. 1 shows the structure of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19.

Fig. 1

(a) Other than the presence of RNA, state one structural similarity and one
structural difference between SARS-CoV-2 and a typical plant cell.

Similarity: ……………………………………………………………………………...

Difference: ……………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) Upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, the body's immune system will act to protect
itself against the virus. Name a cell from the immune system that will act against
the virus and describe how this cell will help fight the infection.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

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(c) A student suggests that SARS-CoV-2 replicates by carrying out mitosis like a
human cell. Do you agree with her? Explain your reasoning with reference to
Fig. 1.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]

(d) SARS-CoV-2 contains RNA, which is also present in human cells. Describe the
role that mRNA plays in protein synthesis in humans.

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[Total: 10 marks]

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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows an electron micrograph of leaf cells from Elodea, a genus of
water plants, after they were immersed in a concentrated salt solution for a
period of time.

Cell A

Fig. 2.1

(i) Explain why Cell A appears as it does in Fig. 2.1.

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(ii) Calculate the magnification of cell A in Fig. 2.1 to 1 decimal place. Show
your working.

Magnification: x ……………. [2]

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(b) Fig. 2.2A and 2.2B shows electron micrographs of the transverse sections of
the stems of Elodea and a typical land plant, respectively.

Fig. 2.2A: Elodea stem

Fig. 2.2B: Stem of typical land plant

(i) State an adaptation found in the Elodea stem that is absent from the land
plant and suggest why it has this adaptation.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
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(ii) On Fig. 2.2B, draw a label line and label the tissue responsible for the
transport of water. Explain how this tissue is structurally adapted for this
function.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

[Total: 10 marks]

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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a portion of an infographic meant to educate people on the
symptoms of coronary artery disease.

Fig. 3.1

(i) Explain how coronary artery disease can lead to either one of the two
symptoms mentioned in the infographic.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

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Fig 3.2 shows a bypass surgery, a common way of treating coronary

artery disease.

In this surgery, a vein from another part of the patient's body is used to
redirect blood around an obstructed coronary artery.

vein from another

part of body
Fig. 3.2

(ii) Suggest a precaution that the surgeon needs to ensure while carrying out
this surgery and explain why this precaution is important.

……………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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(b) Coronary artery disease is frequently seen in people who smoke. Fig. 3.3 is of
a graph showing the correlation between cigarettes smoked and lung cancer
deaths in the United States.

Fig. 3.3

(i) With reference to Fig. 3.3, describe the trend seen in the graph.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(ii) State the component of tobacco smoke that might be responsible for lung
cancer and explain how it might cause lung cancer in a heavy smoker.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total: 10 marks]
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4 Fig. 4 shows the volume of water gained and lost per day by a typical person.

Fig. 4

(a) State the chemical equation for how water is produced in the body.

…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) State how water is lost by the skin and explain how this is beneficial to the body.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(c) Calculate the percentage of water gained per day that is produced in the body.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

……………….. % [2]

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(d) (i) Explain how the volume of water lost through urine would differ if the
person were to move to a place with a warmer climate. Name the hormone
involved in this process in your answer.

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(ii) Other than modifying his water intake through drink, suggest one way in
which this person should modify his lifestyle after moving to the place with
a warmer climate.

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…………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

[Total: 10 marks]

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5 Fig. 5 shows a diagram of a cranial reflex.

X
Fig. 5

(a) On Fig. 5, draw lines to label and name the three different types of neurones.
Include arrows to show the direction in which nervous impulses travel down
these three neurones. [3]

(b) Name structure X and describe the pathway which would lead to a change in
structure X if the bright light were to be turned off.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………. [4]

(c) Compare and contrast between the nervous response in question 5(b) and the
hormonal response shown when the body detects a blood glucose
concentration higher than norm.

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[Total: 10 marks]

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Section B

Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.

The total mark for this section is 30.

6 Catalase is an enzyme found in the liver of many organisms, which catalyses the
decomposition of toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

An experiment was conducted as shown below, in which discs of filter paper were soaked
in catalase extracted from chicken livers, then placed in test tubes containing hydrogen
peroxide at different pH levels.

The test tubes were then put into beakers containing water at 30 oC, before a stopwatch
was used to measure the time taken for the paper disc to float to the top of the test tube.

The activity of the enzyme was then calculated, using the following equation:

Enzyme activity (arbitrary units) = 1000 / Time taken in seconds

Table B6 shows the results of the investigation.

Table B6

time taken for paper disc enzyme activity /

pH of solution
to float / s arbitrary units
4 40 25
5 20 50
6 10 100
7 4
8 10 100
9 20 50
10 40 25

(a) Calculate the enzyme activity at pH 7 and fill in the blank in Table B6. [1]

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(b) Use the grid provided to plot a graph of the results of the experiment. [4]

(c) Use your graph to obtain the enzyme activity of catalase at pH 5.5. Show on the
graph how you obtained this answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

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(d) The experiment was repeated, but beakers containing water at 20 oC were used
instead. Draw on your graph the line you would expect to see at 20 oC. [1]

(e) Other than repeating the experiment, suggest another improvement that could be
made to this experiment. Explain how this would improve the results obtained.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total: 10 marks]

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7 Fig. B7.1 shows a food web of organisms that live in the Arctic.

Fig. B7.1

(a) Name a producer in Fig B7.1 and explain the role producers have in food webs.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(b) State a food chain with five trophic levels from this food web.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(c) Table B7.2 shows the numbers and biomasses of four of the organisms present
in this food web.
Table B7.2

number of typical biomass for total biomass in

name of organism
organisms present one organism / g foodchain / g

arctic birds 2 2500.0

arctic cod 30 500.0

herbivorous
160 000 0.5
zooplankton

phyto-plankton 500 000 0.1

(i) Fill in Table B7.2 by calculating the total biomass of each organism. Give
your calculations to the nearest whole number. [2]

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(ii) Use the grid provided to complete a scale drawing of the pyramid of
biomass of these four organisms. The first bar has been provided for you. [2]

phyto-plankton

(iii) Explain the shape of the pyramid of biomass drawn above.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(d) Fish such as the arctic cod may be susceptible to overfishing in the wild. Discuss
how this issue might be overcome.

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[Total: 10 marks]
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Either
8 (a) Describe what happens to the endometrium during the different phases of the
menstrual cycle, naming the hormones involved.

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(b) Discuss the importance of meiosis.

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[Total: 10 marks]

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Or
8 (a) A fish that was genetically-modified to be resistant to disease was accidentally
released into a river already containing a population of wild fish. Using the
theory of natural selection, describe and explain how this affects the population
of fish in the river.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………. [4]

(b) Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by
fertilisation.

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[Total: 10 marks]

End of Paper

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