Geagre International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems: 112, boulevard Wa 1986 Session — 27th August-4th September 23-09 seman — 15008 Pais ° Pref, Subj. 2 IMPROVEMENT OF INSULATION COORDINATION FOR 420 kv GAS INSULATED M. LATORRE, M. JIMENEZ-PELEGRI* Empresa National de Electricidad S.A. (Spain) Sonmary Netal-clad SF,-insulated substations have to meet a high etandafd of reliability in operation, Thts mmeans that the risk of failure due to uvervoltages must be minintzed, For 4 420-KY SF,-insulated substation, connected to foverhoad Lines,® the influence of the parameters of the substation and the Lines are investigated under the aspect of the risk of Lightning. Parameters of influence ace the extension of the substation, number, type and Location of arrester fand the Lightning parameters of the lines, these fare nunber” and arrangement of earth wires and Impulse characteristic of tover grounding. In this paper design exiteria for Lightning protec- tion are derived, which are valld for many. sub: Stations, taking into account the probability of Lightning. all eriterta have consequently been realized in the 420 RY substation under investl- Keywords Inswlation coordination - lightaing - gas insula ted substacion Gas insulated substations (G1S) have nowadays found broad application in high and extra high voltage networks. Their advantages in eize, reliability and Security are well known and described in wany papers. The scope of this study ie to coordinate Ingulation depending on the nominal voltage level and the type of existing trananiesion network. When connecting 2 CIS to an overhead Tine network Lightning performance tnvestigations will be neces sary. AU the highest voltage levels additional. work has to be done to verity that switching overvolta= gee do not exceed ineulation levels. In this study for @ 420-KV GIS, connected to the Spanish tranamlesion network, Insulation coordina thon for lightning was performed by computer, Simic lation. SUBSTATION BY SIMULATION by G. BRAUNER, N. SOMMERFELD AEG Aktiongesollechatt (Federal Republic of Germany) The insulation of metalelad substations can be as aumed to be predominantly self restoring. The aoml~ nal switching and Lightning withstand voltages are tested by the so called "fifteen inpulse withstand Fiftetn impulses of doth polarities of rated vith= stand voltage and standard shape vaveforn are a Lied for the test IE the nunber of disruptive discharges sn the self- restoring insulation does not exceed to, while in the nonvself-restoring part of the insulation no lischarge occurs, che equipment ts considered to have passed the test successfully. For the standard insulation level of 420 HV, consi- dered here, according to the 1EC=recoamandation 1 NY attferenc insulating levels can be chosen #e~ cording to highest possible switching or lightning overvoltaze: The environnental influences upon the sneulation of GIS" 1s extremely lov in comparison with en oper te equipment. Therefore no decreasing of the di- Glectrie Insulation and ao ageing caused by ambient influences will happen. Beesure of thix fact the insulation levels for CIS chosen {rom IEC 71 given in {HG 517 are lover than for open air appar ratus. Thus the recommended lightning level for = 420 KV GIS 16 1300 kV. For epectal purposes higher values are possible 62g. 1550 WV, which willbe nore expensive 1S ean be single ph ¢ oF three phase encapsula- ted, For single phare insvlation only overvoltages between inner conductor and grounded shield are Possible. For three phase encapsulation in addl- tion the dielectric strength Between phase haw to be dimensioned sufficiently, Az switching over voltages are normally higher between phases. than Detween phase to earth, this hav to be considered in netvorke with high switching overvoltagess ‘The 420-KV GIS investigated here, 18 of single phase encapsulated type * . Principe ds Vergara 187, 20022 MAORI Spain23.09 a Yo minimize the risk of failure by overvoltages, 4 sufficiene margin between the rated withstand vol- tages and the maxim overvoltages i necessary Ihe ratio between both quantities gives the safety factor. {f the statintical distribution of both is known, this ratio 1a called the statistical sufety factor. If the avervoltages are