Plan and Design

Problem statement

After purchasing a bottle of lemon juice, it was noticed that the bottle has a percentage of citric acid
in the juice. Plan and design an experiment to test whether the percentage of citric acid present in
the lemon juice is accurate.

Hypothesis: the more acidic a substance is, further base it will require to neutralize it.

Aim: Plan and design an experiment to test whether the percentage of citric acid present in the
lemon juice is accurate as stated on the label.

Materials: ……………

Procedure:

Variables:

Manipulated, Responding and controlled.

Expected Observation:

Expected Results:

Formula and explanation of calculation should be here.

Limitation:

Assumption:

Precaution:

Ma x Va = Mb x Vb

Va= x

Mb=y (from calculations)

Vb= 25

Mb= 1 mol/dm3
 1. Squeeze the lemons and strain the lemon juice to remove any pulp.
2. Measure exactly 25 mL of lemon juice into the 250 mL conical flask
using the pipette.
3. Add about 75 mL of distilled water to the lemon juice.
4. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the lemon juice and
distilled water (the solution should remain clear).
5. Fill the burette to the top calibration mark with the sodium hydroxide
solution.
6. Add the sodium hydroxide solution to the lemon juice until the
phenolphthalein indicator turns red, indicating that the endpoint has
been reached, and record the amount of sodium hydroxide used.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 three times, refilling the burette and cleaning the
conical flask each time.

Redox lab

Reduction- The phrases oxidation and reduction refer to the addition or removal of oxygen from a
chemical. While this is not the most comprehensive definition, it is the easiest to remember, as
detailed below.

The process of gaining oxygen is known as oxidationn.

The loss of oxygen is referred to as reduction.

Oxidation-