Experiment – 1

Student Name: Mahendra Rajput UID: 21MFS1100

Branch: Forensic Science Group: C
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: 22/09/2021
Subject Name: Fundamentals of Analytical techniques-I Subject Code: 21FSH-612

Aim: To study the process of microscopy, components and different types of microscopes
used in forensic analysis analysis

Apparatus: Microscopes

Theory: Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of
objects that can not be seen with the naked eyes.

Types:

• The Compound Light Microscope.

• The Stereo Microscope.
• Phase Contrast Microsocpe
• Comparison Microsocpe
• The Electron Microscope.
• Flourescece Microscope

• The Compound Light Microscope : A compound microscope is an instrument

that is used to view magnified images of small specimens on a glass slide. It can
achieve higher levels of magnification than stereo or other low power microscopes
and reduce chromatic aberration. It achieves this through the use of two or more
lenses in the objective and the eyepiece. The objective lens or objectives located on
the nosepiece have a short focal length and are close to the target specimen where it
collects light and focuses the image of the object into the microscope. The second
lens, in the eyepiece, has a longer focal length and further enlarges the image.
• The Stereo Microscope : A stereo microscope is an optical microscope that
provides a three-dimensional view of a specimen. It is also known by other names
such as dissecting microscope and stereo zoom microscope. Dissecting microscope
parts include separate objective lenses and eyepieces. As a result, you have two
separate optical paths for each eye. The slightly different angling views to the left and
right eyes produce a three-dimensional visual. Because it gives the three-dimensional
view it is also called as the dissecting microscope.
• Phase Contrast Microsocpe : Unstained living cells absorb practically no light.
Poor light absorption results in extremely small differences in the intensity
distribution in the image. This makes the cells barely, or not at all, visible in a
brightfield microscope. Phase-contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique
that converts phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen to
brightness changes in the image.

• Comparison Microsocpe : Comparison scopes are two compound light

microscopes that sit side by side and allow the user to view both specimens through a
center eyepiece that displays both images.Compound microscopes are microscopes
that use multiple lenses to magnify an image for study.The images from the
comparison instrument can also be transferred to a computer monitor, television
screen or sent via the Internet to a remote computer.The ability to view two samples
simultaneously allows them to be meticulously compared to see if they are identical
or different.
The Electron Microscope : An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of
accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up
to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a
higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects.
A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50 pm resolution
in annular dark-field imaging mode[1] and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000× whereas
most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful
magnifications below 2000×.
Electron microscopes use shaped magnetic fields to form electron optical lens systems that
are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.
• Flourescece Microscope : A fluorescence microscope is an optical
microscope that uses fluorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection,
and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic
substances.
Observations : Various microscops and their parts and functions were observed .

Result : Different microscopes used in forensic samples analysis were studied.