ARTICLE 1813.

A conveyance by a partner of his whole interest in the partnership does not

of itself dissolve the partnership, or, as against the other partners in the absence of
agreement, entitle the assignee, during the continuance of the partnership, to interfere in the
management or administration of the partnership business or affairs, or to require any
information or account of partnership transactions, or to inspect the partnership books; but
it merely entitles the assignee to receive in accordance with his contract the profits to which
the assigning partner would otherwise be entitled. However, in case of fraud in the
management of the partnership, the assignee may avail himself of the usual remedies.
In case of a dissolution of the partnership, the assignee is entitled to receive his
assignor’s interest and may require an account from the date only of the last account agreed
to by all the partners. (n)

CONVEYANCE
The voluntary transfer of a right or of property.

Effects of Conveyance by Partner of His Whole Interest in the Partnership

1. If a partner conveys his whole interest in the partnership, it may still subsist or it may be
dissolved.
2. The assignee:
a. Cannot interfere in the management of the partnership business;
b. Cannot require information or accounting of partnership transaction; and
c. Cannot inspect partnership books.

Rights of the Assignee

1. To receive the profits to which the assigning partner would otherwise be entitled;
2. In case of fraud in the management of the parentship, the assignee may avail himself of the
usual remedies provided by law;
3. In case of dissolution, to receive the assignor’s interest; and
4. In case of dissolution, the assignee may require an account from the date only of the last
account agreed to by all the partners.

ARTICLE 1814. Without prejudice to the preferred rights of partnership creditors under
article 1827, on due application to a competent court by any judgment creditor of a partner,
the court which entered the judgment, or any other court, may charge the interest of the
debtor partner with payment of the unsatisfied amount of such judgment debt with interest
thereon; and may then or later appoint a receiver of his share of the profits, and of any other
money due or to fall due to him in respect of the partnership, and make all other orders,
directions, accounts and inquiries which the debtor partner might have made, or which the
circumstances of the case may require.
The interest charged may be redeemed at any time before foreclosure, or in case of a
sale being directed by the court, may be purchased without thereby causing a dissolution:
(1) With separate property, by any one or more of the partners; or
(2) With partnership property, by any one or more of the partners with the consent of all
the partners whose interests are not so charged or sold.
Nothing in this Title shall be held to deprive a partner of his right, if any, under the
exemption laws, as regards his interest in the partnership. (n)

What is meant by a “charging order” upon a partner’s interest in the partnership?

A “charging order” upon a partner’s interest in the partnership refers to the remedy
available to a judgment creditor of a debtor-partner to charge the interest of the latter in the
partnership by means of a court order for the purpose of satisfying the amount of the judgment. A
receiver of the debtor-partners’ share of the profits may even by appointed. This charging order,
however, is always subject to the preferred rights or partnership creditors.

Appointment of a receiver
The court may then or later appoint a receiver of the partner-debtors; share of the profits,
and of any other money due or to fall due to him in respect of the partnership, and make all other
orders, directions, accounts, and inquiries which the debtor-partner might have made, or which the
circumstances of the case may require.

Redemption of interest charged

1. Before foreclosure
The interest charged may be redeemed at any time before foreclosure.
2. After foreclosure
It may still be purchased without thereby causing a dissolution:
a. With separate property of a partner; or
 b. With partnership property with the consent of all the partners whose interest are not so
charged or sold.

REDEMPTION
Redemption means the extinguishment of the charge or attachment on the partner’s interest
in the profits.

Right of a partner under exemption laws

A partner shall not be deprived of his right under the exemption laws, as regards his interest
in the partnership.
However, a partner, cannot avail himself of the exemption laws insofar as his right in
specific partnership property is concerned.

SECTION 3

ARTICLE 1815. Every partnership shall operate under a firm name, which may or may not
include the name of one or more of the partners.
Those who, not being members of the partnership, include their names in the firm
name, shall be subject to the liability of a partner. (n)

General Rule:
The partners may use any firm name desired, and this will be the name of that juridical
person.

Exception:
The partnership cannot use an identical or deceptively confusingly similar to that of any
existing partnership or corporation or to any other name already protected by law or is patently
deceptive or contrary to existing laws.
ARTICLE 1816. All partners, including industrial ones, shall be liable pro rata with all their
property and after all the partnership assets have been exhausted, for the contracts which
may be entered into in the name and for the account of the partnership, under its signature
and by a person authorized to act for the partnership. However, any partner may enter into
a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract. (n)

This provision states that,

First, the partners’ obligation with respect to the partnership liabilities is subsidiary in
nature. It provides that the partners shall only be liable with their property after all the partnership
assets have been exhausted.
To say that one’s liability is subsidiary means that it merely becomes secondary and only
arises if the one primarily liable fails to sufficiently satisfy the obligation.
Second, Article 1816 provides that the partners’ obligation to third persons with respect to
the partnership liability is pro rata or joint. Liability is joint when a debtor is liable only for the
payment of only a proportionate part of the debt.
In contrast, a solidary liability makes a debtor liable for the payment of the entire debt. In
the same vein, Article 1207 does not presume solidary liability unless:
1. The obligation expressly so states; or
2. The law or nature requires solidarity.
In other words, only in exceptional circumstances shall the partners’ liability be solidary in
nature. Articles 1822, 1823, and 1824 of the Civil Code provide for these exceptional conditions.

