MIKROSKOP

BY : GROUP 1
 Member Group 1
1. Agung Firdaus
2. Debby Rinanda
3. Difatur Rahmi
4. Hulfatusya’diyah
5. Leska Mayetri Gusni
6. Mia Dinda Anisa
7. Nur Azuratul Ikhlas
8. Rena Fadilla
9. Wadda Lativa
10.Widia Anggun Saputri
11.Windi Rahayu Putri
 Definition of Microscope
A microscope (Greek: micros = small and scopein = see) is an instrument for viewing
objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The microscope is a tool that can be
found in almost all laboratories to be able to observe small (microscopic) organisms. The
science that studies small objects using this tool is called microscopy, and the word
microscopic means very small, not easily visible to the eye.
Part of microscope
 How the Microscope works
The objective lens functions to form the first image and determine the structure and
microscopic parts that will be seen in the final image and has the ability to enlarge the image
of the object so that it can have an aperture value, which is a measure of the power of an
objective lens that will determine the separation power of the specimen, so as to be able to
show the structure. adjacent particles as two separate objects.

The ocular lens, is a microscope lens located at the top end of the tube adjacent to the
observer's eye and serves to magnify the image produced by the objective lens ranging from
4 to 25 times.

Condenser lens, is a lens that serves to supportthe creation of lighting on the object to be
seen so thatWith the right setting, the maximum separation power will be obtained.If the
power of separation is less than the maximum, then two objects will appear to be one and
the magnification will be lessoptimal.
 Microscope Type
I. Monocular Mircroscope

In simple terms, a monocular microscope is defined as a type of microscope that is

only equipped with one eyepiece. This type of microscope belongs to the group of light
microscopes that are used to observe details inside a cell. "Compound light microscope" is
another name for light microscope. The light source that will be used in examining the
inside of the cell in this monocular microscope comes from a lamp. The eyepiece lens on a
monocular microscope is said to be very easy to use when compared to the eyepiece lens on
a binocular microscope.
 Microscope Type
II. Binocular Microscope

Just like monocular microscopes, this type is also classified into the group of light
microscopes used with the aim of examining the inside of a cell. However, if in a monocular
microscope there is only one eyepiece, then in a binocular microscope there are two lenses
consisting of an objective lens and an eyepiece. These two lenses when used in both eyes of
the researcher will create a three-dimensional effect on the object under study. The light
source used in this binocular microscope is a lamp. The magnification ability is not too big.
The range is different for each type of lens. For the objective lens it is about 1 to 2 times
while for the eyepiece the magnification is 10 times to 15 times. This binocular microscope
uses an objective lens with a large size because at the top there is another lens system that is
made separately so that it is in a parallel position. In this microscope also found separate
light paths on the right and also now.
 Microscope Structure
There are two main parts that generally make up a microscope:

• The optical part, which consists of a condenser, objective lens, and eyepiece.
• Non-optical parts, consisting of microscope legs and arms, diaphragm, object
table/preparation table, smooth and rough dial, slide (preparations) and light source.
 Enlargement
The purpose of the light and electron microscope is to produce an image of a larger object in
the microscope. This magnification depends on various factors, including the focal point of
the two lenses (f1 objective and f2 eyepiece, tubular length or distance (t) of the objective
lens to the eyepiece and the third is the normal eye's viewing distance (sn).
 Enlargement
The purpose of the light and electron microscope is to produce an image of a larger object in
the microscope. This magnification depends on various factors, including the focal point of
the two lenses (f1 objective and f2 eyepiece, tubular length or distance (t) of the objective
lens to the eyepiece and the third is the normal eye's viewing distance (sn).
 Shadow Nature
Both the objective lens and the eyepiece are convex lenses. Broadly speaking, the objective
lens produces a temporary image that has a false, inverted, and magnified nature to the
initial object position, then the one that determines the nature of the final image is the
eyepiece. In a light microscope, the final image has the same properties as the temporary
image, is false, inverted, and further magnified. In an electron microscope the final image
has the same properties as the image of a real object, parallel and magnified. If a person
using a light microscope puts the letter A under the microscope, what he sees is an inverted
and enlarged letter A.
 Types of Microscopes
● Light Microscope
● Stereo Microscope
● electron microscope
● Ultraviolet Microscope
● Pender Microscope
● Dark Field Microscope
● Phase contrast microscope
 Light Microscope
The light microscope has a maximum magnification of 1000 times. The microscope has heavy and sturdy legs
for stable standing. A light microscope has three dimensions, namely an objective lens, an eyepiece lens and a
condenser lens. The objective lens and eyepiece are located at both ends of the microscope tube. The eyepiece
lens on a microscope can form a single image (monocular) or double (binicular). At the lower end of the
microscope there is an objective lens mount that can be fitted with three or more lenses. Under the microscope
tube there is a microscope table which is a place for preparations. The third lens system is the condenser. The
condenser serves to illuminate other microscope objects and lenses. In conventional microscopes, the light
source still comes from sunlight reflected by a flat or curved mirror located under the microscope.

