prometna Sola maribor sdaja prometna Sola ‘Totkovik: Anglia, 1. lots tun, &. 1 2024/22 Program Logis tehnl/Tehnkvarovania Senor: at 100% 80%» osn0 (5) (46-50% = tadorro(2) 19%- 0% = nezadosro (0) Soni 17) x ior uy \ Sean aoc TEST Name: 1 4 8 Surname: 4923 |. Vocabulary 4. Complete the description, Us opti, complerion, gers, shoutderlength, slim, pretty. Oehimiy 31 Beckyisa pretty’ gir sheis_ SEA DSS Rhos chen. 4 Garkhair. She hasafair Sou! olor - on Gily/ 3, @smallnose and blue eves. She's wearing a pink T-shirt, jeans and __ +i ioe +. She is sporty and, com pvo4io and tends to expect good things to happen. Ss POINTS/, the sentences below and choose the correct adjective. haves properly and sensibly. He's. - ing Bresponsibiey arrogant Dsensitive ree person; she doesnt feel comfortable wth other people @sny Cpolte Dearefee / people with er comments. She realy areliee ‘Odishonest, Drude 4 He watng He 80 § mae ©impatent person, She uses comman sense to salve problems. sensible Gatecontaent 7, nd organised. He is extremely woennnnn D forgetful ea& prometna Sola maribor stednja prometna Sola — a. Read the text below and fill the gaps. Use the appropriate present tense ~ present simple or present continuous. "My nameis Peter. Ilive °live) in the suburbs of Boston with my family. Most People cio _poulisny. * (believe) we are rich because we live in a big house. But our familyseems to “be ike any other. one, Have alk: Maggy, my wife, _\ ico. 2 (like) cooking. She o_ “ash tay (enjoy) being in the kitchen with her friends, At the moment she {make) a cake and you can't talk to her. What really __y of op ? he 5 (worry) her is our daughter who prefers to chat in front of her computer instead of cooking with her. Like many teenagers, Jenny thinks itis asier to get advice from someone you are not going fo see later. It’s 5 pm. Paul, my son, playing ® (play) basketball in the garden and Lom waicoing 7 (watch) TV, 1am waiting for this delicious cake that Magey_-biahe, ated _A(bake) 1 told you, a family as yours. * 8 POINTS/ b. Read the text. Use the appro SV te present tense, ‘have worked (work) asa botanist since my graduation.|’dmiOacinings // (teach) students at the University but | also spend alot of my time travelling. de (have) some professional success ~ I at J_2.acvep¥/{just / discover) an unknown orchid in Indonesia, At present | aco Suing J * (study) a rare Asian plant which Chinese medicine sod fw ‘cure rheumatism. |_&_&o\Lociloa (collect) leaves and flowers to examine their properties. |_ Ss ont examine} more than ten plants sofar.|__ppliy pa * (believe) my jobis very intresting and useful a I, Reading Read the text below. Urban Tribes - Which tribe are you? 8 POINTS/ PUNKS: they are known as anti-globalization groups. The Punk was born in the late 70s in the UK. The punks are an anarchistic group: they are against capitalism, neoliberalism and cconstumerism. As with other tribes, they share some specific music and fashion styles. They wear used clothes, mostly black (combined with other explosive colors). It is usually broken, patched and adorned with logos of punk bands and anti-repression slogans. Normally they have shaved hair with a Mohawk or colored crest which denotes social status. Experts consider them genuine urban guerrillas because of their continued fights against the police. 62 prometna Sola maribor sredaja prometna Sola HEAVIES: beyond their devotion to heavy music, this tribe has its own way of dressing, its own jargon, and even its own symbols. But a real heavy bases its attitude in a strong camaraderie ‘sense to its social group and in a devotion to heavy metal music. They wear black t-shirts with ‘their favorite music bands emblazoned on them. A distinctive symbol is their long hair. The former images of heavy metal followers, anti-social and dangerous drug taking addicts are now buried in the past. RAPPERS: they love rap and hip-hop music. They have a peculiar style: they wear wide, baggy clothing, sports shoes, peaked caps and earrings. Many are linked to the graffiti world and they consider themselves artists and the city walls are their canvas. They usually have their own greetings and special handshakes, they are very funny. GEEKS: are distinguished by unusual tastes and interests as you spend all your free time on topics such as video games, RPGs, comics, manga, TV series, technology, etc FLOGGERS: They are made up by groups of people usually young, with a distinct common identity: the same aesthetic codes, the same identity symbols, the same rules, the same language, the same music... A whole ideology! They are a reflection of what they love or what they hate and of their own instincts. Read the text Urban Tribes - Which tribe are you? and answer the questions. Use short answers. 