SULTANATE OF OMAN

LICENCE CONDITION (26)

TRANSMISSION SECURITY STANDARD

Second edition
As Approved by Authority for Electricity Regulation – July 2016
 CONTENTS
Page

1 Introduction to the OETC Transmission Security Standard 3

1.1 Roles and scope 3
1.2 Structure and reach of the TSS in the OETC licensed transmission system 4

2 System design and operational Values 7

2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 System parameters under various conditions 7

3 Design of the Main Interconnected Transmission System 9

3.1 Introduction 9
3.2 MITS design criteria 9
3.3 MITS – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand 10
3.4 MITS – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage 11
3.5 MITS – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage 12
3.6 Variations to the MITS design criteria 12

4 Design of generation connections and GSO connections 13

4.1 Introduction 13
4.2 Generation connection design criteria 13
4.3 Generation & GSO connections – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand 14
4.4 Generation & GSO connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage 15
4.5 Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed constraints 16
4.6 Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed during Planned Outages 17
4.7 Generation & GSO connections – Transmission Capacity & Loss of Power Infeed 18
4.8 GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed constraints 18
4.9 Variations to generation connection design criteria or Table 4.6 19

5 Design of demand connections 20

5.1 Introduction 20
5.2 Demand connection design criteria 20
5.3 Demand connection capacity requirements 20
5.4 Demand connections – Intact System conditions at Peak Demand values 21
5.5 Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage 22
5.6 Demand connections – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage 23
5.7 Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Unplanned Outage 24
5.8 Additional demand connection requirements 24

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5.9 Variations to demand connection design criteria 24
5.10 Demand Classes 25

6 OETC licensed transmission system operational criteria 27

6.1 Introduction 27
6.2 Operational security criteria 27
6.3 Operation – Prevailing System Conditions 28
6.4 Operation – Outcomes following a Fault Outage 29
6.5 Managing OETC licensed transmission system conditions and values 30
6.6 Conditional further operational security criteria 30
6.7 Restoration of OETC licensed transmission system following a Secured Event 31
6.8 Variations to operational security criteria 31

7 Definitions 33
List of figures
Figure 1.1 – Representation of the OETC licensed transmission system and other GSO systems....... 5
Figure 1.2 – Generation connections, GSO connections and Grid Supply Points ................................. 6
Figure 5.1 – Demand Classes – Demand Group schematics ............................................................... 26

List of tables
Table 2.1 – OETC licensed transmission system – system parameter values ....................................... 8
Table 3.1 – MITS – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand values ........................................... 10
Table 3.2 – MITS – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage.......................................................... 11
Table 3.3 – MITS – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage ..................................................... 12
Table 4.1 – Generation & GSO connections – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand ............ 14
Table 4.2 – Generation & GSO connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage ............... 15
Table 4.3 – Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed following a system outage ........ 16
Table 4.4 – Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed during Planned Outages .......... 17
Table 4.5 – Generation & GSO connections – Following a Loss of Power Infeed ............................... 18
Table 4.6 – GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed of following a system outage .......................... 19
Table 5.1 – Demand connections – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand ............................. 21
Table 5.2 – Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage ................................ 22
Table 5.3 – Demand connections – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage ............................ 23
Table 5.4 – Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Unplanned Outage ....................... 24
Table 5.5 – Demand connections – Demand Class specification......................................................... 25
Table 6.1 – Operational outcomes during Prevailing System Conditions ............................................. 28
Table 6.2 – Operational outcomes following a Fault Outage ................................................................ 29

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1 INTRODUCTION TO THE OETC TRANSMISSION SECURITY STANDARD

1.1 Roles and scope

1.1.1 This document sets out the Transmission Security Standard (the “Standard” or “TSS”)
that the Oman Electricity Transmission Company S.A.O.C (“OETC”) will implement for
the planning and operation of its licensed transmission system. The TSS has been
prepared in accordance with Condition 26 of OETC's Transmission and Dispatch
Licence.

1.1.2 The TSS contains technical terms and phrases specific to electricity transmission
systems and the electricity sector that may differ from their common usage. For this
reason ‘Definitions’ have been included in section 7. Throughout this document,
defined terms are shown in italics with capital initial letters. Other terms with an initial
capital letter and in normal font are defined in the Grid Code.

1.1.3 For ease of use, the component elements of the TSS are presented according to the
functional parts of the OETC licensed transmission system to which they primarily
apply, including, but not limited to:

a The Main Interconnected Transmission System (“MITS”) and the Dhofar Power
System
b The generation connections at which a Production Facility feeds into the MITS
and GSO connections both internal to Oman and internationally
c Demand connections, where demand is connected, including:
i Grid Supply Points, and
ii Demand Groups
d The operational security criteria

1.1.4 Taken together, each of elements described in sections 1.1.3a to 1.1.3c inclusive
make up the OETC licensed transmission system, as shown in Figure 1.1.

1.1.5 The criteria for radially connected generation, GSO connections and demand
connections are consistent with the criteria applied to the MITS. However, they are
conditioned by the criteria for the relevant generation connections, GSO connections
and/or demand connections.

1.1.6 The criteria presented in the TSS represent normal requirements for the planning and
operation of the OETC licensed transmission system. Any departure from the TSS
criteria shall be subject to detailed risk and economic studies. These shall include
consideration of the costs associated with the use and/or introduction of out-of-merit
generation as an alternative to network reinforcement. To the extent permitted and
required within the TSS, OETC shall seek derogations from the relevant provisions of
the TSS.

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1.1.7 Additional criteria, for example covering more detailed and other aspects of quality of
supply, are contained in the Grid Code and Distribution Code, which should be read in
conjunction with the TSS.

