The Cadiz Constitution was a constitution for Spain drafted in 1812 during the Spanish War of

Independence. It aimed to establish a more democratic and liberal government in Spain, guaranteeing
civil liberties, promoting free enterprise and land reform. The constitution was executed in Manila,
which signaled the extension of democratic principles to the Philippines. The constitution introduced
inclusive male suffrage, land reform, and free enterprise, which aimed to improve the economic
conditions of the people. The Cadiz Constitution was a significant document in Spanish and Philippine
history promoting democracy, civil liberties, and economic development.

Governor-General Manuel Gonzales Aguilar implemented policies aimed at promoting good governance
and public participation during his tenure as the Governor-General of the Philippines from 1898 to 1900.
He reformed the appointment of Manila authorities through a merit-based system, established a Civil
Service Board to ensure transparency, and called for an election in Manila to promote representation in
government. These reforms aimed to promote accountability, transparency, and public participation,
crucial steps towards achieving greater autonomy and self-determination for the country.

Don Ventura de los Reyes, a son of poor Ilocano parents, who won an election and was involved in the
Ilocos revolt against Spanish colonial rule. He also played a role in marking the Constitution, which
aimed to promote democracy and civil liberties in the Philippines. His accomplishments highlight the
importance of individuals in shaping Philippine history and promoting democracy and civil liberties.

Don Ventura de los Reyes was a prominent figure during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.
He was a lawyer, writer, and journalist who advocated for reforms and criticized the Spanish colonial
government. He was a key figure in the Propaganda Movement and wrote several essays and articles
promoting Philippine nationalism and advocating for political and social reforms. He was also involved in
the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule and held government positions after the Philippines
gained independence. He passed away in 1898 at the age of 41.

King Fernando VII of Spain announced the Cadiz Constitution invalid and reestablished absolutism in
1814, following the defeat of Napoleon's army and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. However,
the legacy of the Cadiz Constitution remained significant in the history of the Spanish-speaking world, as
it introduced significant reforms that aimed to promote democracy, civil liberties, and economic
development. The constitution served as an inspiration for later independence movements in Spanish
colonies, and its principles would continue to influence political developments in Spain and Latin
America for years to come.
The Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco was halted in 1815 due to a combination of factors.
One of the main reasons was the decline in demand for Chinese goods in Mexico, which reduced the
profitability of the trade. In addition, Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 and the opening of the
Mexican ports to foreign trade further reduced the importance of the Galleon trade. The emergence of
steam-powered ships also made the long and treacherous journey across the Pacific Ocean less
necessary and profitable. Finally, the decline of Spanish power and influence in the Philippines and the
gradual opening of the archipelago to foreign trade and investment led to the diversification of the
Philippine economy and the end of its dependence on the Galleon trade.

The Galleon Trade came to an end in 1815 due to several factors. The decline in demand for Chinese
goods in Europe, the rise of new trade routes, and the weakening of Spanish colonial power in Asia and
the Americas all contributed to the end of the Galleon Trade. Additionally, the opening of the Suez Canal
in 1869 made it easier and faster to transport goods between Asia and Europe, further reducing the
relevance of the Galleon Trade. Finally, the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) and the
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) weakened Spanish colonial control and led to the eventual
independence of Mexico and the Philippines, respectively, which also contributed to the end of the
Galleon Trade.

Mercantilism was an economic policy that dominated European economic thought from the 16th to the
18th centuries. It was based on the idea that a country's wealth and power could be measured by its
stock of gold and silver, and that a country should promote exports and limit imports to achieve a
positive trade balance. The cause of the halt in mercantilism was the emergence of new economic
theories, such as classical economics, which challenged the idea that a country's wealth was solely
determined by its stock of precious metals. These new theories emphasized the importance of
productivity, specialization, and free trade, and argued that a country's wealth and prosperity were
determined by its ability to produce goods and services efficiently, rather than by its accumulation of
gold and silver. The Industrial Revolution also played a significant role in the decline of mercantilism, as
it led to the growth of international trade and the emergence of new industries that could not be
sustained by mercantilist policies. As a result, many European countries began to adopt free trade
policies in the 19th century, which marked the end of the mercantilist era.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines offered
Filipinos the opportunity to study in Europe, part of a broader reform movement to modernize the
country and create a new class of educated Filipinos. The government provided scholarships to study in
prestigious universities, and many Filipinos who studied in Europe became leaders in the Philippine
nationalist movement. However, the opportunity was only available to a small percentage of the
population, and it did not address the deeper problems of colonial exploitation and oppression.
The end of the opportunity for Filipinos to study in Europe can be traced back to the Philippines'
decision to become a member of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 1967. As a
result, the Philippine government shifted its focus to promoting education within the region, and
scholarships for Filipinos to study in Europe gradually declined. Additionally, the cost of studying in
Europe increased, making it less accessible to many Filipinos. However, there are still opportunities for
Filipinos to study in Europe through private scholarships or self-funded programs.

The Capiz Constitution was a document created during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule. Its impacts were significant, as it established a democratic government in the Philippines
and laid the foundation for the country's future constitution. The constitution included provisions for a
representative government, civil liberties, and land reform. It also established an inclusive male suffrage
and provided for the protection of human rights. The adoption of the Capiz Constitution helped to unify
and strengthen the Philippine revolutionaries and provided a framework for the eventual establishment
of an independent Philippine republic. Its impacts can still be felt today as the principles of democracy
and civil liberties continue to be upheld in the Philippines.