1. When was the Punk born? In the late 70s. 2. What is typical for the fashion style of the Punks? oy! typical Fashion _stVip_i Sel cleines mostly” lace. com?r otnnn x £ Si be. (ston 4 prs re 4. Why do some rappers believe they are artists? pcause the ing if Up neiinet “Clotne> “Tike 5, What do Geeks lke doing? prottliana, rae or s Yoo, io do ply Vidpe amo working TVaae 1900 &. what makes the Floggers’ common identity? aes iyo pith oli cog, oe aid yn pS cana Gontily — PymbLS Sama 6 Sam orm.) prometna Sola maribor ge srednja promel IV. Writing, This is a part of an email you received from your English-speaking friend A lot of people say that living in a big family is really exciting, others believe that itis much nicer to have a small, family. How would you describe your family? Tell me | aboutit. | Bye for now, ann 10POINTS/_ ae 4 ev name > Timlfam As yours ota diay. Ler. Fem . Sours (Manor, | Sinha q fo Tewt you because 1 realty misy yeelly Enyod morting pavo tot oo Fun, ro we Saw Morn in 4 ange aa Meee Soioin, , \Anomfty Family and yoo TAi> Gotld Situation,(LP ovometna gta marinor ste poe REVISION FOR THE TEST NAME AND SURNAME: TiN Aenes cuss: 1A DATE: 16, !. 2024 1. PRESENT TENSES ‘A. Choose the correct present tense. 1) Derek__huys flowers for his mom every Mothers day. a buys 2.to buy 3.will ought 4, buying 2) We usually “chs, to the beach with our fiends every week ‘here somalia aces oe @e0 3) The Sun in the east and in the west. L.rising, setting Grises, sets 3. ise, set 4. to ris, to set 4) Tom and Linda the subway tain to work every day. ae 2s @ue mines 5) He the carat the moment. @s washing 2. are washing 3. washed 4, has washed 6) Shh Be quiet the baby nou. met Bae IETEY Ce sconty S points/__ B, Read the sentences below and use the appropriate present tense — present simple or continuous. 1. Tam looking (look) around the clothes shops now. 2. He acing (go) windsurfing every two days. 3. People 0 sof (ay) Edinburgh is @ beautiful cy 4. ue a (pratise) radical sports this year. 5. YOU Goind (you / go) out now? 6. Adriver is a person who J y (drive) z Tom _ ‘Sate vai (Grink) some juice because he is thirsty.te sidngan, 8 Ys. Way (you / usually / play) with- With my classmates, 9. Hissister__dodsst Otton hol tit ten nani ce eee ee vq (watch) it, 11. ry_sieee _9i voy Ne (they /to st by thee? 10 points/_ Ine g Yoo, 2 z GOUT IMO) - 4, pod te, CC. Read the sentences below and use the appropriate present tense — slit perfect or present perfect continuous. 1. This room is @ mess! What have vou been doina (you/to do) all day? 2. Look at that man over there. He Aas vy (stand) there for hours. 3. Hez_C\vanroig (clean) the windows and he _ lsu! och (notyfinish) yet. 4, The magazine_i> _(oupii spi (publish) a report on English-speakers. It's excellent! 5. The teacher was late. When he arrived, the students said: 2ePgvn wai\iers (wait) for you for half an hour, teacher!”. They a2 Wow (live) there for ages but they moved last week. They _woin \wenyy (live) here for ages and they love this place. Peter? Ssavjqo\ __ (finish) his book at last. They Le 2 (queue) since midday and they are still waiting for their turn, 10. She_\> Nw ing (wait) for one hour but she has left because they had to gp to work. Hey” aiusyic (play) golf for ten years but then he stopped due to health problems. 10 points/_& prometna fla marae Put the verb in brackets into the PRESENT SIMPLE or PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense! Dear Editor! | am writing ° (WRITE) this letter because it _S "pm ! (SEEM) to me that far too many changes. Wee? Phy 2 (TAKE) place in my country these days, and, as a result, we |"10%\ 4(LOSE) our identity 1, Gbps Lge _«(LIVE) ina small town but even this town Le chang.nay 5 (CHANGE) before my eyes. For example, town authorities OU sou Login ® (BUILD) a burger place where my favourite restaurant used to be, Our culture wero nsoh SO OREBLONG) to everybody, and 1 2a!s _vosiass\inA\NOT UNDERSTAND) why the town leaders 2*=-S(NoT DO) to preserveit. They simply ato>ge» cA. dang (or caRe). : Infact, I at (THINK) of starting an action group. I 290AfO\ _ (APPEAR) on a TV show on Friday evening to make people aware of how imporignce this issue is I's time for us to start doing something before