Cadongonan, Khendel Jan G.

BSGE 4
Final Exam

1. WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
 Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of
water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and
environmental watershed sustainability.

2. EXPLAIN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE PROCESS-DRAW THE SKETCH.

 The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the
ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools, and water vapor condenses to form clouds.
Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation.
Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur.
1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or
2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater.
Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released
back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on
the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried
back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

3. ENUMERATE THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF STREAM DISCHARGE.

 Velocity – Area Method – commonly employed in channels and rivers and consists of
making observations of velocity at selected depths on several vertical verticals or
subsections along a line transverse to the direction of the flow.
  Slope – Area Method – used primarily for obtaining the peak flow of a stream after the
stage has receded.
 Weir Method – especially applicable to gaging small streams when accurate results are
required

4. WHAT IS THE VELOCITY AREA METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF STREAM DISCHARGE.

 The velocity area method, which is often used in channels and rivers, collects velocity
readings along a line that runs counterclockwise to the flow direction over several
vertical verticals or subsections. The result is quite accurate because the entire flowing
body's cross section is divided into numerous smaller subsections. The velocity at each
subsection is multiplied by the area of that subsection to determine the total discharge
for the entire cross section.
5. WHAT IS SLOPE-AREA METHOD OF STREAM DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT?
 The peak flow of a stream is often determined using the slope-area method of discharge
determination after the stage has subsided. It is necessary to have a straight stretch of
river with an even slope and cross-section. The fall and the distance between the sites at
which it is measured should be significant enough to allow for an accurate
determination of the inclination. Determining the cross-sectional areas at each end of
the reach and the slope of the water's surface in the chosen reach during the peak stage
are among the survey tasks required. It will also require the choice of a roughness
coefficient based on the physical properties of the channel. The conclusions produced
by this method are simply approximations, and they lack the accuracy of those where
the velocity is genuinely observed. The method's drawbacks include the challenge in
accurately measuring flat slopes and choosing the right roughness coefficient value. To
estimate the approximate flood discharge in streams and open channels, this method is
helpful.

6. GIVE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY.

 Scientific hydrology – deals with academic aspects
 Engineering or applied hydrology

7. GIVE THE APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY.

 Hydraulics structure
 Irrigation
 Flood Central
 Hydropower Generation
 Navigation
 Erosion and Sediment Control
 Salinity Control
 Water Supply
 Wastewater treatment and disposal

8. IN HYDROLOGY, WHAT IS EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION?

  Evaporation- how water as a liquid turns into gas. The causes of evaporation are the
heat and energy whereas the liquid turns into water vapor
 Transpiration- a process that involves loss of water vapor through the stomata of plants.
The loss of water vapor from the plant cools the plant down when the weather is very
hot, and water from the stem and roots moves upwards or is 'pulled' into the leaves.

9. WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF DETERMINING CAPACITY OF EXISTING LAKES AND/OR PONDS?
 Cross – Section Method – Frequently used to calculate a body of water's effective
capacity when only a minimal amount of accuracy is needed. It works well for surveys of
lakes and reservoirs with regularly defined cross sections where a reference base line
can be simply set up parallel to the length of the water body and along the coastline.
WHERE:
D= horizontal distance between cross section (meters)
RL= range line established perpendicular to the base line
A= area of a cross section which is determined by sounding (square meters)
V= volume of a prismoid between only two sections (cubic meter)

In this method, the following steps are performed:

 Lay out parallel ranges across the body sections of water at selected points
 Determine the area of the cross section on each several parallel rages from the
sounding
 Compute the volume of the prismoids
 Contour Method - The water line and desired shore topography are then located using
soundings taken from a reference base line or shore traverse. For a small, extended
reservoir, it is practical to conduct regular soundings along parallel range lines. The
distance between the ranges and the soundings along them may be close enough to
clearly identify the slopes of the reservoir bed when there is a significant difference in
depth between successive measurements.
The volume of water contained between consecutive contours is determined by using
the following formula:

Where:
V = volume of the prismoid or volume between any two consecutive contours (cu m)
h = contour interval or vertical distance between two consecutive contours (m)
A₁= area enclosed by the lower contour (sq m)
Ah = area enclosed by the higher contour (sq m)
The total volume of water contained in the reservoir or lake is the sum of the volumes of
the prismoids. In general the approximate volume can be computed by using the
formula.

Where:
V = total volume (cu m)
h = contour interval (m)
Ao = area enclosed by boundary at water surface (sq m)
Ai = sum of areas enclosed by all intermediate contours considered (sq m)
An = area enclosed by contour at lowest level (sq m)