International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Information Management Data

Insights
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jjimei

Deep learning based semantic personalized recommendation system

Sunny Sharma a,∗, Vijay Rana b, Vivek Kumar c
a
Kathua Campus, University of Jammu, India
b
Dept. of CSA, GNA University, Punjab, India
c
Department of CSA, Arni University, HP, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: The past decade has seen significant development in the number of personalized recommendation applications
Deep learning on the World Wide Web. It aims to assist users to retrieve relevant items from a large repository of contents by
Recommendation system providing items or services of likely interest based on examined evidence of the users’ preferences and desires.
Semantics
However, this vision is complex due to the huge amount of information aka media-rich information available
Personalization
on the web. Most of the systems formulated so far use the metadata linked with the digital contents, but such
systems fail to generate significant recommendations results. In these circumstances, a semantic personalized rec-
ommendation system (SPRS) plays an important role to take away the semantic gap between high-level semantic
contents and low-level media features. The proposed system recommends personalized sets of videos to users
depending on their previous activity on the site and exploits a domain ontology and user items content to the
domain concepts. To evaluate the performance of the framework, items’ prediction is executed by utilizing the
proposed framework, and performance is determined by comparing the predicted and actual ratings of the items
in terms of Predictive Accuracy Metrics, precision, and recall.

1. Introduction
Hosting a collection of billions of videos, YouTube defines one of the
best applications and mainly valuable video personalization recommen-
dation tools in the current time. The recommendation system facilitates
a personalized group of videos to users depending on their past browsing
behavior on the website. With the exponential growth of data on the in-
ternet (Michele & Panniello, 2019; Resnik, 1995; Sharma & Rana, 2020;
Patwardhan et al., 2005), the task of managing information is extremely
difficult. Therefore, it is very ambiguous for the user to get relevant con-
tent for his need (Malgonde et al., 2020). In this manuscript, we define
the several issues that the personalization system faces and proposing
a suitable deep learning-based system to tackle them (Yan et al., 2019;
Kushwaha et al., 2020).
To undertake the information retrieval challenges, we propose a
Deep Learning-Based Semantic Personalization Recommendation Sys-
tem (SPRS) that also works with large-scale heterogeneous data
to accomplish the needs of the potential expectation of users
(Kushwaha et al., 2020; Kushwaha and Kar, 2020). The SPRS technique
especially works on the significant presentation improvements brought
by machine learning and deep learning. SPRS is a novel technique as it
works on finding the accurate web browsing behavior from uncertain
keywords and describes the semantic measures with user commenda-
tion of keywords within the user query (Tsai and Brusilovsky, 2019;
Kumar et al., 2021). It is essential to provide users with personalized in-
formation (Kushwaha and Kar, 2020), giving the user only desired infor-
mation that it processes according to the interest of the user. The main
objective of the SPRS personalization recommendation approach is to
present users with what they want or necessitate without obliging them
to demand its needs (Carine and D, 2018, Zhang et al., 2021). However,
this approach required more intelligent techniques, instead, it covers
computerized methods where the user is not competent to entirely con-
vey their desires and what they are looking for but an intelligent system
can autonomously guide them to items of interest (Protopopova and Ku-
lik, 2020). It assumed that a personalization recommendation approach
must somehow presume what the user desired based on either previ-
ous or current communication with the user queries. In these circum-
stances, the SPRS system plays a critical role in giving required infor-
mation explicitly. SPRS is about influencing all accessible information
about users of the Web to express a personal occurrence (Scheider and
Kuhn, 2015). The important objectives of the proposed system are as
follow:
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of semantic analysis and
deep learning based on some recent related research works.