it SERoye 2 GGET) too late. E. Read the text below and fill the gaps. Use the appropriate present tense (present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous). Dear Charlotte, Hi, How are you? Are you enjoying * (you / enjoy) the summer break? I foo vay 2(have) and amazing time here in London. My host family oO. 3 (be) really friendly and the summer English course I ha doy £ (do) is alt of fun, 2 ods” F(aready / make) some good friends here. My bestfriend is Laura, She is from Italy. She yc. * look) 2 bit ke you actually, Shes tall, wth beautiful long dark hair and big brown eyes. Like me, she_\ 10 9s D.sp,7 (be) in London since July. (like) her because she’s funny and cheerful. She's also very generous. Ane (you / meet) anyone nice so far? Write back soon! Alice 8 points/_A TVCRNRERER—— CE.) ovometna gaia marivor 2. WRITING - describing people You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend. Read the letter below. Do you have a favourite relative? What does he or she look like? What sort of personality has he/she got? What makes | him/her special to you? | | Write back | Yours, | | Ellen. Write your letter in about 100 — 120 words. Write in your notebook. 3. READING COMPREHENSION a. Read the text Tribes of the Great Plains and answer the questions (1-5). Use short answers when possible. Tribes of the Great Plains “The Great Plains of the United States was home to many different tribes of Native Americans. The plains stretched from the central part of Texas in the south into Canada in the North. Covering over a half milion square miles, it featured level grassland with few trees. The Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains were mostly nomadic hunters, meaning they moved from place to pace to follow wildlife. They lived in portable homes, called teepees or tips, which could be taken apart and carried to a new location, “The Spanish explorers of the 16th century brought horses to North America, “The Plains tribes attained horses through trade, capture or other means, By the 18th century, the introduction of horses had radically changed the culture of theEA REAR ED srometa gota marinas tribes. Horses became a symbol of wealth. The tribes in the southern Great Plains often had large numbers of horses. This meant they must constantly move to find ‘new grazing areas for their horses. ‘The horse also changed hunting styles. The tribes hunted elk, deer, and buffalo. Buffalo were dificult to hunt on foot: With the arrival of horses, the Native Americans could more easily hunt buffalo. As a result, buffalo hunts were ‘more successful, and the people prospered. The westward movement of the United States changed the tribes forever. Large hunts by white Americans killed so many buffalo that the animal was almost ‘extinct by the end of the 19th century. The Plans tribes had a difficut time finding enough buffalo to feed their people. Hal Ratio Sere _ itil ye nud on trot ‘The late 1800s was a dificult time for the Native Americans. Their main food source, the buffalo was gone. Their land was now covered with farms and ranches. After many battles with the U.S. Army, many of the Plains tribes were forced to settle on reservations, which was land assigned to them by the U.S, government. Answer the questions below, 1. What does nomadic hunters mean? bation coetiCony Vio tend. ne Ging 2. Who introduced horses to North America? Tl4in>_— 8 enw bonkers, p Nyunirh —_orimtoser of Ahn Abin atury 3. what were the portable homes calea? MHD? BSL? mn Amon FENCES ATI LTES LOS O GEOL ciecrimeans cost | | | 5. What are reservations? Soden PBFA OY copy 2014 K:2eade com, AR Reserved Fe for eatons use at me en dasroons& prometna Sola maribor Setsepeens b. Read the text below. International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples Since 1994 the UN has celebrated the Internationa Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples ‘on 9 August with special events, conferences and meetings around the worl. Who are the indigenous peoples of the world? Indigenous people are the fist people to live in a particular place ~ the original population that first created a community on that land before other people came to live in, conquer oF colonise the area. People se-identify as indigenous. That means they decide for themselves whether they consider themselves to be indigenous. ‘There are more than 350 milion indigenous people living in 80 countries. They represent 5,000 cifferent cultures and speak the great majority ofthe thousands