43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Con AIAA 2002-1284

AIAA 2002-1284
22-25 April 2002, Denver, Colorado

Active/Passive Vibration Reduction of Periodic 1-D

Structures Using Piezoelectric Actuators
Amit Singh

Darryll J. Pines
Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center
Department of Aerospace Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD-20742-3015

This paper develops an integrated model of periodic 1-D structures with piezoelectric
actuators for complete active/passive control. The approach utilizes the property of
periodic structural components that create a stop band region in the frequency spectra,
predominantly in the higher frequency range. This basic property of periodic structures
is enhanced by the application of periodically placed piezoelectric actuators, with piezo
forces as a function of displacement. With this control capability, the piezoelectric
actuators can introduce the proper force to reduce wave propagation, both in higher and
lower frequency range. An analytical model is developed to predict the performance of
the periodic rods and beams with piezoelectric actuators acting as controllers. For the
purpose of this research, only geometric variations are considered and every cell is
assumed to be identical.

Nomenclature 1. Introduction

EA axial stiffness Periodic structures act as filters for traveling waves,

EI bending stiffness thus serving as a passive mode of vibration reduction.
F1 external point force This vibration attenuation capability of the periodic
Gr wave controller of rod structure is generally not very dominant in the lower
Gb wave controller of beam frequency range. Piezoelectric actuators placed
i imaginary unit -1 periodically along the rods and beams, acting as a
n number of degree of freedom source of controlled external forces and moments,
u axial displacement can greatly enhance the vibration suppression
υ vertical displacement properties of a periodic structure over the complete
Wle leftward evanescent wave frequency spectra. Such controlled characteristics are
component attributed to the unique behavior of the piezoelectric
Wlp leftward propagating wave actuators to expand and contract at the application of
component voltage, thus creating forces on the boundaries
Wre rightward evanescent wave constraining it. With such a controllable capability,
component the piezos can introduce the desired forces and
Wrp rightward propagating wave moments.
component
θ angular displacement Theoretical Development
ρA mass per unit length
k wave number A periodic structure consists of an assembly of
_________________________________________________________________
identical elements connected in a repeating array,
Graduate Research Assistant, Smart Structures Laboratory, Alfred Gessow
which together form a complete structure. Examples
Rotorcraft Center, Department of Aerospace Engineering; samit@glue.umd.edu
 of such structures are found in many engineering
Associate Professor, Smart Structures Laboratory, Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft
applications. These include bulkheads, airplane
Center, Department of Aerospace Engineering; djpterp@eng.umd.edu.
fuselages, and apartment buildings with identical
Associate Fellow AIAA
stories. Each such structure has a repeating set of
Copyright  2002 by Amit Singh and Darryll J. Pines. Published by the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission.

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Copyright © 2002 by the author(s). Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
stiffeners, placed at regular intervals. The study of K (k , L) =
periodic structures has a long history. Wave
propagation in periodic systems has been investigated EA ikL  (1 + e − 2 ikL ) − 2 e − ikL 
for approximately 300 years1. Typically the studies  
L (1 − e − 2 ikL )  − 2 e − ikL (1 + e − 2 ikL ) 
have been related to crystals, optics, and the like. It is
only recently that the wave motion in periodic (1)
structures has been studied. The salient feature of ρA
such structures is the fact that waves can propagate where k =ω , is the longitudinal wave
EA
through the structure in some frequency bands (pass
number.
bands) and not in others (stop bands )2-7. The present
work uses this property of the periodic structure and
Assume that the energy is input from the left end
blends it with the control concepts, to obtain an
with F1 ≠ 0
active/passive periodic structure with enhanced
vibration suppression capabilities. This paper is
The global stiffness matrix of the cell is given as
organized into 6 sections. The first section gives a
brief introduction of periodic structures. Section 2
presents the fundamentals of wave propagation in a K cell ( k , L ) =
rod. The transfer functions and the propagation  0 0 0 0 
parameter of a periodic rod are calculated. In section  [K elementA ]
0  + 0 
3, wave propagation is studied in a periodic beam.   [K elementB ]
Section 4 presents the analysis of an active/passive  0 0 0 0 
periodic rod with piezoelectric actuators (acting as (2)
controllers), periodically placed along the periodic Using the same procedure, the Global stiffness matrix
rod. The control gain is calculated, through which the Krod(k, L) can be formulated for an entire periodic rod
Dereverberated Transfer Function8 and the structure.
propagation parameter are obtained. Section 5 Now,
presents the calculation of the control gain and the
DTF for a periodic beam. In sections 4 and 5, the
DTF results are compared with the RTF results to  ∧