Liability for contractual obligations

The above article refers to liability and not to loss that is why even an industrial partner is
also liable as he is not liable only with respect to loss. Hence, all partners including industrial
partners’ liability is pro rata and subsidiary, unless otherwise stipulated.

PRO-RATA VS. SUBSIDIARY

Pro-rata liability means equally or join, while subsidiary means that the partners’ separate
property may be held liable only after the partnership creditors’ exhausted the assets of the
partnership.
Note:
Liability = as to third persons
Losses = as between the partners

Separate obligation of a partner

If a partner, in his own name, enters into a contract with a third person, then it is only that
partners who is liable and not the partnership.

ARTICLE 1817. Any stipulation against the liability laid down in the preceding article shall
be void, except as among the partners. (n)

Stipulation against liability

A stipulation against liability of all partners for the contract entered into in the name of the
partnership is void as to third persons. However, it is valid as among the partners.

ARTICLE 1818. Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business,
and the act of every partner, including the execution in the partnership name of any
instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of
which he is a member binds the partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no
authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is
dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority.
An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of business of the
partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless authorized by the other
partners.
Except when authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business,
one or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:
(1) Assign the partnership property in trust for creditors or on the assignee’s promise to
pay the debts of the partnership;
(2) Dispose of the good-will of the business;
(3) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business
of a partnership;
(4) Confess a judgment;
(5) Enter into a compromise concerning a partnership claim or liability;
 (6) Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration;
(7) Renounce a claim of the partnership. No act of a partner in contravention of a
restriction on authority shall bind the partnership to persons having knowledge of the
restriction. (n)

Partners as agent of the partnership

It is the nature of a contract of partnership that it is fiduciary, that is, trust and confidence
governed the partners. Hence, every partner is an agent of the other partners and the partnership.

I. Acts Apparently for Carrying on in the Usual Way the Business of the Partnership
It binds the partnership unless:
a. The partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership; and
b. The person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no
such authority.
II. Acts not Apparently for the Carrying on in the Usual Way Business of the
Partnership
It does not bind the partnership, unless authorized by the other partners.
III. Acts of Ownership
Ownership and authority must be unanimous.
IV. Acts in contravention of a restriction on authority
The act is not binding to the partnership as to persons having knowledge of the restriction.

ARTICLE 1819. Where title to real property is in the partnership name, any partner may
convey title to such property by a conveyance executed in the partnership name; but the
partnership may recover such property unless the partner’s act binds the partnership under
the provisions of the first paragraph of article 1818, or unless such property has been
conveyed by the grantee or a person claiming through such grantee to a holder for value
without knowledge that the partner, in making the conveyance, has exceeded his authority.
Where title to real property is in the name of the partnership, a conveyance executed
by a partner, in his own name, passes the equitable interest of the partnership, provided the
act is one within the authority of the partner under the provisions of the first paragraph of
article 1818.
 Where title to real property is in the name of one or more but not all the partners,
and the record does not disclose the right of the partnership, the partners in whose name the
title stands may convey title to such property, but the partnership may recover such property
if the partners’ act does not bind the partnership under the provisions of the first paragraph
of article 1818, unless the purchaser or his assignee, is a holder for value, without knowledge.
Where the title to real property is in the name of one or more or all the partners, or
in a third person in trust for the partnership, a conveyance executed by a partner in the
partnership name, or in his own name, passes the equitable interest of the partnership,
provided the act is one within the authority of the partner under the provisions of the first
paragraph of article 1818.
Where the title to real property is in the names of all the partners a conveyance
executed by all the partners passes all their rights in such property. (n)

TITLE
Legal evidence of a person’s ownership rights in property; an instrument (such as deed)
that constitutes such evidence.

EQUITABLE INTEREST
An interest held by virtue of an equitable title or claimed on equitable grounds, such as the
interest held by a trust beneficiary.
In the above-stated article, real property may be registered or owned in the name of:
1. The partnership;
2. One or more or all the partners;
3. One or more or all the partners; or in a third person in trust for the partnership;
and
4. All the partners.

REAL PROPERTY REGISTERED OR OWNED IN THE NAME OF THE PARTNERSHIP

(PAR.1)
The conveyance here was executed in the partnership name.
REAL PROPERTY REGISTERED OR OWNED IN THE NAME OF THE PARTNERSHIP
(PAR 2)
the conveyance here was executed in the partner's name.
TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY IS IN THE NAME OF ONE OR MORE BUT NOT ALL
THE PARTNERS (PAR.3)
the partners in whose name the title stands convey the title to such property.
TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY IS IN THE NAME OF ONE OR MORE OR ALL THE
PARTNERS, OR IN A THIRD PERSON IN TRUST FOR THE PARTNERSHIP (PAR. 4)
Conveyance was executed by a partner in the partnership name, or in his own name.
TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY IS IN THE NAME OF ALL THE PARTNERS (PAR. 5)
Conveyance executed by all the partners passes all their rights in such property.

ARTICLE 1820. An admission or representation made by any partner concerning

partnership affairs within the scope of his authority in accordance with this Title is evidence
against the partnership. (n)

ADMISSION
A statement in which someone admits that something is true or that he or she has done
something wrong.
An admission by any partner is evidence against the partnership if:
1. the admission must concern partnership affairs; and
2. the admission must be within the scope of his authority.