1.1.8 As described above and illustrated in Figure 1.2, there will be many parts of the
OETC licensed transmission system where more than one set of criteria apply. In
such parts, the requirements of all relevant criteria shall be met. Figure 1.1 provides
an overall view of the OETC licensed transmission system. Figure 1.2 shows the
more detailed reach and overlap of the TSS criteria. Thus Figure 1.2 governs in
terms of the application of TSS criteria.

1.1.9 While it is a requirement for Transmission Capacity to meet the TSS criteria, it does
not follow that Transmission Capacity should be reduced so that it only meets the
minimum requirement of those criteria.

1.2 Structure and reach of the TSS in the OETC licensed transmission system

1.2.1 Figure 1.1 below shows the relationship between the various elements of the OETC
licensed transmission system.

1.2.2 Figure 1.2 below shows the reach and overlap of the various design criteria specified
in the TSS.

1.2.3 Figure 1.2 governs over Figure 1.1.

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 Production Facility Production Facility

Transmission Security Standard

Generation Generation
connection connection
OETC licensed transmission system
other GSO systems

GSO interconnection GSO interconnection

MITS

GSO system
GCCIA system

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Demand Demand
connection connection
PDO system
GSO system

Demand Group Demand Group

Future
Production
Generation connection Dhofar Power System GSO interconnection
Facility

Demand connection

Demand Group

MITS design criteria

Generation connection design criteria
Demand connection design criteria
GSO interconnection design criteria
Figure 1.1 – Representation of the OETC licensed transmission system and

Oman Electricity Transmission Company S.A.O.C

Figure 1.2 – Generation connections, GSO connections and Grid Supply Points

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2 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL VALUES

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 The Grid Code specifies various parameters including frequency, voltage, harmonic
distortion and flicker. These parameters contribute to the quality of supply
experienced by Users.

2.2 System parameters under various conditions

2.2.1 For purposes of the TSS and in respect of frequency and voltage, four conditions are
identified for determining system parameter values, as follows:

a Normal conditions – being conditions that apply on a continuous basis; these

are the preferred conditions of the OETC licensed transmission system
b Disturbed conditions – being conditions in which the voltages are the same as
for normal conditions, but the frequency limits have been changed and include,
as a lower limit, the Normal Infeed Loss Risk frequency limit
c Stretched Conditions – being conditions that have two parts:
i Continuous Stretched Conditions that are not time dependant
ii Time limited Stretched Conditions that may only be experienced for no
more than sixty continuous seconds
d Unacceptable Conditions – being conditions that are never allowed in planning,
design or operation

2.2.2 Transient frequency deviations that occur outside the limits of continuous operation
Stretched Conditions and last less than sixty seconds shall only occur at reasonably
infrequent intervals. This governs all relevant TSS criteria.

2.2.3 Table 2.1 sets out the required values for the system parameters.

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 Table 2.1 – OETC licensed transmission system – system parameter values

Quality of Supply – System Parameter values

Unacceptable conditions

Stretched conditions

Disturbed conditions
Parameter
Normal conditions

Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
Target
˂ ≥ ˂ ≥ ˂ ≥ ≤ > ≤ > ≤ >

47.50 49.50 50.50 51.50

Frequency
47.50 49.50 49.95 49.95 50.00 50.05 50.05 50.50 51.50
Hz Less than Less than
60 seconds 60 seconds

380 380 390 400 410 420 420

Voltage
198 198 209 220 231 242 242
kV

119 119 125 132 139 145 145

Explanatory notes for Table 2.1:

a. The frequency values are derived from the Grid Code
b. The frequency value of 47.50 Hz is equal to the Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk
frequency limit, also referred to as the “IILR frequency limit”
c. The frequency value of 49.50 Hz is equal to the Normal Infeed Loss Risk
frequency limit, also referred to as the “NILR frequency limit”
d. Refer also to Unacceptable Frequency Conditions

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3 DESIGN OF THE MAIN INTERCONNECTED TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 As at the approval date, the MITS and Dhofar Power System are connected via a
local GSO system owned and operated by PDO.

3.1.2 For the purposes of this section the MITS design criteria shall apply equally to the
MITS and the Dhofar Power System.

3.2 MITS design criteria

3.2.1 Collectively, sections 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 set out the design criteria for the MITS (the
“MITS design criteria”).

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3.3 MITS – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand

3.3.1 The minimum Transmission Capacity of the MITS shall be planned and designed to
achieve the outcomes specified in Table 3.1 for the following Background Conditions:

i Peak Demand values;

ii The expected generation schedule;
iii Expected GSO connection transfers1 (if any), and
iv Prior to any Secured Event

Table 3.1 – MITS – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand values

MITS
Intact System design requirements for Peak Demand values

a) System Equipment shall not

exceed Pre-Fault Rating levels
b) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
System Equipment loading
c) Circuit-breakers shall not be
subjected to calculated fault
current in excess of their Technical
Limits

For the OETC licensed transmission

system there shall be:
a) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
System parameters
b) Voltage levels within normal
conditions
c) No Insufficient Performance
Margins

System stability There shall be no System Instability

1 GSO connection transfers show power import or export for the OETC licensed transmission system

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3.4 MITS – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage

3.4.1 Using Peak Demand values, the Background Conditions described in section 3.3 and
following a specified Fault Outage, the Transmission Capacity for the MITS shall be
planned and designed to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 – MITS – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage

MITS
Outcomes following a Restricted Period Fault Outage at Peak Demand values

Following any one of the following: These outcomes shall be achieved:

a) No loss of supply to Grid Supply

1) A Fault Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
2) A Fault Outage of a single section
of Busbar
3) A Fault Outage of a single GSO
connection circuit
4) A Fault Outage of either: (i) a single
Generation Unit; or (ii) a number of
Generation Units, connected to the
MITS through a single circuit-
breaker
Points except as provided for in
Table 5.5
b) No loss of supply from a
Production Facility or GSO
system greater than the Normal
Infeed Loss Risk
c) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
d) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
e) No Unacceptable Voltage
Conditions
f) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
g) No System Instability