 U left 
show the enhanced vibration suppression achieved by
using the active/passive periodic structure.
 ∧
 1 
 F1   
−1  • 
 •  = (K (k , L ))
2. Periodic Rod  • 
rod
•
 ∧   
A periodic rod cell is shown in Fig. 1 with properties  right
U  0 
listed in Table 1.  ∧ 
 F1 
(3)
E(Pa) q EI(Nm2)
(kg/m3)
ROD 21e10 7850 ---
BEAM 21e10 7850 21,721.5(1.5” dia)
314,829(1.5”dia+piezos)
268.2(0.5” dia)

Table 1 Material Properties

∧ ∧
Fig 1. Simple Periodic Rod Cell Geometry U left U right
The response of ∧
and ∧
are shown in
The global stiffness matrix of an element of the cell F1 F1
is given as Fig. 2
The rod is comprised of 5 cells, with repeating cells
of the same dimension and mechanical properties.

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 Uleft/F1 where, NCELL is the number of cells in the structure.
Thus, the eigenvalue problem is formulated as
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

[T ]  U 
U L
 = λ  L

-5
 F L  Left  F L  Right
10
(8)
From the eigenvalue problem, we can determine the
propagation parameter µ which is related to the
eigenvalue λ . By definition of the hyperbolic cosine
−µ µ
e + e = 2 cosh( µ )
-10
10 Solving for µ leads to
0 2
10 Frequency(Hz) 10  1 
Fig. 2a e +e µ −µ
  λ + 
µ = acosh  = a cosh λ 
 2   2 
Uright/F1
 
 
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

(9)
Using the properties listed in Table 1, the real and
-5
the imaginary parts of µ can be plotted. Fig. 3
10 displays these properties as a function of frequency.

10

8
-10
10
0 2 6
Real µ

10 Frequency(Hz) 10
Fig 2b
4

The forces at the ends of each element are related to

2
the displacements by the relation

0
F  K K  U  0 500 1000 1500
 = K
L LL LR L
F    Frequency(Hz)
 R   RL K RR  U R  Fig.3a Real Propagation coefficient
(4)
The transfer matrix, T, may be constructed, using the
transformation 4

 −1
− K LR K LL K LR 
−1
T = −1 −1 
3

 − K RL + K RR K LR K LL − K RR K LR 
Imaginary µ

(5) 2
Now, the transfer matrix of the cell shown in Fig. 1
can be computed as
1

T CELL = T elementB × T elementA (6)

0
and for the complete rod 0 500 1000 1500
Frequency(Hz)

TROD = (TCELL )
N CELL Fig. 3b Imaginary Propagation
(7) Coefficient

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The real part of the propagation coefficient shows the number. Different sign conventions lead to different
attenuation zone and the imaginary part shows the expressions of nodal displacements and nodal forces.
propagation zone. Fig 3 shows that the attenuation The sign convention used here is shown in Fig. 5
zone lies in the frequency domain from 800 Hz to  L  R
1100 Hz.
 L R
3. Periodic Beam
A periodic beam cell is shown in Fig. 4
FL FR
ML MR

Fig. 5 Single Cell Element

Nodal displacements are given by

υL   1 1 e−ikL e−kL Wrp 

θ    
 L  =  − ik − k ike−ikL ke−kLWre 
Fig 4. Simple Periodic Beam  
Cell Geometry υR   e−ikl e−kL 1 1 Wlp 
   
The equation of motion for a Bernouli-Euler beam is θR  − ike
−ikL
− ke−kL ik k Wle 
given by (13)

∂ 4υ (x , t ) ∂ 2υ ( x , t ) The nodal forces

EI + ρ A = f (x , t )
∂x 4 ∂t 2
∂ 3υ ∂ 3υ
(10) F L = EI , FR = − EI
∂x 3 x=0
∂x 3 x=L
Transformed into frequency domain, Eq. (10)
becomes
∂ 2υ ∂ 2υ
M L = − EI , M R = EI
∧
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂ 4 υ (x , ω ) ∧ ∧ x=0 x=L
EI − ρ A ω 2
υ ( x , ω ) = f (x , ω ) (14)
∂x 4 are motion dependent and are given by
(11)