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sunny202658@gmail.com (S. Sharma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100028
Received 3 July 2021; Received in revised form 24 July 2021; Accepted 24 July 2021
2667-0968/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
S. Sharma, V. Rana and V. Kumar
To present an optimal deep learning-based solution for different ex-
tracted challenges of data analysis in information retrieval.
To evaluate and analyze the performance of the proposed system to
verify its efficiency.
The remainder of this paper is presented as follows: Section 2 “Litera-
ture Review” describes the existing systems proposed so far. In section 3,
the proposed model with a set of modules is presented. Section 4 and
5 present experimental results and discuss the contribution of the pro-
posed system to the literature respectively. In the last section, the
manuscript is concluded.
2. Literature review
This paper in 2010 (27) proposed a semantic recommendation sys-
tem to outperform existing approaches such as Collaborative Filtering,
Content-Based Filtering. The system applies a domain-based inference
method to improve user modeling and incorporate semantic similarity to
enhance recommendations. The experiment results show that there is an
improvement in inaccuracy. After a couple of years, the authors in this
paper (Vesin et al., 2012) described a novel approach named Protous,
for effective personalization that is based on Semantic Web technologies.
This new version of the system exploits ontology for knowledge repre-
sentation and inference engines for processing. The Ontology Web Lan-
guage is employed to process context knowledge. This ontology-based
method enables adaptations to be tailored to specific requirements. In
the same year, this paper (Covington et al., 2016) proposed a novel
Collaborative Filtering approach to generate recommendations using
implicit rating information instead of explicit information. Further, it
showed how implication information can be gathered from the transac-
tion dataset. The experiment results show that the proposed CF approach
outperforms the traditional CF approach.
Existing systems rely heavily on generating recommendations for nu-
merous users. This requires systems to scale efficiently. This paper is in
response to propose Content-Based Filtering (Elkahky et al., 2015) to ad-
dress the issue of scalability and to improve recommendations. The pro-
posed system maps users and items to a latent space where the similarity
between users and their chosen items is maximized using a Deep Learn-
ing technique. Shankar et al. in 2017 (Shankar et al., 2017) presented
a deep learning-based visual search and recommendation approach for
E-commerce. Conversion Rate is used to measure the performance of
the approach. It is presented in the paper that Visual Search is one of
the outperforming approaches with a good conversation rate of 26%.
The paper (Zhang et al., 2018) in 2018 projected a unified conversa-
tional search/ recommendation framework for product search and rec-
ommendation in E-commerce. For this, Multi-Memory Network (MMN)
architecture is projected which is trained using a collection of reviews
of users in e-commerce. The proposed system asks aspect-based ques-
tions to understand a user’s need. When the system feels confident, the
personalized results are provided to the user. Alian et al. (Alian et al.,
2018) proposed a diabetes self-care recommender system for American
Indians. It provides personalized recommendations aka pro tips for a
healthy lifestyle to diabetes patients.
To improve the performance of the Tag Aware Recommendation
system, a deep learning-based tag recommender system is proposed
(Liang et al., 2018). Initially, the proposed system reflect user-defined
tags using pre-defined word embeddings and construct user profiles
based on users’ tagging behaviors. Thereafter, the latent properties of
items and users are then extracted using deep neural networks (DNNs)
and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), respectively. Finally, it uses
these latent features to predict ratings. Table 1 shows the comparative
study of proposed recommender systems with their challenges and fu-
ture work. To improve the limitations of existing approaches, we pro-
pose a semantic-based recommendation system. The upcoming section
describes the working of the proposed system.
2
International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028
3. Proposed model: semantic personalization recommendation
system
The SPRS system comprises four phases: Data Preprocessing, User
History, and Content Behaviors, Ranking and Similarity. It is composed
of two main constituents: one for learning and adapting user past search
behavior and another for generating user desirable contents trends.
3.1. Data preprocessing approach
Recently, researchers (Liu and Dolan, 2010, Mishra et al., 2020,
Tang et al., 2020) have worked on classifying frameworks, which can
identify ambiguous contents in given queries. However, minimum works
have been done to identify the issue of “how can an ambiguous word
be identified automatically and it’s level”. The planning of a successful
recommendation system starts with preprocessing phase. SPRS system
achieves this vision with the Data Preprocessing Phase. (Yan et al., 2019)
defines the implementations of the data preprocessing phase. Data pre-
processing whose whole working is described in Table Algorithm 1 is
thus a knowledge-based method as it enhances the possibility of success
by searching for the appropriate results.
3.2. User history context (UHC)
The second phase of SPRS is to obtain the user’s activity history
from IDs of videos being watched and user-level demographics. The user
watch history makes it easy to discover videos the user recently watched
and enhances user personalization video recommendations (Qin et al.,
2020). This phase utilizes input from the user’s video action history and
revisits a little subset of videos from a huge video corpus. The main idea
behind this approach is to optimize for precision and every occurrence
should be mostly relative even if it needs forgoing several documents
that can be broadly accepted but irrelevant (Kushwaha et al., 2021).
The UHC module implements into the next two phases: The engagement
Process and user satisfaction module.
3.3. Engagement process
Engagement technique (Guo et al., 2020) is utilized to calculate user
behavior and identify a set of engagement parameters for online videos,
such as average watch percentage, average watch time, and qualified
engagement, which is implemented with video length attribute, total
overtime, and working with video quality characteristics. This section
defines engagement as measuring behavioral attributes or click-based
behavior as well as live content watching and reading behavior. More-
over, watching videos and finding comments are also parts of engage-
ment implementation. Users can choose to stay passive by mostly con-
suming content, or play an active general by contributing in various
communications and even repurpose context to well suit their needs.
Recent research (Covington et al., 2016, Thukral and Rana, 2018) has
shown that personalization recommendation is dependent on the qual-
ity of a digital item linked to the user’s decision to continue watching or
listening. Therefore, they needed to measure the average amount of time
that the user spends watching the video and also the quality contents of
the video. For a given video, we compute two aggregate metrics:
3.3.1. Average watch time
the total watch time av [1:t]divided by the total view count av [1:d]
up to the day t
∑𝒅
𝒂𝒘𝒕 [𝒊]
𝒘𝒕𝒅 = ∑𝒊𝒅=1 (1)
𝒂𝒗 [𝒊]
𝒊=1
S. Sharma, V. Rana and V. Kumar International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028