of languages that are spoken around the worid today. Indigenous communities often have distinct beliefs, culture ‘and customs. Many indigenous people stil ive in very close contact with the land, with 2 respect for and understanding of their natural surroundings. ‘What challenges do they face? Indigenous peoples are not the dominant groups in the societies they live in. The dominant ‘groups are the people that arrived later. This means that incigenous peoples have suffered from many problems related to a lack of economic power, social protection and politcal representation. [Although indigenous people make up less than five per cent of the world’s total population, they represent 15 per cent of the world’s poorest people. They are more likely to have limited access to healtheare and education, and members of indigenous communities ive shorter lives than non idigenous groups. Their languages are not normally taught in ‘schools, and many of these languages are in danger of disappearing. Its estimated that one indigenous language Is lost every two weeks. Many indigenous peoples do not have control over their land. Governments and companies take their land to cut down trees, to farm cows or for other activities that use these natural resources and damage the environment. This often forces indigenous people to leave their land, losing their ancestral homes and their source of wealth and food.& prometna gla maior Recently, in New Zealand, one ofthe local Maor tribes won a legal battle to protect the rver that runs through ther land. The new law protects the river as i t were a person, a Maor ancestor or a member of the tribe. Another historic legal batle was won by the Waorani People of Ecuador, when they successfully stopped 500,000 acres of Amazonian rainforest from being mined by ol companies. What has been done? Making sure indigenous peoples have legal rights over their land and resources is @ matter of human rights, It aiso brings environmental benefts to the planet. Deforestation rates in Bolivia, Brazl and Colombia were two to three times lower in forests officially belonging to indigenous communities. Progress made by indigenous communities is supported by the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, @ document that has been agreed on by 148 counties. Importanty, the declaration defends indigenous peoples right to make decisions about the use and protection of their ancestral land It also sets out many rights, including indigenous peoples’ rights to education and healthcare, participation in politcal and legal processes and the protection of indigenous languages. What more needs to be done? Despite the progress made, indigenous communities stil legally own only a very small percentage of their land globally. The UN document is an important step, but more countries need to commit to it, and the countries that have signed need to do what they have promised. All around the world, indigenous people are fighting for their rights, as well as protesting against deforestation and climate change. Part of the movement to support them is the celebration ofthe International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples on 9 August. Why not join in? Souce + ttn ca/enleentsindgencusay 10 Novenber 2019 1. Read the text International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples and decide if the statements are true or false. 1, Indigenous people are the first people who lived in a place. _T_ 2. Indigenous people ive in very few countries of the world. 3. Many indigenous peoples have problems related to not being the powerful group in society.& prometna Sola marinor 4. Some indigenous languages have been ost because no one knows how to speak them any more. 5. Many indigenous peoples have lost their homes because governments and companies take their land, _¢ 6. There is no legal protection for indigenous peoples in New Zealand or Ecuador, 7. Fewer trees are cut down in areas owned by Indigenous communities. 8. The UN document on the rights of indigenous peoples has completely changed the lives of indigenous people all over the world. T 2. Complete the sentences with the correct word. 1. Indigenous people have a right to live on the land that belonged to their 2. Climate change and the loss of indigenous peoples’ land are consequences of in the Amazon. 