OBJECTIVE To determine the heat of formation of magnesium oxide using Hess’s Law. INTRODUCTION The magnitude of the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction depends only on the difference in the enthalpy contents of the products and the reactants, not on how the reaction is complete jon is equal to the sum of the enthalpy ‘Hess's law states that the total enthalpy change in a rea changes for the individual reaction steps. This is the case when the enthalpy change between products and reactants in a chemical system is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state of the system, This is another way of expressing the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Hess's law is very useful in calculating enthalpy changes that cannot be measured by experiment. In this experiment, we will determine the heat of formation of magnesium oxide by applying Hess's law. The general equation for the formation of magnesium oxide is: Mg + %02 ———) MgO We also use calorimeters to measure the volume and heat generated during a given time interval. The heat generated can be used to determine whether or not the reaction is exothermic or endothermicAPPARATUS © -Calorimeter (polystyrene cup or plastic with a lid with a hole to insert the thermometer) © - Thermometer (110 C) © -Stirrer © -Burette © -Beaker - Retort stand - Electronic balance © -2.0 M Hydrochloric acid (HCD) © - Magnesium powder © - Magnesium oxide powder PROCEDURE 1 The burette was filled with 2.0 M hydrochloric acid. 30 ml of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid was measured and poured into the calorimeter. A thermometer was inserted. After a few minutes, the temperature was recorded. 0.6024 g of magnesium powder (limiting reactant) is weighed. The magnesium powder was added to the calorimeter with hydrochloric acid. The mixture was gently stirred, and the highest temperature reached was recorded. Step (1) to step (4) were repeated using 1.0148 g of magnesium oxide powder instead of ‘magnesium powder. All measured values are coded in Table 2.1DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 2 THERMOCHEMISTRY - HESS’S LAW Table 2.1: Mass and Temperature of Substances Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Mass, m (g) 0.6024 1.0148 g Initial temperature (C) (HCD) 245 C 245 C Final temperature (C) 2.0 C 46.0 C (HCI + Mg or MgO) ‘Temperature change ( T) 415 215 C Volume of. id is used = 30 mL Mass of acid, m = 30 g (assume density of acid is 1 g mL )The purpose of this experiment was to determine the enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide, MgO, using Hess's law. Hess's law is used when the enthalpy of a substance cannot be determined directly but can be determined by adding the enthalpies of reactions that produce net, reactions and yield a substance of unknown enthalpy as a product. For reaction 2, the enthalpy change was -241.526 kJ mol-1 and was released to the environment. In reaction 3, the enthalpy change we were able to obtain was -107.607 kJ mol-I. In this reaction, the reaction was reversed, so the sign of the enthalpy also changed. To obtain the enthalpy change of magnesium oxide, AHI, all enthalpies of reactions 1, 2 and 3 were added. The enthalpy changes for AHI are -419.919 kJ mol-1 This experiment was performed with a simple calorimeter. A simple calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpy change in reactions that occur in aqueous solution. There is a possibility that heat is lost to the environment during the reaction. Therefore, the correct value for MgO could not be determined. This is because the value we obtained from this experiment was lower than the actual value of MgO, which is -601.7 kJ mol-1. his problem may be due to improper mixing, placing the thermometer ball on slowly dissolving particles, inaccurate thermometer readings, and spillage all possible sources of error in this experiment, CONCLUSIOr During the experiment, HCL was added to produce an exothermic reaction resulting in an increase in heat. The temperature rise was measured with the calorimeter and the enthalpy change was calculated using Hess's law. We found that the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction occurs in one step or in several steps. This well-known fact is called Hess's law, which can be proved by the concept of additional heat of reaction.1. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, (2023, February 15), Enthalpy | Definition, Equation, & Units, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica,com/science/enthalpy Libretexts. (2023), Enthalpy Changes in Reactions, Chemistry LibreTexts, Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_ Chemistry)/Thermodynamic Fundamentals_of ‘Thermodynamies/Enthalpy Changes in Reactions 3. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, (1998, July 20), Hess's law | Equation, Definition, & Example, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www, britannica.com/science/Hesss-law-of-heat-summation 4. Ruscie, B., & Bross, D. H. (2019), Thermochemistry. Computer-aided Chemical Engineering, 3-114, https://doi,org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64087-1.00001-2