Table 1
Comparative study of Existing systems.

Authors/ Years Objective Methodology Application Area Challenges/ Future Work

L. S. I et al. (2010) To overcome common limitations
(L., 2010) of current systems: CF, CBF.
Vesin et al. (2012 To develop Ontology-based
(Vesin et al., 2012) semantic recommendation
System
Choi et al. (2012) To generate recommendations
(Choi et al., 2012) when explicit rating information
is not available
Elkhaky et al. (2015) To address both the
(Elkahky et al., 2015) recommendation quality and the
system scalability
Shankar et al. (2017) To develop Visual
(Shankar et al., 2017) Recommendation and Search
system for E-Commerce
Zhang et al. (2018) To generate a recommendation
(Zhang et al., 2018) based on the conversational
search model.
Alian et al. (2018) To recommend healthy life style
(Alian et al., 2018) to users to fight for their diabetes.
Liang et al. (2018) To improve the performance for
(Liang et al., 2018) rating prediction using Deep
Learning.
Semantic Web, Ontology-based
representation,
Semantically-enhanced reasoning
Ontology-based approach,
Semantic web rule language
(SWRL)
Sequential pattern analysis,
Implicit rating, Collaborative
Filtering, Hybrid approach
User Modeling; Recommendation
System; Multi-View Learning;
Deep Learning
Unified Deep Convolutional
Neural Network architecture,
Visual Similarity
Multi-Memory Network (MMN)
architecture
Mobile applications, ontological
profile
Deep Learning, Neural Network,
Tag Aware Recommendations
Movies Prediction errors can be further reduced
Recommendation by incorporating more information into
the movie descriptions.
Java tutoring system To add additional Courses
E-commerce The volume of the data set to be analyzed
is not huge.
Real-World Future work is aimed at incorporating
Recommendation more user features into the user view.
E-commerce Deployment Challenges
E-commerce To perform more flexible conversations
and to handle unexpected user responses
appropriately.
Health Evaluation is done on Limited users.
Movies Future study is expected to improve the
Recommendation model so that it can be used without
rating dataset.