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3.5 MITS – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage

3.5.1 During the Maintenance Period, while using the expected OETC licensed
transmission system demand and the expected generation schedule but excluding
any forecast GSO connection import or export, with a Planned Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit or a single section of Busbar, and following the specified Fault
Outages, the MITS shall be designed to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 – MITS – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage

MITS
Outcomes following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage

Following any one of the following: These outcomes shall be achieved:

a) No loss of supply to Grid Supply

1) A Fault Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
2) A Fault Outage of a single section
of Busbar
3) A Fault Outage of a single GSO
connection circuit
4) A Fault Outage of either: (i) a single
Generation Unit; or (ii) a number of
Generation Units connected to the
MITS through a single circuit-
breaker
Points except as provided for in
Table 5.5
b) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
c) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
d) No Unacceptable Voltage
Conditions
e) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
f) No System Instability

3.5.2 Where necessary to satisfy the above MITS design criteria during the Maintenance
Period, and unless operational measures can be applied to ensure adequate
Transmission Capacity, investment analysis shall be applied.

3.6 Variations to the MITS design criteria

3.6.1 No variation to the MITS design criteria is permitted.

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4 DESIGN OF GENERATION CONNECTIONS AND GSO CONNECTIONS

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 This section presents the criteria to be applied for the direct connection of one or
more Production Facilities or GSO systems to the OETC licensed transmission
system. The criteria in this section will also apply to the connections from a Grid
Supply Point or Demand Group to the OETC licensed transmission system by which
Generation Units embedded within a User’s network (e.g. a distribution network) are
connected to the OETC licensed transmission system.

4.1.2 In those parts of the OETC licensed transmission system where the criteria of any of
section 3 and section 5 also apply, then those criteria shall also be met.

4.2 Generation connection design criteria

4.2.1 Collectively, sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 set out the design criteria for
connecting a Production Facility or GSO systems and any other Generation Units to
the OETC licensed transmission system (the “generation connection design criteria”).

4.2.2 The generation connection design criteria apply to GSO connections.

4.2.3 The generation connection design criteria apply to all forms of generation, such as but
not limited to:

a Synchronous machines
b Asynchronous machines, such as, for example, solar or wind powered
generators

4.2.4 In designing generation connections or GSO connections to meet the TSS, the
following shall be considered:

a The Loss of Power Infeed resulting from a Fault Outage on the Generation
Circuits or GSO connection circuits themselves; and
b The effects of a Fault Outage on the OETC licensed transmission system

4.2.5 When any new Production Facility, consisting of one or more Generation Units, or a
GSO connection, is proposed to be added to the OETC licensed transmission system,
then any system studies, planning, development and design shall consider the full
simultaneous power of all of the proposed Generation Units or GSO connections
operating together.

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4.3 Generation & GSO connections – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand

4.3.1 Using Peak Demand values, the Background Conditions described in section 3.3 and
prior to any Secured Event, the minimum Transmission Capacity for generation
connections and GSO connections shall be planned and designed to achieve the
outcomes specified in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 – Generation & GSO connections – Intact System requirements at

Peak Demand

Generation connections and GSO connections

Intact System design requirements for Peak Demand values

a) System Equipment shall not

exceed Pre-Fault Rating levels
b) System Equipment shall be within
Transmission and System Equipment
the relevant Technical Limits
loading
c) Circuit-breakers shall not be
subjected to predicted fault current
in excess of their Technical Limits

On the OETC licensed transmission

system there shall be:
a) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
System parameters
b) Voltage levels within normal
conditions
c) No Insufficient Performance
Margins

System stability There shall be no System Instability

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4.4 Generation & GSO connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage

4.4.1 Using Peak Demand values, the Background Conditions described in section 3.3 and
following the specified Secured Events, the Transmission Capacity for generation
connections and GSO connections shall be planned and designed to achieve the
outcomes specified in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 – Generation & GSO connections – Following a Restricted Period

Fault Outage

Generation connections and GSO connections

Outcomes following a Restricted Period Fault Outage at Peak Demand values

Following any one of the following: These outcomes shall be achieved:

a) No loss of supply to a Grid Supply

1) A Fault Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
2) A Fault Outage of a single GSO
connection circuit
3) A Fault Outage of a single section
of Busbar
4) An Unplanned Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit followed by a
Fault Outage of a further single
Transmission Circuit
5) An Unplanned Outage of a
Generation Circuit followed by a
Fault Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
Point except as permitted in
Table 5.5
b) No loss of supply from Production
Facilities or GSO systems greater
than the Infrequent Infeed Loss
Risk
c) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
d) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
e) No Unacceptable Voltage
Conditions
f) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
g) No System Instability

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4.5 Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed constraints

4.5.1 Starting with an Intact System and including any forecast GSO connection import or
export, generation connections and GSO connections shall be planned, designed,
developed and constructed to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 – Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed following a
system outage

Generation connections and GSO connections

Intact System
Requirements for Loss of Power Infeed following a system outage

Following the specified system

There shall be:
outage

Planned Outage or fault on any single

Transmission Circuit
No Loss of Power Infeed from
Production Facilities
Planned Outage of any single section of
Busbar on the MITS

Any Loss of Power Infeed from

Fault Outage of any single Generation
Production Facilities shall not exceed
Circuit or single section of Busbar
the Normal Infeed Loss Risk