The spectral representation for the beam’s flexural  FL   ik − k − ike−ikL ke−kL Wrp
M    
vibration are
 L  = EIk2  1 −1 e−ikL − e−kLWre 
− ike−ikL ke−kL  
∧  FR  ik − k Wlp 
υ = Wrp e −ikx + Wre e −kx + Wlp e −ik ( L − x ) + Wle e −k ( L − x )    −ikL 
MR   − e e−kL −1 1 Wle 
(15)
∧
θ = Wrp (− ik )e −ikx
+ Wre (− k )e − kx
+ Wlp (ik )e −ik ( L − x ) From Eq. 13 and Eq. 15, we can get

 FL  υ L 
+ W le (k )e − k (L − x ) M  θ 
 L  = [Kelement ] L 

(12)  FR  υ R 
1
  θ R 
 ρA  2  4
M R 
where k =  ω  is the bending wave
 EI   (16)

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The global stiffness matrix of the cell is given as 10
0

K cell ( k , L ) = [K elementA ] + [K elementB ]

Displacement(m)/Force(N)
(17)
Using the same procedure as before, it is not difficult
to assemble the Global stiffness matrix for the -5
10
complete beam Kbeam(k, L).

Now, assuming the energy input from the left, with

F1 01 
∧ ∧ ∧ 
∧ 10
-10

υ L / F1 υ L/ M1
  10
0
10
2 4
10
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧  Frequency(Hz)
θ L / F1 θ L/ M1 1 0 ∧ ∧
  0 1  Fig. 5b υ R / F1
 • •  
  • •
   
 • •  −1  • •
( )
0
= K beam ( k , L ) 10
  • •

Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)
 • •   
  • • -2
10
  0 0
 • •   
 0 0 
-4
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
 10
υ R / F υ R/ M1 
 1
 -6
 ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧  10
θ R / F1 θ R / M 1 
-8
(18) 10
0 2 4
Using the properties of the beam listed in Table 1, 10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
the response of υ L / F1 , υ L / M 1 , ……., θ R / F1 ∧ ∧

∧ ∧
Fig. 5c θ L / M1
and θ R / M1 are shown in Fig. 5
0
The beam comprises of 5 cells 10
Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)

0 -2
10 10
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

-4
10

-6
-5
10
10
-8
10

0 2 4
10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
-10
10 ∧ ∧
θ R / M1
0 2 4
10 10 10 Fig. 5d
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧
Fig. 5a υ L / F1

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 0 0
Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m) 10 10

Displacement(m)/Force(N)
-2
10

-4
10 -5
10
-6
10

-8
10
-10
10
0 2 4 0 2 4
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
Fig. 5e υ L / M1 Fig. 5h θ R / F1
Following the same procedure as before, the real and
0
10 imaginary Propagation Coefficient for the beam can
Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)

be plotted.

-5
10 Real µ 3

-10
10
0 2 4 1
10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧
Fig. 5f υ R / M1 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 5i Real Propagation Coefficient
0
10
4
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

-2
10
3
-4
Imaginary µ

10

2
-6
10

-8 1
10

0 2 4
10 10 10 0
Frequency(Hz) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
∧ ∧ Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 5g θ L / F1 Fig. 5j Imaginary Propagation Coefficient

Notice in all the transfer functions, there is a distinct
high frequency that is absent of resonant dynamics.
Fig 5i plots the real part of the bending propagation
parameter. This figure illustrates the frequency range
of attenuation.
The results presented in Fig 5 for a passive periodic
beam will be compared in the section below for a

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combined Active/Passive beam. Piezoelectric Here, u ( x, ω ) = g1 ( x, ω )u1 + g 2 ( x, ω )u 2
Actuators mounted on both, beam and rod will be
Substituting the values of g1 and g2 for both the rod
used to extend the real part of µ over a broader
and the piezos, we get
frequency range.

4. Active/Passive Periodic Rod u rod ( x , ω ) =

[e − e − ik 1 ( 2 L − x )
− ik 1 x
u1 +
]
[1 − e − 2 ik 1 L ]
In this section the knowledge gained from the
analysis of the passive periodic rod will be used.

