Title: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Introduction:

“Micro" applies to tiny, "scope" applies to view or look at. The microscope is a tool
used to expand
images of small objects/cells so that they can be examined and studied. The compound light
microscope is
an instrument containing two magnifying lenses and a set of knobs to resolve the
image(focus). Since it
incorporates more than one lens, it also called the compound microscope. We will learn about
the proper
use and handling of microscope in this laboratory (Arasumed, 2014). Since 1000 B.C,
the capacity to
magnify specimens has been around. Until the late 16th Century, the first simple compound
microscope that
used two lenses was not invented. It was this microscope's invention and modification that
changed the way
scientists examined living organisms. It allowed scientists to research a living
organism's structure and
discover multiple species that were not visible to the unaided eye. There are several kinds of
microscopes
available to scientists today that provide greater magnification and superior detail
(resolution). The
microscope also provides the contrast required to discern information between adjacent
objects, in addition
to magnifying and resolving an object. With a resolution power of 0.2 μm, microscopes used
in most biology
laboratories magnify up to 1000X. The microscope that used in laboratory was light
compound. The light
is transmitted until it enters the user through the specimen on the stage and through two
lenses. (Biology 3A
Laboratory, n.d.).

The microscope is an instrument that use to enlarged images of small objects like cells
or specimen
in order to observe it by viewing it close to see the parts at a convenient scale for examination
and analysis
(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1999). Moreover, it has its own specific part that
occurs to do
specific function in order to achieve the perfect view of the specimen given or
chosen clearly. The
microscope was provided with lenses, 4 objective lens that have a certain magnification
power, two knobs
that differs in size and function, a stage, a pair of clips to place the slides & light figures to
give a source of
light into the lens in able to view the specimen. The microscope also has its own rules when
using it & has
its series of proper steps that act as a guide or ways in order to use the microscope to its
fullest in order to
get the best result when viewing specimen that need to be observed for its parts &
characteristics (BIO122
Histology of Cell & Tissue, 2020). Microscope is important because through using
microscope, it opened
up an entirely new dimension in science. Scientists have been able to explore the nature of
microorganisms,
study the structure of cells and see the smallest parts of plants, animals and fungi also in the
hospital and
clinics are used to detect the disease (Heba Soffar,2015).

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things also known as the
smallest structural and
functional unit of an organism living (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). All cells
share a certain
general characteristic as the living component of a cell is called the protoplasm that consists
of the cytoplasm
and the nucleus (Gan Wan Yeat, 2015). Plus, we can even classify it into one of two groups
depending on
the fundamental structure of their cell, which is the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes (Laura
Klappenbach,
2020). Furthermore, the cells can be differed in diameters, shapes, sources & etc that makes
them unique in
certain ways. They even specialized with many parts that each one of them have different
function that
perform certain tasks within the cells which also known or called as organelles (PLHS
Biology Department,
2019). Moreover, the cell can even be divided into 2 categories which are unicellular
organisms that consist
of a single cell and multicellular organisms that consist of more than one cell (Gan Wan Yeat,
2015).

The question that is crossed our mind are what are the parts of compound light
and dissecting
microscope and its functions? What are the functions of microscope? Is there any difference
by observing
with different power of magnifications? We can answer the questions by using the
microscope in the proper
and correct order of steps.
TITLE : MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

INTRODUCTION :