Fault Outage of any single Busbar Any Loss of Power Infeed from
coupler circuit-breaker or Busbar Production Facilities shall not exceed
section circuit-breaker on the MITS the Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk

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4.6 Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed during Planned Outages

4.6.1 Generation connections and GSO connections shall be planned, designed, developed
and constructed such that, during the specified Planned Outages, any Loss of Power
Infeed shall achieve the outcomes specified in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 – Generation & GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed during
Planned Outages

Generation connections and GSO connections

Loss of Power Infeed during Planned Outages

During the If there is a

Planned Outage Fault Outage Then:
of on the MITS of:

a further single
Transmission Circuit;
or
a single section of
Busbar
A single Transmission
Circuit
a single Busbar coupler
circuit-breaker;
or
a single Busbar section Any Loss of Power
circuit-breaker Infeed from Production
Facilities shall not
a single Transmission exceed the Infrequent
Circuit; Infeed Loss Risk
or
a further single section
of Busbar
A single section of
Busbar on the MITS
a single Busbar coupler
circuit-breaker;
or
a single Busbar section
circuit-breaker

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4.7 Generation & GSO connections – Transmission Capacity & Loss of Power
Infeed

4.7.1 The Transmission Capacity for Generation connections and GSO connections shall
be planned such that, for all OETC licensed transmission system conditions, the Loss
of Power Infeed of the same magnitude as the Normal Infeed Loss Risk or Infrequent
Infeed Loss Risk respectively is secured as specified in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 – Generation & GSO connections – Following a Loss of Power Infeed

Generation connections and GSO connections

Outcomes following a Loss of Power Infeed

Following: None of these outcomes shall occur:

a) Loss of supply to a Grid Supply

Point except as permitted in
Table 5.5
b) Loss of supply from any Production
Facility or GSO system greater than
the Normal Infeed Loss Risk
c) System Equipment exceeding the
Normal Infeed Loss Risk relevant Technical Limits
d) OETC licensed transmission system
frequency falls below the NILR
frequency limit
e) Unacceptable Voltage Conditions
f) Insufficient Performance Margins
g) System Instability

a) Cascade failure of the OETC

licensed transmission system
b) OETC licensed transmission system
frequency falls to below the IILR
frequency limit
Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk
c) OETC licensed transmission system
frequency remains below the NILR
frequency limit for longer than 60
continuous seconds
d) Unacceptable Voltage Conditions

4.8 GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed constraints

4.8.1 Starting with an Intact System, GSO connections shall be planned, designed,
developed and constructed to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 4.6.

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 Table 4.6 – GSO connections – Loss of Power Infeed of following a system
outage

GSO connections
Intact System
Requirements for Loss of Power Infeed following a system outage

Following the specified system

There shall be:
outage

On any single GSO connection circuit:

1) A Planned Outage, or
No Loss of Power Infeed
2) An Unplanned Outage, or
3) A Fault Outage

4.9 Variations to generation connection design criteria or Table 4.6

4.9.1 OETC may seek derogation for variation to the generation connection design criteria
and/or the requirements of Table 4.6, based on technical and economic analysis of
design options relative to the characteristics of the generation or GSO to be
connected.

Transmission Security Standard Oman Electricity Transmission Company S.A.O.C

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5 DESIGN OF DEMAND CONNECTIONS

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 This section presents the planning and design criteria for the connection of Demand
Groups to the OETC licensed transmission system.

5.1.2 In those parts of the OETC licensed transmission system where the criteria of
sections 3 and 4 also apply, then those criteria must also be met.

5.2 Demand connection design criteria

5.2.1 All the criteria listed in this section 5 comprise the demand connection design criteria.

5.3 Demand connection capacity requirements

5.3.1 The connection of a particular Demand Group shall meet the criteria set out in
sections 5.4 through to and including 5.7 under the following Background Conditions:

a When there are neither Planned Outages nor Unplanned Outages, the Group
Demand shall be set equal the value at the time of Peak Demand;
b When there is a Planned Outage local to the Demand Group, the Group
Demand shall be set equal to the relevant Maintenance Period Demand;
c Any Transfer Capacity (i.e. the ability to transfer demand from one Demand
Group to another) declared by Distribution Licensees shall be represented
taking account of any restrictions on the timescales in which the Transfer
Capacity applies. Any Transfer Capacity declared by the Distribution
Licensees to be available for use in planning timescales must be available for
use in such planning timescales; and
d Any generation available within a Demand Group shall be taken into account by
considering its forecast generation as provided by the relevant Generation Unit
owner

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5.4 Demand connections – Intact System conditions at Peak Demand values

5.4.1 For Peak Demand values and prior to any Secured Event, the minimum Transmission
Capacity of any demand connection, its relevant Transmission Circuits and Demand
Groups shall be planned and designed to achieve the outcomes specified in
Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 – Demand connections – Intact System requirements at Peak Demand

Demand connections
Demand Group
Intact System design requirements for Peak Demand values

a) System Equipment shall not

exceed Pre-Fault Rating levels
b) System Equipment shall be within
System Equipment loading the relevant Technical Limits
c) Circuit-breakers shall not be
subjected to predicted fault current
in excess of their Technical Limits

For the OETC licensed transmission

system there shall be:
a) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
System parameters
b) Voltage levels within normal
conditions
c) No Insufficient Performance
Margins

System stability There shall be no System Instability

Transmission Security Standard Oman Electricity Transmission Company S.A.O.C

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5.5 Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage

5.5.1 Using Peak Demand values, the Background Conditions described in section 5.3 and
following a specified Fault Outage, the Transmission Capacity for the connection of a
Grid Supply Point to a Demand Group shall be planned and designed to achieve the
outcomes specified in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 – Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Fault Outage

Demand connections
Demand Group
Outcomes following a Restricted Period Fault Outage at Peak Demand values

