INTRODUCTION AND USE OF MICROSCOPE

MUH. AKBAR

Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Makassar State University

Email: mhmd4kbar@gmail.com

Abstract

A microscope is a tool that works on the principle of light or is called an optical instrument. Microscopes
are usually used in laboratories and are designed to view small objects. There are two types of optical
microscopes, namely, biological microscopes and stereo microscopes. Biological microscopes use light
as a medium to transmit images to the eye of the observer which serves to observe microscopic and
transparent parts. An introduction to the working principle of a microscope must be known so that in
addition to being able to use it easily, getting good results or shadows of objects and to anticipate and
avoid errors in the use of a microscope. In general, microscope parts are divided into two groups, namely
optical parts and non-optical or mechanical parts. The optical part consists of the eyepiece, objective
lens, diaphragm, condenser and mirror. The non-optical parts consist of a microscope tube, revolver,
handle, fine guide screw, rough guide screw, preparationtable and microscope leg.
Keywords: microscope, microscopis, optic, mechanics

1. INTRODUCTION easily. With that, an explanation is

The human eye can only see objects
that are normal to large. But for objects
which is very small, the human eye is
not will be able to see it. There are many
objects in this world that microscopic Of
course, humans can't see it eye. With
that, a microscope is needed as a tool
which can help researchers in observing
the small object. The microscope is an
important tool in laboratory
installations, namely to perform an
observation of a very small object not
even visible to the naked eye. The
microscope serves to help humans in
observe the constituent structures very
small objects and cannot be seen with
the naked eye (microscopic).
The mirror and the glass in the lens
are components on a microscope that
desperately needs detailed
understanding and prudence in its use
because it is a component that damaged
needed in the form of a good guide to
the use of a microscope and correct to
avoid mistakes and error during use.
Judging from the description above, the
practical about how to operate the
microscope necessary carried out to
know clearly and practice directly how
procedures for using a microscope. The
benefits of this practicum are, students
can identify the parts of a microscope
and can understand their respective
functions, knowing how to observe
objects simple, and know how to use
and care microscope.
2. THEORETICAL BASIS
Microscopes are one of the most
important inventions in the world of
science since microscopes enable us to
see the small and abstracts structures
that cannot be seen with naked eyes.
Though microbes are used in many
fields, Biology is one of the fields where
microbes are the most commonly used.
Microscopes were first used in Biology
in the 17th century. The work authored
by Stelluti Francisco in 1625 on the
bodies of bees is the very first scientific
publication that is based on
microscopes. Several fields within
biology are based on microscopes,
including cellular and molecular
biology, microbiology, bacteriology and
many others. Microscopes come in a
variety of styles and are designed for use
in different situations.
A microscope is an instrument
designed to make fine details visible.
Themicroscope must accomplish three
tasks: produce a magnified image of
thespecimen (magnification), separate
the details in the image (resolution),
andrender the details visible to the eye,
camera, or other imaging device
(contrast).
Microscope is an optical instrument
consisting of two convex lenses which
are used for magnifying very small
objects. The two series of lenses are the
objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The
lens placed toward the object is
represented as an objective lens, and the
one closer to our eyes is eyepiece lens.
The focal length of the objective lens is
shorter than the eyepiece lens as it helps
in receiving more light rays from an
object and forms a bright image. Many
compound microscopes are binocular
and have two ocular lenses. A binocular
type will have a prism, either in the head
or in the body tube that helps to split the
image and direct it to the eyepiece.
There are two types of microscopes,
namely the light microscope which has a
magnification 1000 times max. The
microscope has legs that heavy and
sturdy so it can stand stably. A light
microscope has three lens dimensions,
namely: objective lens, eyepiece and
condenser lens. Stereo microscope
which is a type of a microscope that can
only be used for objects which is
relatively large. Stereo microscope has a
magnification of 7 to 30 times. Thing
that observed with this microscope can
be seen 3 dimensions. Main components
of a stereo microscope similar to a light
microscope. Lens consists of an
eyepiece and an objective lens.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
A. PLACE AND TIME
East biology laboratory 3rd floor,
faculty of mathematics and science.
Friday, 29 October 2021 at 08.20-11.00
C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
 MICROSCOPE
D. WORKING STEPS
i. Setting up the microscope
 Put the microscope on the
workbench.
 Clean the microscope with plannel.
 Take the glass preparations and
glass conclusion. Purify the glass
preparations and cover glass with
flannel.
ii. Regulates the entry of light into the
tubus
 Pointing the microscope mirror
towards light. Open the
diaphragm rotate the plate in the
position of the hole currently
 Adjusting the revolver position so
that the lens the shortest objective
faces preparation table until it
clicks.
 Lower the tubus to the tip