3, Itis important for indigenous communities to have legal and political 4. The UN estimates that we are losing more than 80,000 of rainforest every day. 5, Many indigenous people have a lot of knowledge about their natural 6. In 2007 the UN created a e of indigenous peoples’ rights 7. Protecting indigenous peoples’ rights also brings environmental for the planet. 8, Action needs to be taken to make sure that indigenous people have equal access to education and eX wPresent simple/Present continuous/Presen perfect/Present perfect continuous To: Katie From: Laura Subject: News! Hi Katie, Thanks for your email. Sorry | haven't written back sooner but 1) I'm having a tough time. My cousin, Jane, 2) has just moved into my flat. She's really annoying because 3) she’s always borrowing my things without asking. Today 4) I've been cleaning my room all morning and half my things are missing! Anyway, what are your plans for the weekend? | usually 5) go to the cinema on Saturdays with my flatmate Sue. This Saturday 6) we're seeing the new Bond movie. | love Bond movies - 7) I've seen all of them! Why don’t you come with us? I can get cheap tickets from a friend of mine who 8) works there. It 9) starts at 7 o'clock at The Roxy in the town centre. Well, I’ve got to go now. Sue 10) is calling me for dinner. Let me know if you're coming, LauraInformal lettersiemails are sent to People you know well (eg. friends, Felotves, ete) about your recent news, Persona problems, information you need, tc. They are written in an informal style with a chatty, personal tone ‘An informal letter/email should consist of ‘an informal greeting (Dear Ken/Aunt Joaniete ‘on introduction in which you write {your opening remarks (ie. asking about Your friend's health, ete) and mention your teason for writing. (i) How are you? I thought 14 wnite and let you know that .) +2 main body in which you write the ‘main subjec(s) of the leter/email in detail, starting @ new paragraph for ach topic, + conclusion in which you write your losing remarks. (That's oll my news for ‘now. Write back soon...) ‘an informal ending (Lots of love/Best wishes/etc + your frst name) Sumer Opening remarks ‘Thank you for your last emailetter * Sorry for not writing eater, but + How are you? + Itwas great to hear from you. +m sory for not geting in touch Closing remarks + Well, that's all for now. “hope to hear from you soon. + Wel, that's all my news. + Thats all for now. An informal letter/email Ths part of a eter from your English sp. tm dong o project on what mokeshalidys tell me ebout the most unforgettble hal fn? Wot the place tot made spec, o wn? Write soan and et me know, Flabeth ite your letter (120-160 word Dear Elizabeth, > Thanks for your eter. t's god o hear fom». Yourpien sounds realy interesting and Tm happy to Rep you ou with Be The most untorgettable holiday I've over nad vs he wee pont in Wale wih my best fend wenny last eumre wy Stayed with his aunt end uncle In a massive gues! house ey fun twas stone's throw from iw seu ard wo wont seman nearly everyday, We also went ishing wth his uncle on Mefea and caught two fish [> it was my first holiday without my mum and dad, so it was a completely new experience for me. Vaso hung out wih my es trend, which was. prty cool. We expored the eauntysee climoed the nearby mountain and had the time of our ives |ramember wishing hat ine week would never end > well, that's all for now. 1 hope I've helped you with your projet Let me know how it ges! Best wishes, Dave ax == (Para 1) opening semarts 8 Read the letter, reason for ning What is each (Paras 2&3) give news/nomsien Paragraph about? ete : (Para 4) your casing remaris Py Usethe words and est wishes, etc phrases in bold in (+ your fist name) the letter to complete the table. aver a Vecatulty expestans [Phrasal verbe| short fom a Find the informal sentences in the model that match th formal ones below. 1 1140 not have anything else to say at this time. 2 1am very gratetul to have received your letter. 3. Please inform me about the results of your projec: 4 1 was very pleased to hear your news,Module 1 oe jezent simple _______ Toul they talk He/She/ als ‘YoulWerThey do not don't talk He/She/t does not/doesn't al Do Tiyourwethey talk? Does he/she/it talk? Yes, Tyourwelthey do Yes, helshelit does. No, UyouTwelthey dont No. he/she/t doesnt. tno ecarive eeu Ru ia ‘eling Grd-person singular affirmative) ort verbs take -s in the third-person singular. 