Following: These outcomes shall be met:

a) No loss of supply to Grid Supply

A Fault Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
Points such that the provisions
set out in Table 5.5 are not met
b) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
c) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
d) Voltage levels within normal
conditions
e) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
f) No System Instability

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5.6 Demand connections – Following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage

5.6.1 During the Maintenance Period, using Maintenance Period Demand values, with the
Background Conditions described in section 5.3, the Transmission Capacity for the
connection of a Grid Supply Point to a Demand Group shall be planned to achieve the
outcomes specified in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 – Demand connections – Following a Maintenance Period Fault

Outage

Demand connections
Demand Group
Outcomes following a Maintenance Period Fault Outage

During the Planned And following a These outcomes shall be

Outage of either: further: met:

a) No loss of supply to
Grid Supply Points
such that the
provisions set out in
Table 5.5 are not met
b) System Equipment
A single Transmission shall be within the
Circuit; Fault Outage of a relevant Technical
single Limits
or Transmission c) No Unacceptable
Circuit Frequency Conditions
A single Generation Unit d) OETC licensed
transmission system
voltage levels within
normal conditions
e) No Insufficient
Performance Margins
f) No System Instability

5.6.2 Where necessary to satisfy the above demand connection design criteria during the
Maintenance Period, and unless operational measures can be applied to ensure
adequate Transmission Capacity, investment analysis shall be applied.

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5.7 Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Unplanned Outage

5.7.1 Using Peak Demand values, the Background Conditions described in section 5.3 and
following a specified Unplanned Outage, the Transmission Capacity for the
connection of a Grid Supply Point to a Demand Group shall be planned and designed
to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 – Demand connections – Following a Restricted Period Unplanned

Outage

Demand connections
Demand Groups
Outcomes following an Unplanned Outage at Peak Demand values

After any one of the following: These outcomes shall be met:

a) No loss of supply to Grid Supply

1) An Unplanned Outage of a single
Transmission Circuit
2) An Unplanned Outage of a single
section of Busbar
Points for a Demand Group of
greater than 2 MW
b) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
c) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
d) OETC licensed transmission
system voltage levels within
normal conditions
e) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
f) No System Instability

5.8 Additional demand connection requirements

5.8.1 In addition to the requirements of sections 5.4 through to and including 5.7 and for the
Background Conditions described in section 5.3, the system shall be planned such
that operational switching does not cause Unacceptable Voltage Conditions.

5.9 Variations to demand connection design criteria

5.9.1 OETC may seek derogation for variation to the demand connection design criteria in
this section 5, based on technical and economic analysis of design options relative to
the characteristics of the demand or embedded Generation Units to be connected.

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5.10 Demand Classes

5.10.1 The Demand Classes are set out in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 – Demand connections – Demand Class specification

Demand connections
Demand Class definition and supply restoration times

OETC licensed transmission system configuration

Demand
Class A Planned Outage
Following a system outage followed by
Demand Class

boundaries
during the Restricted Period a single Fault Outage
during the Maintenance Period

Required Required
Low High level of Time to level of Time to
MW MW served restore served restore
demand served demand served
> ≤ demand demand
MW MW

Repair time
No
A 0 2 of faulted
requirement
circuit

No
B 2 6 3 hours
requirement

Maintenance
Return time
Period
C 6 20 Total Group 15 minutes of Planned
Demand for
Demand Outage
the Demand
Group
Momentary Return time
D 20 115 Interruption of Planned
allowed Outage

Momentary Momentary
E 115 300 Interruption Interruption
allowed allowed

No loss of supply for the Secured Events described in

F 300
the MITS design criteria in section 3

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5.10.2 Figure 5.1 shows the Demand Classes as appropriate and the related Demand
Groups.

Figure 5.1 – Demand Classes – Demand Group schematics

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6 OETC LICENSED TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATIONAL CRITERIA

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 This section sets out the operational requirements, conditions, outcomes and system
states that should be achieved either through automatic control, operator intervention,
or any combination of these, as required by the circumstances.

6.1.2 The overall objective is always to maintain the values of system parameters within the
normal conditions as set out in section 2 and especially Table 2.1.

6.2 Operational security criteria

6.2.1 For the OETC licensed transmission system, sections 6.3 and 6.4 set out the normal
operational security criteria for its operation and maintenance, while section 6.6
provides for further conditional security criteria, together, the “operational security
criteria”.

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6.3 Operation – Prevailing System Conditions

6.3.1 At all times prior to any Secured Event, the OETC licensed transmission system shall
be operated so as to achieve the outcomes specified in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 – Operational outcomes during Prevailing System Conditions

OETC licensed transmission system

Operational outcomes during Prevailing System Conditions

a) System Equipment shall not

exceed Pre-Fault Rating levels
b) System Equipment shall be within
System Equipment loading the relevant Technical Limits
c) Circuit-breakers shall not be
subjected to fault current in
excess of their Technical Limits

For the OETC licensed transmission

system, there shall be:
a) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
System parameters
b) Voltage levels within normal
conditions
c) No Insufficient Performance
Margins

System stability There shall be no System Instability

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6.4 Operation – Outcomes following a Fault Outage

6.4.1 At all times during Prevailing System Conditions and following a specified Fault
Outage, the OETC licensed transmission system shall be operated to achieve the
outcomes specified in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 – Operational outcomes following a Fault Outage

OETC licensed transmission system

Required operational outcomes following a Fault Outage

Following any one of the following: These outcomes shall be achieved:

1) A Fault Outage of a single a) No loss of supply to Grid Supply

Transmission Circuit
2) A Fault Outage of a single section
of Busbar, where there are no
derogations to the design of the
relevant substation
3) A Fault Outage of a single GSO
connection circuit
4) A Fault Outage of either: (i) a
single Generation Unit; or (ii) a
number of Generation Units
connected to the MITS through a
single circuit-breaker
Points except as provided for in
Table 5.5
b) System Equipment shall be within
the relevant Technical Limits
c) No Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
d) No Unacceptable Voltage
Conditions
e) No Insufficient Performance
Margins
f) No System Instability

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6.5 Managing OETC licensed transmission system conditions and values

6.5.1 If the any one of the outcomes set out in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 cannot be achieved,
then the following actions should be taken, preferably in sequence, until the OETC
licensed transmission system has been secured such that the outcomes of Table 6.1
and Table 6.2 are met:

a Change the system voltage profile by:

i Adjusting tap changers
ii Adjusting reactive power compensation equipment
iii Adjusting excitation of any, or all, Generation Units
b Through operational switching, adjusting the OETC licensed transmission
system configuration and topology
c Returning System Equipment from any Planned Outage
d Constraining Production Facilities through temporary disconnection
e Constraining generation
f Constraining load and demand
i Operator initiated load shedding
ii Automatic load shedding

6.5.2 Prior to constraining load and demand as contemplated in section 6.5.1f above, and
to the extent possible, OETC senior management shall be informed of the intended
operator action.

6.6 Conditional further operational security criteria

6.6.1 During Major Risk Periods, OETC shall implement measures to mitigate the
consequences of this risk. Such measures may include, but are not limited to:

a Providing additional reserve,

b Enhancing OETC licensed transmission system voltage prior to expected
increases in demand,
c Securing, as far as possible, appropriate two-circuit combinations, or
d Reducing system transfers, for example through re-dispatching of Production
Facilities or import or export over GSO connections

6.6.2 If, following a Fault Outage, any one of the outcomes required in section 6.4 is not
being met, it is acceptable to utilise short-term post-fault actions to avoid
Unacceptable Overloading of System Equipment which may include a requirement for
Group Demand reduction; however, this will not be used as a method of increasing
reserve to cover abnormal post-fault generation reduction. Where possible these

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 post-fault actions shall be notified to the appropriate User. Normally the provisions of
the Grid Code will be applied. This may include emergency manual demand
disconnection and/or re-dispatching of Production Facilities. Additional post-fault
actions beyond the Grid Code provisions may be applied, but only where they have
been agreed in advance with the appropriate Distribution Licensee, Production
Facility or GSO.

6.7 Restoration of OETC licensed transmission system following a Secured Event

6.7.1 Following the occurrence of a Secured Event, measures shall be taken to re-secure
the system to the above operational security criteria as soon as reasonably
practicable. To achieve this, it is permissible to put operational measures in place
before the occurrence of a Secured Event to facilitate the subsequent restoration of
system security.

6.8 Variations to operational security criteria

6.8.1 OETC shall be permitted to submit a derogation application in relation to any

requirement of the operational security criteria, provided that such derogation
application is in accordance with the appropriate requirements of the demand
connection design criteria in section 5.

6.8.2 Provided it is in accordance with the appropriate requirements of the demand

connection design criteria, it is acceptable that there may be associated Loss of
Power Infeed due to a Secured Event, for example by virtue of the design of the
generation connections, GSO connections and/or the designed switching
arrangements at the substations concerned. Refer to Table 5.5.

6.8.3 The principles of the operational security criteria shall be applied at all times except in
special circumstances where OETC, following consultation with the appropriate User,
may need to give instructions to the contrary to preserve overall OETC licensed
transmission system integrity.

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7 DEFINITIONS

Term Meaning

Background Conditions For system study purposes, this will include, but not be limited to,
any parameters that are relevant to the behaviour and dynamics
of the OETC licensed transmission system, such as:
a) OETC licensed transmission system configuration
b) The electrical location and duration of Planned Outages
and/or Unplanned Outages
c) Voltage levels at Grid Supply Points
d) Forecast demand at Grid Supply Points
e) Transfer Capacity between Demand Groups that may not
make use of circuits within the OETC licensed transmission
system
f) Connected Production Facilities
g) Dispatched Generation Units
h) Available Generation Units which have not been dispatched
i) Energised GSO connection circuits
Specific Background Conditions required for particular Secured
Events are specified throughout the TSS

Busbar The common connection point of two or more Transmission

Circuits

Demand Class This is designated by a letter “A” through “F” for the relevant
Demand Group and the security of supply that should be
provided for the relevant Demand Group. Refer to Table 5.5 and
Figure 5.1

Demand Group A site or group of sites which collectively take power from the
remainder of the OETC licensed transmission system through a
Grid Supply Point. Refer to Table 5.5 and Figure 5.1

Dhofar Power System For the purpose of the TSS, the Dhofar Power System is that part
of the OETC licensed transmission system that is located in the
Dhofar Governorate, centred on Salalah, but does not include
radially connected Generation Units, GSO connections, and/or
radially connected Grid Supply Points.