“Micro" applies to tiny, "scope" applies to view or look at. The microscope is a tool used to
expand images of small objects/cells so that they can be examined and studied. The
compound light microscope is an instrument containing two magnifying lenses and a set of
knobs to resolve the image(focus). Since it incorporates more than one lens, it also called the
compound microscope. We will learn about the proper use and handling of microscope in
this laboratory (Arasumed, 2014). Since 1000 B.C, the capacity to magnify specimens
has been around. Until the late 16th Century, the first simple compound microscope that used
two lenses was not invented. It was this microscope's invention and modification that
changed the way scientists examined living organisms. It allowed scientists to research
a living organism's structure and discover multiple species that were not visible to the
unaided eye. There are several kinds of microscopes available to scientists today that
provide greater magnification and superior detail (resolution). The microscope also
provides the contrast required to discern information between adjacent objects, in addition to
magnifying and resolving an object. With a resolution power of 0.2 μm, microscopes used in
most biology laboratories magnify up to 1000X. The microscope that used in laboratory was
light compound. The light is transmitted until it enters the user through the specimen on the
stage and through two lenses. (Biology 3A Laboratory, n.d.).
The microscope is an instrument that use to enlarged images of small objects like cells or
specimen in order to observe it by viewing it close to see the parts at a convenient scale for
examination and analysis (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1999). Moreover, it has
its own specific part that occurs to do specific function in order to achieve the perfect
view of the specimen given or chosen clearly. The microscope was provided with lenses,
4 objective lens that have a certain magnification power, two knobs that differs in size and
function, a stage, a pair of clips to place the slides & light figures to give a source of light into
the lens in able to view the specimen. The microscope also has its own rules when using it &
has its series of proper steps that act as a guide or ways in order to use the microscope to its
fullest in order to get the best result when viewing specimen that need to be observed for its
parts & characteristics (BIO122 Histology of Cell & Tissue, 2020). Microscope is important
because through using microscope, it opened up an entirely new dimension in science.
Scientists have been able to explore the nature of microorganisms, study the structure of cells
and see the smallest parts of plants, animals and fungi also in the hospital and clinics are used
to detect the disease (Heba Soffar,2015). Cells are the basic building blocks of all
living things also known as the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
living (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). All cells share a certain general
characteristic as the living component of a cell is called the protoplasm that consists of the
cytoplasm and the nucleus (Gan Wan Yeat, 2015). Plus, we can even classify it into one of
two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cell, which is the prokaryotes and
the eukaryotes (Laura Klappenbach, 2020). Furthermore, the cells can be differed in
diameters, shapes, sources & etc that makes them unique in certain ways. They even
specialized with many parts that each one of them have different function that perform
certain tasks within the cells which also known or called as organelles (PLHS Biology
Department, 2019). Moreover, the cell can even be divided into 2 categories which are
unicellular organisms that consist of a single cell and multicellular organisms that consist of
more than one cell (Gan Wan Yeat, 2015). The question that is crossed our mind are
what are the parts of compound light and dissecting microscope and its functions? What
are the functions of microscope? Is there any difference by observing with different power of
magnifications? We can answer the questions by using the microscope in the proper and
correct order of steps.

HYPHOTHESIS :
Microscope are used in viewing and to magnify object that are relatively small or to magnify
the fine line details of a larger object in order to examine minute specimens which are too
small to be seen by naked eyes (Hayley Anderson, n.d)

OBJECTIVES :

1. To describe the parts and functions of the compound light and dissecting microscope.
2. To state the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with the
compound light microscope.
3. To calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the cell’s image.
4. To identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. To identify the
differences between animal and plant cells.

MATERIALS :

1. Compound light microscope.

2. Slides
3. Cover Slip
4. Marker Pen
5. A4 paper/ Letter ‘e’ from Newspaper/magazine

PROCEDURE :

IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS

1. The instructor has explained how to carry a microscope, microscope is taken from
cabinet and place securely on the table.

2. Parts of the microscope have been identified.

FOCUSING THE MICROSCOPE – LOWEST POWER AND HIGHER POWER

 1. Nosepiece has turned so that the lowest power objective in straight alignment over the
stage.

2. Has been focusing with the lowest power objective (4x or 10x).

3. Stage was lowered until it stops using the coarse-adjustment knob.

4. The letter 'e' slide was placed on the stage and stabilized with the clips. The 'e' on the
stage was centralised.

5. The lowest power objective is in place. Then the distance has decreased between the
stage view from the side and the tip of the objective lens until the lens comes to an
automatic stop or is no closer than 3mm above the slide.

6. Diaphragm was rotated (or diaphragm lever) while looking into the eyepiece to give
the maximum amount of light.

7. The distance slowly increased between the stage and the objective lens, using the
coarse adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus.

8. Object is seen, the amount of light adjusted. The diaphragm was rotated slightly to
increase and decrease the contrast.

9. The fine-adjustment knob used to sharpen the focus.

10. Both eyes opened when looking through the eyepiece.

11. The letter ‘e’ is centred in the field of the objective.

12. Turned the nosepiece until hear it click into place to move the next higher objective
(low power [10x] or high power [40x]). Do not change the focus; parfocal microscope
objective will not hit normal slides when changing the focus if the lowest objective is
initially in focus. Proceed to high power [40x] if on low power [10x].

13. The fine-adjustment knob were used when adjustment needed. The fine-adjustment
knob only used with high power. The observations of this slide (or any slide) finished,
the nosepiece rotated until the lowest power objective click into place, and then the
slide was removed.

RULES FOR MICROSCOPE USER :

 1. The lowest power objective (scanning or low) should be in position
at the beginning
and at the end of microscope use.
2. Use only lens paper for cleaning lenses.
3. Do not tilt the microscope when viewing a wet mount.
4. Keep the stage clean and dry to prevent rust and corrosion.
5. Do not remove part of the microscope.
6. Keep the microscope dust-free by covering it after use.
7. Report any malfunction

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION AND DIAMETER OF FIELD :

1. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying of the ocular lens (eyepiece) by the

magnification of the objective lens (Magnification of the eyepiece X magnification of
the objective lens)

2. The diameter of the field (the circle visible through the lens) is the length of the
field.This can be measured by placing the transparent/metric ruler on the stage while
viewing through the eyepieces with different objectives lenses or can be calculated by
using this formula: Field of View = Field Number (FN) ÷ Objective Magnification.
Field number generally labelled on the eyepiece