obtained by oxpo- Hence 1t 1s called conventional safety Factor. here only the conventional safety factor for light ning 18 considered, which depends on the system hhoninal voltage and should be at Tease 1.25 for 20 ev The actual Iightntng safety factor can differ com siderably from the proposed value: = The withscund voltage of insulation depends on polarity and duration of overvoltage. For a Short duration below about one microsecond Gnd @ given overvoltage anplitude the safety factor will be higher than for standard shape test voltage. = tf arresters are in service, the safety factor te replaced by the protection factor, as the peek value of overvoltage is Limited’ to the protective level. The nominal procective Level fs determined by mesna of 4 defined waveform. In reality this’ Level depends on che front tine of # surge, eapectally If arresters with faps are weed. fieause of the Inductivity of Srrester connection end the residual earthing Inpedance, higher overvoltages are co be ex peeted espectally on steep wave fronts. = tue to reflections in extended G13, the highest overvoltage within the GIS can differ signifi~ Cantly from the peak value at the arrester Tocation, Thus the actual safety factor 1s not ye remote strokes Lightning striking an overheed Tine of # distance of about nore than’ I km 5 less severe than Stcokes in the vicinity of @ GIS because of the following reasons = skin-effect and corona, result in front times ~ refractions on the point of intersection of overhead line to GIS and superposition of Feflected wavex in GIS reault in further Ainintshed front tines: = the amplitude of incoming waves cannot exceed the insulation level of the incoming overhead Line. Normally extended GIS are protected by arresters te feeders. Av most economic rolution conventional Spon air afresters with gaps can be used. The most Cepenoive but most effective rolution 1s encapsu- Tated, ZOnarvesters located at eritical points Tt only an arrester at the point of intersection Of overhead Line to encaprulated bus duct is in Service, the peatective zone may be Limited [As a worst case condition, a metalclad feeder, dis Connected at the end fron’ the busbar, can be con Sidered (fig. 1). For remote stroke condition the permissible Length to be protected by one arrester 1s found under the Condition, thet the overvoltage at the end Le equal to the Lightning smpulee withstand voltage. ‘a UplUp, ——— a jew fw pw T= [ws 0] se zp | so [os [ur T[ eo [was [coo | us t[a_[ sso] woe ao [ies [ano [28 Permivetble Length 1 of metalclad feeders, connected to overhead Line for remote stroke arrester protection level Tightning.inpulse withstand voltage highest overvoltage on open end Ujyyly pretectton factor amplitude of incoming surge, Limited to withstand voltage of overhead Tine the protection factor p at the arrester locarton fe the ratio Setwoon the nominal Lightalng tnpulse Withstand voltage Dyyyand the protection level of the arrester J, of “ars. ‘The moximm permigeible feeder length 1s given Lf the conventional safety factor at the end reaches A further parameter 4x the highest possible ampli- tude U, of the incoming surge which cannot ex: eed th® Lightning impulse witherand voltage of the overhead line. 1f for exemple bocaure of pollution the insulation level of the everhead Tine i= dimensioned 20% higher than that of the substation (Ug/Uyyy = 1.2) then for a piven protection factor of p *'"1.25 the permisaible feeder length will be 25-2. Yor the 420-KV substation described in section 3 the protective factor te. p= 1550/910 ~ 1.7 hich gives on infinite protected Length.4, Close range’ stroke Here two mechantons have to be distinguished beck Machover Lighteings of Mish auplitude tn current end of short front tine, striking the top of @ tower, can result in high voltage amplitudes due to the impedance of tower and earthing. If the overveltage on the tower exceeds the impulse withstand voltage, a back flashover to the Phase wire will occur, resulting in surges of very short front times, epending on amplitude end front time of Light= fing, short protective rones will be possible To evaluste the risk of failure in e420 KY metal- clad substation, conputer simulations were perfor ned with the help of = eravelling wave program, The