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 Term Meaning

Fault Initiation Event When any one of the following occurs:

a) Fault Outage of a single Transmission Circuit
b) Fault Outage of a single section of Busbar
c) Fault Outage of a single GSO connection circuit
d) Fault Outage of either: (i) a single Generation Unit; or (ii) a
number of Generation Units, connected to the MITS through
a single circuit-breaker

Fault Outage An outage of one or more items of System Equipment,

Generation Units and/or GSO connection circuits initiated by
automatic action, unplanned at that time, which may or may not
involve the passage of fault current

Generation Circuit The sole electrical connection between one or more Generation
Units at a Production Facility and the MITS; a radial circuit which,
if removed, would disconnect one or more Generation Units

Grid Supply Point A point of supply from the OETC licensed transmission system to
GSP any of, or any combination of:
a) Distribution Licensees
b) Non-embedded Customers

Group Demand Means the demand, expressed in MW or MVA, associated with

the relevant Demand Group

GSO Means a grid system operator and may mean either an

international connected party or an internal connected party, or
both of them, as required by the context.
A GSO is capable of importing power from and exporting power
to the OETC licensed transmission system

High Frequency Limits Means:

a) If above 50.50 Hz, then returning to be equal to, or below,
50.50 Hz within 60 seconds; and
b) Never above 51.50 Hz
Refer to Table 2.1
Refer to the Grid Code

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 Term Meaning

Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk That level of loss of power infeed risk which is covered over long
IILR periods operationally by frequency response to: (i) avoid a
deviation of system frequency outside the range 49.50 Hz to
50.50 Hz for more than 60 seconds; and (ii) never below
47.50 Hz (Table 2.1).
As at the approval date, it has a value of:
For the MITS:
a) 1,200 MW.
b) The remaining GSO interconnection circuit rating less any
import from the GSO interconnection
For the Dhofar Power System:
c) 40 MW.
d) The remaining GSO interconnection circuit rating less any
import from the GSO interconnection

Insufficient Performance For all time periods, and in particular the during Post-fault
Margins Periods, there are Insufficient Performance Margins when the
voltage on any relevant portion of the OETC licensed
transmission system has values within the range of Unacceptable
Voltage Conditions and occurs under any one of the following
conditions:
a) Based on international best practise, a 5% increase in Group
Demand above the level prevailing prior to the occurrence of
the relevant Secured Event; or
b) The unavailability of any single reactive compensator or other
reactive power provider; or
c) The loss of any one automatic switching system or any
automatic voltage control system for on-load tap changing

Intact System This is the OETC licensed transmission system with no:
a) Planned Outages
b) Unplanned Outages
c) Fault Outages

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 Term
Loss of Power Infeed
Low Frequency Limits
Main Interconnected
Transmission System
MITS
Maintenance Period
Transmission Security Standard
Meaning
Means the output of a Generation Unit or a group of Generation
Units or the import from GSO system(s) disconnected from the
OETC licensed transmission system by a Secured Event, less the
demand disconnected from the OETC licensed transmission
system by the same Secured Event.
For the avoidance of doubt if, following such a Secured Event,
demand associated with the normal operation of the affected
Generation Unit or Generation Units is automatically transferred
to a supply point which is not disconnected from the system, e.g.
the station board, then this shall not be deducted from the total
Loss of Power Infeed to the OETC licensed transmission system.
For the purpose of operational criteria, the Loss of Power Infeed
includes the output of a single Generation Unit, CCGT module, or
boiler lost as a result of such an event.
Means:
a) If below 49.50 Hz, then returning to above 49.50 Hz within 60
seconds, and
b) Never below 47.50 Hz
Refer also to Table 2.1
Refer to the Grid Code
For the purpose of the TSS, the Main Interconnected
Transmission System or MITS is that part of the OETC licensed
transmission system that is interconnected at 400 kV, 220 kV or
132 kV but does not include radially connected Generation Units,
GSO connections, and/or radially connected Grid Supply Points.
For purposes of the TSS, the MITS includes the Dhofar Power
System unless required otherwise by the context
Refer to section 3.1 for the Dhofar Power System
For MITS: Means the period between 00:00 on 1st October and
24:00 on 31st March of the next following year.
For Dhofar: Means the period between 00:00 on 1st July and
24:00 on 31st March of the next following year.
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 Term
Maintenance Period
Demand
Major Risk Period
Momentary Interruption
Non-embedded Customer
Normal Infeed Loss Risk
NILR
Transmission Security Standard
Meaning
This is the highest demand during the Maintenance Period, taking
due account of the Group Demand. If no better forecast is
possible from the data available, Maintenance Period Demand
shall be estimated as the Group Demand multiplied by 67%.
A Major Risk Period is one during which Secured Events are:
a) judged to be significantly more likely than under the
circumstances addressed by the normal TSS criteria, or
b) judged to have a significantly greater impact than normal, or
c) events not normally secured against which are judged to be
significantly more likely than normal such that measures
should be taken to mitigate their impact
An example would be country-wide extreme weather conditions
Means a loss of power that lasts for no more than one (1) minute
from the start of the relevant Fault Initiation Event, with the
restoration of power intended to be performed by automatic
equipment
A customer, except for a Distribution Licensee, receiving
electricity direct from the OETC irrespective of from whom it is
supplied
Means that value of lost power infeed that would cause the OETC
licensed transmission system frequency to fall to a value equal to
but not below the NILR frequency limit (Table 2.1).
As at the approval date, and it has a value of:
For the MITS:
a) 600 MW
b) The remaining GSO interconnection circuit rating less any
import from the GSO interconnection
For the Dhofar Power System:
c) 25 MW
d) The remaining GSO interconnection circuit rating less any
import from the GSO interconnection
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 Term Meaning

Operational Intertripping The automatic tripping of circuit-breakers to remove OETC

licensed transmission system Generation Units, GSO
connections and/or Demand Groups. It does not provide
additional Transmission Capacity and must not lead to
Unacceptable Frequency Conditions for any Secured Event

Peak Demand The estimated summer peak demand (expressed in MW and

MVar) on the OETC’s licensed transmission system. This
includes both transmission and distribution losses and represents
the demand to be met by Generation Units (directly connected or
embedded) which are connected to OETC’s licensed
transmission system and by electricity imported into the OETC
licensed system from GSO systems across GSO connections

Planned Outage An outage or one or more items of System Equipment,

Generation Units and/or GSO connections, initiated by manually
instructed action which:
a) Shall be confined to the Maintenance Period
b) Shall be planned at least seven (7) days in advance of the
event, or as prescribed by the Grid Code