2 sleeps + Verbs ending in $5, sh, -ch, -x or -0 take -es. mis he misses, I wash ~ he washes, | teach he teaches, I relax he relaxes, | go he goes * Verbs ending in consonant + y drop the -y and lake es. ty — he tres 1 esos ending in vowel + y take -s.! say — he soys Ue | eth present simple fo | daly roitines/epeated actions (especialy with sé fequenty: often usualy, aways, et). Nord oem move around the and trout the 7 Se nies Nis esos ot 200 manent tates, He owns sports nctables/eheduls (ture meaning) he oc ines ot light devel tthe and awe of ature "geen ad in Mongol "ew Sports commentarles/narations, cares the wiry goal [i oiresooraer "3 Sipresions ased-with-The_preca Snple : ly ‘Month/hour/summer/marning/evening, etc, ten, sometimes, aways ele on Sunday | See a end ae eo eg pte of frequengy her, Amt feguency telus how ofen sth She gh ME aways (100%), usualy (7586, ever ogy) Sometimes (25%), rarely/seldam (159), Avera bu aaa lequency go before the main verb odd suc, Mulaty verbs be, have, do and ear ect 85 wil may, ete, Masai people often Athy and neckaces. She is always polite (0 a Grammar Refere Present continuous Form: verb to be (am/is/are) + main verb -ing Rea {'m not eating You aren't eating, He/She/It isn’t eating. WeiYou/They aren't eating. RE ‘Yes, | am./No, I'm not. ‘Yes, you are./No, you aren't. Yes, he/she/it is.) No, he/she/it isn't, [Are wejyoulthey | Yes, weiyou/they are./ fd No, we/you/they aren't De 'm eating, You're eating Hey/She/it’s eating, WeiYou/They're eating. ices ‘Am eating? ‘Are you eating? Is he/sheyit eating? Spelling of the present participle ‘© Most verbs take -ing after the base form of the ‘main verb. listen ~ listening, cook ~ cooking + Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and take -ing. make - making, come - coming ‘Verbs ending in vowel + consonant and which are stressed on the last syllable, double the consonant and take -ing. sit ~ sitting, begin - beginning BUT Whisper ~ whispering (stress on 1st syllable) ‘Verbs ending in -ie change the -e to -y and add -ing, lie lying Use We use the present continuous for: + actions happening now, at the moment of speaking, He is watching TV now. ‘+ actions happening around the time of speaking. She is working from home this week. + fixed arrangements in the near future, especially when we know the time and the place. Ben is driving us to school tomorrow. + temporary situations. lisa is working parttime before college starts again, + changing or developing situations. Tom is getting better and better at French. + frequently repeated actions with alwoys, constantly, continually to express annoyance or criticism. liom is always making noise late at night. Note: The following verbs do not usually have a continuous form: have (= possess), like, love, hate, want, know, remember, forget, understand, think, believe, cost, etc. This dress costs too much, Time expressions used with the present continuous now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, these days, today, tomorrow, next month, etc GR1Present simple vs Present continuous Ea ROT ‘temporary situations They're doing a project on Asian tribes. [actions happening now/ [around the time of The Hadza lve in Aca. habits/routines Jen walks the dog twice a day, speaking She's sleeping now. timetables future arrangements The last bus leaves ot | He's hanging outwith his 10:00. frends later, Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and do not usually have a continuous form. These are ‘+ verbs of the senses (appear, fel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste, et). feel cold. You sound upset. + verbs of perception (believe, forget, know, understand, etc). ‘believe she's very clever. + verbs which express feelings and emotions (desir enjoy, hate, lke, love, prefer, want, et). David wants to get @ promotion. ‘© other verbs: agree, be, belong, contain, cost, fit, hhave, include, keep, need, owe, own, etc ‘Hladza people don’t own personal belongings. Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, ‘but with a difference in meaning. ee He i thinking of geting a Pome He thinks you re wrong. (= believes) new jo. (= Is considering) They have on amazing — | Nickis having lunch with house. Tim. (=is eating) Ayo is having a party for her birthday. (= is hosting) Vane is seeing some Tends later (= is meeting) (= own, possess) We can see the sea rom ur hot! room. (is visible) 1 see what you mean, (= understand) This coke tastes g00d, (= isfhas the flavour of) Tada is tasting the soup to check tit needs more sot (= trying) The cat fs smelling is food. (= is sniffing) our periame smells Te roses (= has the aroma) GR2 ora appears to be angry about something yer the schools pon ispetorming She lng hia toseithem one | is touching) pam