3.3.2. Average watch percentage
the average watch time wtd normalized by video duration D
𝒘𝒕 𝒅
𝒖𝒅 = (2)
𝑫
wtd is a positive number bounded by the video length, whereas μd takes
values between 0 and 1 and represents the average percentage of video
watched.
3.4. Candidate recommendation module (CRM)
The module takes input from the user’s activity history as input with
the user history context (UHC) module. The main objective of this phase
is to take the input from previous user’s history activity and key ID
of videos being watched and produces outputs as a set of videos that
might mostly be appropriate to the user queries and de- sires. CRM is to
provide optimal and precise results on all instances that will be highly
relevant, moreover if it entails forgoing several results that may be ex-
tensively popular but irrelevant. It suggests results exploring user pref-
erences and facilitating them to handle the information overload issue.
CRM framework understands the requirements of the users and presents
implications of several cinematographic items. It takes the information
about the user as input query keywords (Rana and Singh, 2014). This
information can be in the form of the previous usage of items or the
ratings that were given to the items in the user context module (UCM).
CRM recommendation approach searches for items or movies that are
similar to the ones users have watched or have liked in the past. The
previous recommendation systems mainly worked on content filtering
measures (CFM) and associate filtering measures. The content filtering
measure refers to a cognitive filtering technique that engages in rec-
ommending items based on the elements of the items themselves. The
background knowledge of the items and user information are taken into
consideration based on the content, which the user has viewed on the
system. It recommends items based on similarity among the content of
the items and a user profile summary. The content of every item is sig-
nified as a set of attributes and words that arise in a document (Tsai and
Brusilovsky, 2019). The user profile is signified with similar attributes
and built up by evaluating the content of items that have been viewed or
watched by the user. Items that are generally similar to the completely
rated items are recommended to the user. CFM employs various algo-
rithms to find the similarity among items/documents to generate sig-
nificant recommendations. It does not require the profile of extra users
since they do not influence recommendations. And if sometimes the user
profile changes, the CFM approach still can adjust its new recommen-
dations within a very squat time.
3.5. Deep learning module
In recent years, eminent researchers (Michele et al., 2019,
Sharma and Rana, 2018) have focused on enhancing the effectiveness of
deep neural techniques for recommendation systems. It can be combined
into several recommendations approaches like collaborative filtering;
content filtering and knowledge-based filtering techniques to improve
their presentations with some other deep neural approaches like autoen-
coder (AE), multilayered perceptron (MLP), Convolutional neural net-
work (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) can be used to recom-
mendation technique (Kamilaris and Prenafeta-Boldú, 2018, Ravi et al.,
2020). Autoencoder (MU, 2018) is utilized to integrate additional in-
formation of users/items and can also be used to reconstruct the rating
matrix directly. It is based on an unsupervised learning method to mod-
ernize its input information in the output layer and the restricted layer
that is utilized as a basic module demonstration of the input information.
It represents the easiest phase of an implicit autoencoder to highlight the
working of a multi-layer perceptron with a holdup layer in the core area.
The fundamental concept of autoencoders has been worked around for
decades and copious modifications of autoencoders have been defined
to improve illustration learning such as contractive AE, sparse AE, and
denoising AE. Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) technique is a feed-forward
neural network with multiple hidden layers among several input lay-
ers and output layers. It can use arbitrary commencement measures and
does not essentially characterize exactly binary classifiers. MLPs can be
employed as conceptual layers of nonlinear implementations, learning
methods characteristic models. It is also known as the universal approxi-
mators function. Fig. 1 defines precisely; Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) is a feed-forward neural network that works with pooling opera-
tions on convolution layers. It can detain the universal and local factors
and considerably improve the performance and exactness. It executes
well in processing information with the grid technique. It recommends
items that collect users’ interests by evaluating user’s elements, items
elements, and users liked or rating data. When utilizing the CNN tech-
nique for recommendations, it often ignores the users’ time circumstance
measures or integrates time circumstance measures into the technique
as a general feature.