distance objective with a dosage
table of 5-10 mm or maximal
descending tubus.
 Looking through the eyepiece
with left eye without squinting. If
it's bright uneven, the mirror is
moved so that even light.
 The microscope is used to
observe the preparation.
 Adjusting the distance between
the lens and the preparation.
  Rotating the coarse or
macrometer towards the great
finger, the tubus descends, the
distance objective with a reduced
dosage table.
 Installing glass objects containing
preparations preserved on the
table of such preparations such
that the observed material is in the
center of the table hole, clamp the
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. RESULTS
Table of observations:
B. DISCUSSION
The microscope is used to see every
invisible object. Biological microscope used
glass object around so it doesn't
shake.
 Taking into account the objective
distance with glass objects no
more than 10mm.
 Gazing through the chili eyepiece
rotate the macrometer by raising
tube slowly.
 Take out the glass slide when
finished observing.
to observe which thin transparent object
irradiation is given from below with natural
light or lamp. From the practicum, The
results obtained that the biological
microscope consists of two major parts,
namely the optical part and the part
mechanics with their respective functions.
Part optics consists of:
 Ocular lens, to magnify the object
formed by the objective lens.
 Tube, to adjust the focus, can be
raised and lowered.
 Objective lens, to determine the
objective image and enlarge the
observed object.
 Condenser, is an additional lens that
serves to collect light that enters the
microscope.
 Diaphragm, in the form of holes that
are small in size to as wide as the
hole on the object table. The
diaphragm functions to regulate the
amount of light that will enter the
microscope.
 Mirror, to reflect and direct light
into the microscope.
 Microscope foot, to support the
microscope.
 Handle, serves as a place holding a
microscope.
 Ready handle, serves to clamp
object so it doesn't move.
 Fine guide screw, to focus the image
of an object slowly, so that the
microscope tube goes down or up
slowly.
 Coarse guide screw, to find the
focus of the object's image quickly so
that the microscope tube goes down
or up quickly.
Apart from microscope parts, from In
this practicum, information is obtained
about how to observing the dosage
preparations, namely by adjusting the
First, the light that enters through the
mirror microscope, put the preparation
on a glass slide and then give a drop of
water and then close it use a cover slip.
After that start look through the objective
lens and rotate coarse guide screw and
fine guide screw to get a clear image of
the preparation. In addition, information
was obtained on how to take care of the
microscope, namely by cleaning
microscope body using flannel and
notcan clean the lens using a cloth other
than flannel to prevent damage on the
lens (Suparti. 2010).
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. CONCLUSIONS
The microscope consists of:
mechanical and optical parts. Optical
parts related to sight and senses while
the mechanical part is related using a
mover on a microscope. In observing the
preparation simple, need adequate light
both natural and artificial light (lights)
as well as in the observations made
adjustment using both screws guide to
the microscope. The microscope has
components that are made of glass and
are easy to use damaged so that caution
is required and accuracy in using a
microscope.
Do not clean the microscope
occasionally use cloth other than cloth
planel especially on the microscope lens
for avoid breaking the lens.
B. SUGGESTION
For practitioners preferably in the
next practicum arrived on time
according to schedule determined and
the activity of each practitioner as well
as cooperation in group is further
improved.
6. REFERENCE
Hakan Kurt and friends. 2013.
Educational Research and Riviews.
Necmettin Erbakan University.
Konya/Turkey
Mortimer Abramowits. 2003. Microscope
Basic and Beyond.New York
Microscopical society Consultant,
Technical Information. USA.
Lavanya, A and friends. 2017. Faculty of
Dental Sciences, University of
Applied Sciences. India.
Suparti. 2010. Mikroskop. ALPRIN:
Semarang.
Ramadhani, Sulistyanti Puteri. 2020.
Pengelolaan Laboratorium. Yiesa
Media Karya: Depok.
ATTACHMENT
1. Write the name of the optical part of the microscope!
Answer:
 Objective lens
 Ocular lens
 Mirror

2. Write the name of the mechanical part of the microscope!

Answer:
 Condenser regulator
 Microscope feet
 Mechanical drive
 pole
 Macrometer
 Arm or handle
 Micrometer
 Prep table
 revolver
 Dosing table hole
 Tubus
 Diaphragm
 Condenser

3. If the image in the field of view is shifted to the front left, in which direction should the
object/glass preparation be shifted? Why is that?
Answer:
If the image in the field of view is to be shifted to the left-front, then the object/glass
preparation must be shifted to the right-back. This is done because what we see in the field of
view is the image produced by the objective lens and eyepiece which is the opposite of the
object. Therefore, if the image is to be shifted in the field of view, the preparation must be
shifted in the opposite direction.

4. Write down the negative effect on the microscope if the lens is rubbed with a cloth or plain/rough
paper!
Answer:
The negative effect on the microscope if the lens is rubbed with a cloth or refractive paper
will cause scratches on the lens and this will automatically interfere with the observation
process, so that the observations made will result in something less accurate and cause the
resulting image to be inconsistent with the actual and the lens. The microscope will be damaged
and cannot be used.