simulation included the effect af = overheadlines, esrthwires, earthin dinensions, insulation flashever depending On polarity and voltage rise arrosters and thelr sparkover-characteristic depending on front tine and polarity, fand thelr nonlinear u,t-characterseeie, = probsbsLity function of Lightning current amplitude and front cine probability function of direct strokes duc fo number and arrangenent of earth wires, 23.09 fig. 2: 420-KY GIS Almeria HW achenatic dtagean23.09 5. Surweture of A20-AY-GIS_ investigated After ENDESA had decided to set up a power station, 2x 550 IW in Almeria, on the south east coast of Spein, a 420 bY substation was built, for connec= tion with the Spanish high voltage network. Because of the pollutant environment, = fully me~ alcclad Si, substation vas selected. An overall overvoltage*protection had to be developed in order to minimize the risk of failure, ‘The Aineria, substation Ls arranged according to the scheme of Ti clreult breakers with three feeders to overhead 1ine and to feeders to generator trans- forners ({4g, 2). Two incoming overhead lines are in parallel of one tower the third 19 on separate towers but runt parallel to che others for 1 km. ‘The double Line systen was int tially equipped with only one earth wire, but in the last span with three, Ihe single Line had tho earth wires for full system length, not shown here. hecause of the length of St,-tubes of 43 m for overhead Line feeders and efpectally of 90 m for busbar to generator feeders (Fig. 2), emphasis had to he laid upon finding the necessary number and the best location for srresters, To reduce costs, Hvar desirable to use conventional arresters and it had to be snvestigated whether or not they would be suf fictent Data of Almeria ‘ingle phase encapsulated surge impedance z= "85 chm rated Lightning impulse utthetand voltage Uw 2 1330 KV arrester sparkover voltage (12/50 us) 1050 Kv arrester residual voltage (10 kA) ‘10k ws ee wee me Correlation between amplitude 1 and mnean front steepness ai/at of Tight fing strokes and necessary values for back flashover in a 420 kV tower. tower hight 40 m, upper phase conductor Som, span width’ 500m + positive first strokes n= 20 X negative firet strokes n= 9! subsequent strokes nla a 8 Results 6.1 Back flashover For a realtetie design of overvaltege protection, some statistical data on the correlation of front Steepness ond amplitude were used. The statistical data are baseé on mearurenents by Berger” on Monte San Salvatore between 1963 and 1977 /2/ and Italian nenturenents between 196 and 1978 /3/,/4/. ‘These experimental data show that negative first stroker have anplituder op to 100 kA evest but are Limited in steepness to about 50 kA/us (£ige 3). Subsequent negative strokes are Linited fn ampli tide £0.50 KA and in steeprers to 100 kA/ya- Aa & worst case condition, 100 kt crest end 50 ka/us can be ausuned. ‘The probability can be extinated to be far bolow |X of all strokes, For positive strokes a Hinilar eetination leads to a worst caze condi~ Thon of | 200 kA crest and 25 KA/us The voltage distribution on the tower (fig.d and £5. 5) shove, that a back flashover is possible, ‘indy the condition of 10 Ohm earthing resistance of over fie 4: Overvoltage on tover after vorst case positive stroke 200 ta, 25 kA/us for earthing resistance of 10 Ohm overvoltage on tover after vorst case negative stroke 100 KA 50 kA/ue for sarthing reesetance of 10 Obn The tisk of back flashover follows from che distri- bution function of lightning anplitede and front tine (€ig. 3). In this diagram current amplitude and steepness ae- ceanacy for back flashover are shown under the re~ Sumption af a tower height of WO my 4 phase con ductor ats height of 30m and x tower earthing reeistance of | 3 oF 10 Oe“55 23.09 ‘As follows from this diagram for a 5 Ohm earthtns, Tightning enptitedes above 200 ka are necessary. for back flashover. Considering the influence of the systen operating voltage the amplitude of current for back Flashover cannot be defined by a definite ine but by a range (Peak to peak) shown in ft by a shaded area, For low steepness. di/dt. this region has a vertical lapse, because here only the earthing resistance Ky of tovers are of influsnce, For higher steepness fower amplitudes