3
S. Sharma, V. Rana and V. Kumar
Fig. 1. CNN-based personalized recommender system.
We can analyze the TC-PR with Mean Square Error MSE (Eq. 3) and
Root Mean Square Error RMSE (Eq. 4) that are basic formulas in CNN
implementations as follows:
∑ ( ) (F. and JOSEPH, 2015) and divided into experimental data and test data.
𝑚, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑇 𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝑟̂𝑚𝑠
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = (3)
|𝑇 |
(4)
where m describes the user, s defines the item, rms describes user m’s
true rating on item s, and the T defines the entire amount of the items.
A slighter MAE amount or a minor RMSE amount means an improved
presentation of the recommendation technique. Recurrent Neural Net-
work (RNN): The Deep Neural Network is an exceptionally significant
technique that can learn extremely intricate vector-to-vector matching’s
and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a DNN based technique, which
is used to sequence information and as an outcome the RNN also pro-
vides more appropriate results (Shanahan and Trang, 2019). RNNs pre-
serve a vector of activations for all time evaluation steps that create the
RNN enormously deep network process. It is also used as an approach
for sequential patterns of rating information based on the session rec-
ommendation system. The upcoming section describes the practical im-
plementation of SPRS.
4. Experimental results
This section described the experiments and their results in testing
the proposed recommendation system. It also outcomes several associ-
ated methods, to start analysis between the proposed framework and
other existing ones, to accurately establish the prospect and advantages
of our proposed framework. Specifically, the experiment appraisal aims
to progress the quality of personalization recommendations in the ap-
plication areas of our work.
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International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028
4.1. Dataset
The proposed framework is executed with the Movie Lens dataset
The experiments are executed on two different editions of the dataset. In
the experimental and test data, all data consists of 15 random datasets
with those users who rated at least 30 movies, an additional at least 60
movies, and additional at least 120 movies, and an additional at least
250 movies. The data information of 850 users is used for the experi-
mental purpose, 150 users in the test data, and 120,000 ratings from 950
users on 1700 movies. The user’s demographic information is used for
the user’s identifications such as age, gender, and activity. The ratings
determine from 0 to 5 point scale. All users have defined their informa-
tion with an ID and other information is described.
4.2. Evaluation metrics
When implementing a personalization recommender framework, ei-
ther a novel algorithm or an innovative approach, it is functional to
be proficient to analyze how well the framework executes (MU, 2018).
The most commonly utilized analysis techniques in the proposed system
are Predictive Accuracy Metrics, precision, recall, f-measure, and mean
reciprocal rank (MRR), and all these techniques are employed for the
valuation of the proposed framework performance. To evaluate the per-
formance of a framework, items’ prediction is executed by utilizing the
proposed framework and performance is determined by comparing the
predicted and actual ratings of the items in terms of Predictive Accuracy
Metrics, precision, recall, f-measure, and MRR.
4.2.1. Predictive accuracy metrics
Predictive accuracy metrics determine how extent the proposed
framework predicted ratings are to the accurate user ratings that are
especially significant for analyzing tasks in which the predicting rat-
ing will be described to the user with explanation in context. The ex-
tensively applied predictive accuracy metric is the mean absolute error
(MAE). The MAE obtains the addition of the dissimilarity among the
user’s rating and the predicted rating and divides it by the number of
S. Sharma, V. Rana and V. Kumar International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028

Table 2
Rating Table.

Item Ranking Rating

User RS User RS
A 1 1 5 5
B 2 5 4 3
C 3 4 4 4
D 4 6 4 2
E 5 3 3 5
F 6 2 2 5
G 7 7 2 2

Table 3
A contingency table Matrix.

Relevant Irrelevant Total

Recommended TP FP TP+FP
Not Recommended FN TN FN+TN Fig. 2. The precision and recall curve of three Approaches.
Total TP+FN FP+TN N