Post-fault Period Means the period commencing with:

a) Automatic fault detection, followed by
b) Automatic fault clearance, followed by
c) Transient behaviour and
d) Subsequent recovery to Steady State conditions

Pre-Fault Rating The OETC specified pre-fault capability of transmission

equipment. Due allowance shall be made for specific conditions
(such as ambient or seasonal temperatures), agreed time-
dependent loading cycles of equipment and any additional
relevant procedures.
Refer also to Technical Limit

Prevailing System These are conditions on the OETC licensed transmission system
Conditions prevailing at any given time and will therefore normally include
Planned Outages and Unplanned Outages, but excluding any
Fault Outage

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 Term Meaning

Restricted Period
For MITS: Means the period other than the Maintenance Period,
occurring between 00:00 on 1st April and 24:00 on 30th
September of any year.
For Dhofar: Means the period other than the Maintenance
Period, occurring between 00:00 on 1st April and 24:00 on 30th
June of any year.
The period is during which:
a) No Planned Outage shall occur
b) Unplanned Outages may only be permitted as prescribed in
the Grid Code
c) The summer Peak Demand will occur

Secured Event A contingency on the OETC licensed transmission system, or any

part thereof, which shall be considered for the purposes of
assessing system security and which, should it occur, must not
result in the remaining parts of the OETC licensed transmission
system being in breach of the TSS criteria. Secured Events are
individually specified throughout the TSS. More onerous
unsecured events may occur and additional operational
measures within the requirements of the Grid Code may be
utilised to maintain the overall integrity of the OETC licensed
transmission system.
A Secured Event may be caused by, it is not limited to, any of the
Fault Initiation Events

Steady State A condition of a power system in which all automatic and manual
corrective actions, such as, but not limited to, tap changing and
switching of circuits, have taken place and all of the operating
quantities that characterise it can be considered constant for the
purpose of analysis

Stretched Conditions In respect of either voltage or frequency, or both, when the

relevant system parameters have values that fall outside the
limits for disturbed conditions, but have not yet reached the
values for Unacceptable Conditions
Refer to Table 2.1

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 Term
System Condition
System Equipment
System Instability
Transmission Security Standard
Meaning
Has the meaning shown in Table 2.1 and addresses the following
conditions on the OETC licensed transmission system:
a) Normal conditions
b) Disturbed conditions
c) Stretched Conditions
d) Unacceptable Conditions
Refer to Table 2.1
Any equipment installed on the OETC licensed transmission
system to enable the bulk transfer of electricity. This will include,
but is not limited to Transmission Circuits, Busbars, transformers,
reactors, capacitors, circuit-breakers, links, isolators and voltage
control and management equipment
System Instability may occur as a result of:
a) poor damping – where electromechanical oscillations of
Generation Units are such that the resultant peak deviations
in machine rotor angle and/or speed at the end of a 20
second period remain in excess of 15% of the peak
deviations at the outset (i.e. the time constant of the slowest
mode of oscillation exceeds 12 seconds); or
b) pole slipping – where one or more transmission connected
synchronous Generation Units lose synchronism with the
remainder of the system to which it is connected
For the purpose of assessing the existence of System Instability,
a Fault Outage is taken to include a solid three phase to earth
fault (or faults) anywhere on the transmission system with an
appropriate clearance time. Clearance times used should be
consistent with the fault location and appropriate to the actual
protection, signalling equipment, trip and interposing relays, and
circuit breakers involved in clearing the fault.
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 Term
Technical Limit
Transfer Capacity
Transmission Capacity
Transmission Circuit
Unacceptable Conditions
Unacceptable Frequency
Conditions
Transmission Security Standard
Meaning
These represent the values of technical parameters usually
specified in type test certificates, which set out the manufacturer
specified rating for the relevant equipment, usually classified as:
a) ‘Continuous rating’
b) ‘Short duration’ or ‘peak rating’
Values may also be adjusted on the basis of environmental
conditions such as, but not limited to, ‘ambient temperature’ and
‘humidity’
Refer also to Pre-Fault Rating
That circuit capacity from adjacent Demand Groups which can be
made available within the times stated in Table 5.5
The ability of a network to transmit electricity. It does not include
the use of Operational Intertripping except in respect of
section 5.3.1c
Part of the OETC licensed transmission system between two or
more circuit-breakers which includes, for example, transformers,
reactors, cables and overhead lines but excludes Busbars,
Generation Circuits and GSO connection circuits
In respect of either voltage, or frequency, or both, when the
relevant system parameters have values that fall outside the
limits for Stretched Conditions.
Refer to:
Section 2.2.1d
Table 2.1
These are conditions where the OETC licensed transmission
system frequency does not meet the criteria for either:
a) High Frequency Limits, or
b) Low Frequency Limits
Refer to:
Section 2.2.1d
Section 2.2.2
Table 2.1
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 Term
Unacceptable Overloading
Unacceptable Voltage
Conditions
Unplanned Outage
Transmission Security Standard
Meaning
The overloading of any System Equipment beyond its specified
time-related capability. Due allowance shall be made for specific
conditions (such as ambient or seasonal temperature), pre-fault
loading, agreed time-dependent loading cycles of equipment and
any additional relevant procedures
Refer to Pre-Fault Rating and Technical Limit
Unacceptable Voltage Conditions occur when the values of
voltage fall in the Unacceptable Conditions range of values
Refer to:
Section 2.2.1d
Table 2.1
An outage or one or more items of System Equipment,
Generation Units and/or GSO connections by manually instructed
action which has not been subject to the recognised outage
planning process of the Grid Code
-o0o-
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