are necessary because of inuctiviey of tower Ly and earthing Ly 3 Wee Mgt th eed Imax “rae tte ae * Me From this investigation £ follows, that it is ne cessary to keep earthing resistances below 5 Ohm aiving a risk of back flashover which is nogltai- ble. Tower earthing of 10 Ohn would eecult ts hack flashover Beginning from about half the current amplitude as befsre, 6.2 Direct stroke For vertical Lightning strokes there exists a cri tical distance between leader tip and conductor. tn relation to the distance between tip and earth, Which will cause a direct stroke to a conductor Golde /5/ suggested a correlation between this critical distance and the return current empli tude, This can bo uoed for @ simplified graphical evaluee tion to determine the area and the highest possible current anplitade fore direct stroke (fig. @)- Determination of the area and possible amplitudes of strikes hiding earthvire or pharewires pi, p2 fig. 6 Knowing the LsoKeraunic level in strokes per Square ke and year and che dieteibution function of Tightning amplitudes, the probability of shielding Fatluves can be estinated. Additionslly the risk of direct strokes into the earth vires and the risk of back flashover can be determined. by simulation st could be verSfied, that @ shicl- Ging angle of 38 degrees, ss originally present rerulted in poseible direct stroker up to. 32 kas For this worrt cage the overveltage in GIS is show in fig. 7- According to table 1 and fig. 24 the insulation evel 16 axcaadec on busnar, ‘point 25" 7” (— Overvoltage in GIS after direct stroke 32 kA, 50 kalus Overhead Line shielding by one earthing wire, shtelding angle 35" 1 aide max. oveevottage ink ka kus AD BBE TT 325013371377 1588 1438 25 1356 1434 TaTS 142 1513331345 12861352 101265 126411951279, 15 5010381097 12431254 2 10311221210 1298 13 1oas 114511991307 10 501059 1082 10451345 It Maximun overvol tages on feederbushingt My "Bt, busbar end BBE and transformer TI for direct stroke. Although the simulation program is able to take into account corona danping and skin-effect, helt influence was neglected, because only the moat critical Lightning strokes in the vicinity oF the To reduce the maximum anplitudes of overvoltages without Installing mecalelad arresters, the shiel~ ding of the incoming overhead Lines on’ the Last four spans was improved by installation of «ae cond earth wire as shows In. fig,E i Inprovenent of shielding by double oarth- ites on last 1.5 km of cverhead Line fig. 8 The shielding angle decreased to 13 degrees, resul~ ting ins asxtnum current amplitude of stroke below 15'ka (fig. 8). By this measure also the number of about 40% of the original value, 2400 wv soo: 3 5 e oe fig. 9: Overvoltage tn GIS after direct stroke 15 ka, 50 kAlus Overhead line shielding by two earthing wires, shielding engle 13" 7. Gonctusien For the tmprovenent of overvoltage protection of GIS three lightning mechanisms have to be consi- dered = remote stroke in phase conductor 2 rtroke Into tower and subsequent back flashover 2 Girect stroke to phase conductor by computer simulation insulation cue to Lightning wae coordinated. For renote stroke the GIS was dimensioned for infi~ nite protection length of conventional arresters. To minimise the risk of back flashover to an ex treme Low probability it would be shown, thar it is iuffictent to inprove the earthing systent of the Inet towers to a value not exceeding 5 ohn. This could be verified for the distribution funetion of Lightning amplitudes and front steepness. The risk of overvaleages due to direct strokes could be Binimized by shielding wires on the lest kilometer CE the overhead Lines AIL measures together allow overvoltage protection of GIS by conventional arresters. Reference ny tee 11-1 12) K. Borger: Methoden und Resultate der BLite- Forschung auf den Monte San Salvatore bef Lugano in den Jahren 1963-71 Bulletin’ SEV (1972) 13) &, Garbagnatt; E. Gutdies; G.8.L. Pipero Neesung von Blitcstrénen in italien = Ergebnisse oiner statéstischen Ausvertung cteea 99 (1978), 654-658 fo], Garbagnatt; 6.8.1. Piparo! Parameter von Blitzecrénen cetera 103 (1982), 61-65 15 Ret. Golde: Lightning, Academie Pres 1977 Insulation coordination (1976) xcept rom Ineraonal Confrence on Large High Voto Elec Systeme hte Senior