Table 4
Recommendation set of SPRS.
items considered (as described in Eq. 5).
User No Recommended Videos Watched Videos Ignored Success Rate
1 ∑ | ( ) ( )|
𝑀𝐴𝐸 = |𝑟𝑖 𝑏𝑘 − 𝑝𝑖 𝑏𝑘 | (5) User A 32 21 11 65.62%
𝐵 | |
𝑏𝑘 ∈𝐵𝑖 User B 41 31 10 75.60%
User C 22 16 6 72.72%
The Bi denotes the items rated by user ai and Eq. 5 described the User D 43 34 9 79.06%
proposed framework predictions as described in Table 2 have a mean User E 26 17 9 65.38%
absolute error of (|0|+|1|+|3|+|0|+|2|+|0|+|2|)/7 = 1.143.
Several techniques of mean absolute error exist like mean squared
error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and normalized MAE comments of the users, data figures are shown in Table 4. The SPRS
(NMAE). automatically produces outcomes for all individual users and asks users
which video they can click if the video is displayed in the recommenda-
4.2.2. Classification accuracy metrics tion feature of the SPRS home page and based on these users’ comments;
To evaluate the accuracy of the framework the basic metrics are de- the outcomes are described (F. and JOSEPH, 2015). The input descrip-
termined from the number of items, which are either relevant or irrel- tion is an operational measure, if a video is enormously interrelated to
evant and either consisted in the recommendation group of a user or user aspiration, the score is 1; otherwise, it’s 0.
not. These sets can be precisely defined in an eventuality table matrix The SPRS framework performed experiments on approximately 165
(described in Table 3). Precision and recall are the most significant dom- users and as per obtained responses; they have clicked around 73 percent
inant measures for the evaluation of the proposed framework. Precision of the recommended videos.
is described as the number of related items selected to the number of
items preferred, and it measures the efficiency of relevant items pre-
5.1. Contribution to literature
ferred (Sharma et al., 2017). In precision, the TPA denotes true positive
accuracy that measured as the ratio of recommended items, which are
The results of SPRS are compared with existing frameworks
related to the entire number of recommended items:
(Sharma and Rana, 2018, Sharma and Rana, 2020, Nguyen et al., 2020)
𝑇𝑃
𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑃 𝐴 = (6) reasonably. The results of the SPRS framework in Fig. 2 and Table 5 de-
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃
scribe that the recall and precision of SPRS are superior to the existing
TP denotes the true positive and FP denotes the false positive. This is systems.
the prospect, in which a recommended item parallels the user’s desires. It is suggested that the deep learning based recommendation system
The performance of this framework measures can be described in Fig. 2 can help to overcome the limitations of existing recommendation sys-
that defines a probable ranking of 4 relevant items in a group of 10 items tems (Sharma et al., 2021). The proposed model has lower MAE score
with a recommender framework. in making predictions, showing the high accuracy of the model. This is
In recall true positive rate (TPR) defines the sensitivity in psychology mainly because the SPRS system mainly focused on semantic annotation
that measured as the ratio of recommended items, which are relevant and ontology matching. The results show that the deep learning based
to the entire number of relevant items: Semantic recommendation system outperforms traditional approaches
𝑇𝑃 (Rana, 2018, Sharma and Rana, 2017) can improve the score of predic-
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇 𝑃 𝑅 = (7)
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁 tions.
FN denotes the false negative. This is the possibility that an appro-
priate item is recommended and two techniques, precision, and recall, 5.2. Practical implication
are intimately relevant.
This paper is aimed at improve the accuracy of traditional rec-
5. Discussion ommendation systems. We present that ontologies will fundamentally
change the way of construction of recommender systems. In the future,
The main requirement of the proposed framework is to provide the intelligent systems will have libraries of knowledge based ontologies at
desired information. In the experiment results, we used data from the their ends.
user watch history of an enormous set of users for a time of three weeks. The above results show the feasibility of the proposed system. The
The recommended videos provided by the SPRS are evaluated using the study will help ecommerce and other recommender systems to increase

5
S. Sharma, V. Rana and V. Kumar International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 1 (2021) 100028

Table 5
The precision and recall of three methods.

Number of Videos Method-2 (Sharma and Rana, 2020) Method-1 (Nguyen et al., 2020) SPRS

Precision Recall Precision Recall Precision Recall

m=1 0.75 0.03 1 0.05 1 0.05
m=5 0.70 0.22 0.89 0.27 0.91 0.28
m = 10 0.61 0.34 0.86 0.48 0.93 0.53
m = 15 0.57 0.46 0.75 0.61 0.79 0.65
m = 20 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.65 0.70
m = 25 0.45 0.60 0.50 0.68 0.54 0.72
m = 30 0.41 0.66 0.43 0.70 0.46 0.74
m = 35 0.39 0.72 0.39 0.72 0.41 0.76
m = 40 0.36 0.76 0.36 0.76 0.37 0.79
m = 45 0.33 0.79 0.33 0.80 0.33 0.80
m = 50 0.31 0.80 0.31 0.80 0.31 0.80

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