condenser. This mirror will direct light from outside into the condenser. Modern microscopes are equipped with
lights instead of sunlight. The objective lens works in the formation of the first image. This lens determines the
structure and microscopic parts that will determine the separation of the specimen, so that it is able to show
adjacent microscopic structures as two separate objects. This lens serves to magnify the image produced by the
objective lens. The magnification of the formed image ranges from 4-25 times. The condenser lens functions to
support the creation of lighting on the object to be focused on, so that it is adjusted correctly so that maximum
separation power will be obtained, two objects become one. Magnification will be less useful if the separation
power of the microscope is not good.
Light Microscope
 Stereo Microscope
Stereo microscope is a type of microscope that can only be used for relatively large objects. The
stereo microscope has a magnification of up to 30 times. Objects observed with this microscope
can be seen in 3 dimensions. The main components of a stereo microscope are almost the same
as a light microscope. The lens consists of an eyepiece and an objective lens. Some of the
differences with a light microscope are: (1) the sharpness of the stereo microscope lens is much
higher than that of a light microscope so that we can see the three-dimensional shape of the
object being observed, (2) the light source comes from above so that thicker objects can be
observed. The magnification of the eyepiece is usually 3 times, so the total object magnification
is at least 30 times. At the bottom of the microscope is a preparation table. In the area near the
objective lens there is a lamp connected to a transformer. The object focus setting is located
next to the microscope stem, while the magnification setting is located above the focus control.
Stereo Microscope
 Electron Microscope
A microscope capable of magnifying objects up to two million times, which uses electrostatics
and electromagnetism to control lighting and image display and has the ability tomagnification
of the object and a much better resolution than a light microscope. This electron
microscopeuses much more energy and shorter electromagnetic radiation than a
microscopelight.

Types of electron microscopes:

1) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

2) Transmission electron scanning microscope (STEM)

3) Electron scanning microscope

4) Electron environmental scanning microscope (ESEM)

5) Electron reflection microscope (REM)

Electron Microscope
 Ultraviolet Microscope
A variation of the ordinary light microscope is the ultraviolet microscope. Because ultraviolet
light has a shorter wavelength than visible light, the use of ultraviolet light for light can increase
the power of separation by up to 2 times that of an ordinary microscope. The separation power
limit then becomesum. Because ultraviolet light cannot be seen by the human eye, the image of
the object must be recorded on a light-sensitive disk (photographic plate). This microscope uses
a power lens, and it is too complicated and expensive for everyday work
Ultraviolet Microscope
 Pender Microscope
This pender microscope can be used to detect foreign bodies or antigens (such as bacteria,
rickettsiae, or viruses) in tissues. In this technique the characteristic antibody protein is first
separated from the serum where the sequence occurs or is combined with a fluorescent dye.
Because the reaction of the Antibodies to the Antigens is unique, then a fluorescent event occurs
when the antigen in question is present and seen by the antibody which is marked with a
fluorescent dye.
Pender Microscope
 Dark Field Microscope
Dark field microscopes are used to observe live bacteria, especially bacteria that are so thin that
they are close to the power limit of multiple microscopes. Dark-field microscopes differ from
ordinary compound light microscopes only in that they have a special condenser that can form a
hollow cone of visible light beam. The ray of light from this hollow cone is reflected at an angle
smaller than the top of the glass slide
Dark Field Microscope
 Phase Contrast Microscope
The ideal way to observe living things is that in their natural state they are not colored alive, but
normally microscopic living organisms (animal or bacterial tissue) are translucent so that they
cannot be observed in each of them, this difficulty can be overcome by using a phase-contrast
microscope. . The principle of this tool is very complicated.. If an ordinary microscope is used,
the nucleus of a living cell is not colored and cannot be seen, however, because it is a nucleus in
the cell, this nucleus changes the relationship of light slightly through the material around the
nucleus. This relationship can not be captured by human beings is called a phase. However, an
array of filters and diaphragms in a phase contrast microscope will convert these phase
differences into differences in light, i.e. areas of light and shadow that can be caught by the eye
and thus the nucleus (and other elements so far invisible to be seen).
Phase Contrast Microscope
 THANK'S!
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