Ts very anny You ar being uaa | character - permanent |(= behaviour enpon state) state) " This dress fits you well the right size) They are Biting oF conditioners in the ce. ( are putting) eis Tooking ot my pa} fom Africa. (=is taking a look at) Note: The verb enjoy can be used in to express a specific preference the park. (general preference) 8 enjoying themselves at the wi preference) The verbs look (when we 1 appearance), feel (when we ex emotion), hurt and ache can & Sarah Tooks ke she’s about to cry. (= appears) continuous tne enjoys jag he chien ae ark sec 0 somebody ce a partals in single continuous tenses with no differen’ mening "ee i= Vm feeling i Present perfect a Form: have/has + past participle REN lrYourWerThey have/ "ve arrived. He/She has/'s WYourwWer' haven't arr HeyShestt ha arrived, Braye have ME Have V/you/we/they | Yes, Vyou/we thes No, liyouwe/ey hae Has he/shelt arsved?| Yes, he/she/it has No, he/shesit has We use the present pertec 0 * for actions which started inthe past and co Upto the present especie 2S be have ken te Ae has bean tends ith Ben tn met Ben ten years ago ana they esl to talk about a past action which hat 2 ‘result in the present. Gary has shaved fis °°" fats ungersyed at an) unstated time in wich ape eect a ee moet than te J sm tease os one er am Sr FP msn important) J ret We aming/atterncon/week, 50 far, 1, at 108 se periods of ot finished at er peg. He ar tines vetip me peed ~ over yet ay aso) mh ted a ted the carpets. (THE nplete, The vee no CE) | amonal_ experiences hich ave Pe pened. WS the first ti travelled to ee Gantable/Uncoun ural nouns Gountable/Unconn ‘ountable nouns are which we can count. have a singular and plural form. ee, two trees, three trees + We put a/an belore countable nouns inthe singular. a+ consonant sound a bag, a door ‘on + vowel sound on honour, an undercoat + We put some before countable nouns in the plural. She gave me some books for my birthday. + Uncountable nouns are followed by a verb in the singulat. We do not use a/an with uncountable nouns. We can use some. yoghurt four, ric, sal, butter, bread, ete] coffee, off tea, mil, lemonade, ee | PEBEIIE plastic ron, wood, gloss, crystal, gold, ee (geography, sclence, ete rugby, volleyball, ete French, italian, et information, knowledge, ove, education, freedom, advice, ete hair, money, equipment, luggage fun, news, furture, weather, rubbish, ete (eet lam ick ‘+ We can use uncountable nouns with the following phrases of quantity when we want to say how ‘much of something there is. a can ~ a can of beans; a bottle - @ bottle of juice; a glass - o glass of water, a carton - @ carton of milk a cup - 0 cup of coffe, a bowl - a bowl of sugar, a jar ~ ajar of jam; a packet ~ 0 packet of cri alice - a slice of bread; a loaf - 0 loaf of bread, kilo ~o hilo of rice; a bar ~ 0 bar of soap; a lump — {lump of butter a piece — 0 piece of coke “© Plural nouns are nouns which represent a group of people or things and are followed by a plural ver. These include: 1) objects which consist of two parts such as trousers, shorts, pyjamas, tights, glasses, scissors, ete. My pyjamas are very warm. We can use 2 singular verb and the phrase a pair of before ‘objects which consist of two pars. My new pair of glosses was quite expensive. 'b) nouns such as people, police, clothes, etc The people upstairs are quite nosy Thking words Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence. (tis/that), furthermore, ete ‘and, bath ~ and, 100, besides (this/that), moreover, shat is more, in addition (to), also, as well as ‘Nora speaks both German and french: [Renee erg neither nor, nor, neither, ether ‘ether Fat nar Don plays te i Coren at athough, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, even |The Hadza men do the hunting, while though, on the other hand, however, yet, stil ete the women gather berries. Giving Examples Ra Gach a5; Te, for example, fr instance, especialy, in] pele bright colours such as yellow ‘nd red Leela 50,25 a result (fete oz becaute, because of, sce, fortis reason, due to, |e quit anning due toa serious nee if, whether, only fn case of, in case, provided (that), providing (that), unless, as/so lng as, fotherwise, of (ese), on condition (that), ete You'l get a promotion only if you work hard that, in case, ra, 30 that, 30 a5 (nal) to, inorder (nat) to, in order Tie grows crops In order to Teed his fori Conn SMI‘ erefore, fortis reason, etc uch/s0 ~ that, 30, consequently, as «result Tie 50 mean tat rt 100 many people lke hi GRS