[− e ]u 2
A picture of the integrated structure is shown in Fig.
− ik1 ( L + x )
6. In this case we have considered 4 piezos, separated + e − ik1 ( L − x )
by 900 each.
[1 − e − 2 ik1 L
]
L1 L2 L1 L2
FC Piezoelectric Actuator
u piezo ( x , ω ) =
[e − ik 2 x
− e − ik 2 (2 L − x )
u1 +
]
[ 1 − e − 2 ik 1 L ]
[− e − ik 2 ( L + x )
+ e − ik 2 ( L − x ) ]u 2
[1 − e − 2 ik 2 L
]
(19)
where, k1 and k2 are the longitudinal wave numbers
of the rod and the piezo, respectively.
FC
Fig. 6 Periodic Structure with Piezoelectric Actuators Now,
 ∂u piezo 
2 2
 ∂urod 
L L
1
2 ∫0 ∫0
Figure 6 shows a two cell integrated periodic rod. E A   dx + 2 E A   dx −
 ∂x  ∂
rod rod piezo piezo
Two cells are shown in the figure to make it clear to  x 
the reader that there will be no piezo forces acting on
 ∂u piezo 
2 2
 ∂urod 
L L
the extreme left node and the last two nodes. The 1
system displayed here presents one strategy for
20∫ ρ A
rod rod 
 ∂t 
 dx − 2∫ ρ piezo Apiezo 
 ∂t 
 dx
active-passive control. 0

The first step now, is to calculate the stiffness matrix K K LR   u 1 

[u 1
u 2 ] LL
K RR   u 2 
of the second element of a cell, which includes = (20)
piezoelectric actuators. This is achieved by solving  K RL
the energy equation:
 K LL K LR 
where,   , is the stiffness matrix for
u(x)  K RL K RR 
the second element.

Proceeding in the same way as for a periodic rod in

section 2, RTF for this integrated system is
formulated.
Now, assume that energy is input from the left end
with F1 ≠ 0. As the incident energy arrives at the end
of the element, a control force Fc = Gru is designed to
satisfy two objectives:1) Ensure equilibrium of the
u1 u2 forces at those ends and 2) prevent energy reflection
from those ends. This control force is to be provided
Fig. 7 by piezoelectric actuators. However, before the

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expression for control gain is determined, the values FC + FelementA
left
+ Fequivalent
right
(B) = 0
of equivalent Young Modulus, Area, density and
wave number for the second element have to be
calculated. The equivalent values are calculated
left
u elementA = u equivalent
right
(B)
below: and Wlp( ω ) = 0
(25)
Aequivalent(B) = Arod + 4Apiezo where,
Eequivalent(B) = (ErodArod + 4EpiezoApiezo)/At
Mequivalent(B) = ρ rodArodLrod + ∧

4 ρ piezoApiezoLpiezo ∂u
left
FelementA = EelementA AelementA ∧
Vequivalent(B) = ArodLrod + 4ApiezoLpiezo ∂x
ρ equivalent(B) = Mequivalent(B)/Vequivalent(B) x =0
∧
ρ equivalent ( B ) Aequivalent ( B ) ∂u
kequivalent(B) = ω F right
equivalent ( B ) = E equivalent ( B ) Aequivalent ( B ) ∧
E equivalent ( B ) Aequivalent ( B )
∂x x = LB
(21)
where, A, E, M, V, ρ , k are the area, young (26)
modulus, mass, volume, density and wave number are the motion dependent forces. After some algebra,
respectively. the expression for the control gain is determined to be

The force equilibrium and displacement compatibility G2 = ikequivalent(B) Eequivalent(B) Aequivalent( B) − ikA EA AA
conditions at the interface between Element A and B (27)
are given by:
It should be noted here, that the gains G1 and G2 just
differ in sign, because the force generated by the
FC + FelementA
right
+ Fequivalent
left
(B) = 0 piezos on both sides is of same magnitude, but
opposite in sign.
right
u elementA = u equivalent
left
(B) RTF matrix of this integrated system is calculated
using the same procedure as in the section of simple
and Wlp( ω ) = 0
periodic rod.
(22)
where,
Now, with the RTF for a cell available, the
∧ ∧ ∧
∂u U left U right
F right
elementA = E elementA AelementA ∧ DTF’s ∧
and ∧
can be obtained using the
∂x x = LelementA
F1 F1
following expression:

∧
∂u  ∧ 
F left
= Eequivalent ( B ) Aequivalent ( B ) ∧
 U left 
 ∧ 
equivalent ( B )
∂x  F∧1   −1
x =0 G2  1
(23) U node2   −1   0 
are the motion dependent forces. After some algebra,  ∧  =  RTF +  G1   
the expression for the control gain is determined to be  F1    G2   0 
 ∧  
G1 = ik A E A AA − ikequivalent( B) Eequivalent( B) Aequivalent( B)  U right 
 ∧ 
(24)  F1 
(28)
Similarly, applying the force equilibrium and the In a real system, forces at the leftmost node and the
displacement compatibility conditions at the interface rightmost two nodes cannot be applied, as discussed
between Element B and A leads to: earlier. This has been taken care of in the system
when gain was added to the system. The method to

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calculate the propagation parameter is the same as 4
DTF
discussed in the section on the simple passive RTF
periodic rod. Because the controllers are designed to
3
eliminate nodal reflections, the DTF is obtained for

Imaginary µ
Active/Passive rod. System, with 5 cells is analyzed
and compared with the simple periodic rod system 2
with the same geometry but no controllers attached.
The results are shown in Fig.8
Uleft/F1 1
DTF
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF
0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency(Hz)
-5
10 Fig. 8d Imaginary Propagation Coefficient

Notice from Fig 8c that the effect of the controller is

to extend the real part of the propagation parameter
µ over a broader frequency range. This has the
-10 effect of damping the vibration modes at low
10
frequency while maintaining the performance at high
0 2
10 Frequency(Hz) 10 frequency by the periodic properties of the rod.
Fig. 8a
5. Active/Passive Periodic Beam
Uright/F1
DTF This section uses the knowledge gained from the
analysis of the passive periodic beam. A picture of
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF
the integrated structure is shown in Fig. 9. In this
case 2 piezos separated by 1800, are considered.
-5
10 L1 L2 L1 L2
FC

-10
10
0 2
10 Frequency(Hz) 10
Fig. 8b
FC
Fig. 9
15
DTF
RTF Fig 9 shows a two cell integrated periodic beam. The
system provides an active/passive control.
10 In this section, same procedure to calculate the
stiffness matrix is used as in the previous section for
Real µ

the active/passive periodic rod. From the stiffness

matrix, RTF for the integrated system is obtained.
5
However, one difference from the active/passive
periodic rod case is that the two piezos apply force in
the opposite directions, creating a moment.
0 Now, assume that energy is input from the left end
0 500 1000 1500 with F1 ≠ 0, M1 ≠ 0. As the incident energy arrives
Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 8c Real Propagation Coefficient at the element ends, a control moment Mc = Gb
υ is
θ
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designed to satisfy two objectives: 1) Ensure E A = EelementA , EQ = Eequivalent ( B ) , I A = I elementA ,
equilibrium of the moments at the ends and 2)
prevent energy reflection from those ends. It should I Q = I equivalent ( B ) , k A = k elementA , k Q = k equivalent ( B ) ,
be noted that the controllers provide no force to
balance the shear forces at the nodes. The control L A = LelementA , LQ = LB
force, to be provided by these controllers (34)
(piezoelectric actuators) can be developed by Similarly, applying the moment equilibrium
supplying voltage to the actuators. Relationship can compatibility condition at the interface between
be obtained between voltage and the actuator force. Element B and A leads to:
Before the expression for control gain is obtained,
values of equivalent Young Modulus, Area density
and wave number for the second element have to be
M C + M elementA
left
+ M equivalent
right
( B) = 0

determined. (35)
Wlp (ω ) 0
The equivalent values are calculated as W (ω )  = 0
Aequivalent(B) = Arod + 2Apiezo  le   
Eequivalent(B) = (ErodArod + 2EpiezoApiezo)/At (36)
Mequivalent(B) = ρ rodArodLrod + where,
2 ρ piezoApiezoLpiezo υ equivalent (B)
M c = Gb
Vequivalent(B) = ArodLrod + 2ApiezoLpiezo
θ equivalent
ρ equivalent(B) = Mequivalent(B)/Vequivalent(B) (B)
(37)
1
From here we get G2 in the same way as G1
 ρequivalent(B) Aequivalent(B)  2  4
kequivalent(B) =  ω  RTF matrix of this integrated system is calculated
 Eequivalent(B) Iequivalent(B)   using the same procedure as in the section for the
simple periodic beam.
(29) Now, when this matrix control law is used, the DTF’s
where, A,E,M,V, ρ ,k are area, young modulus, can be obtained. For a single cell, with energy input
mass, volume, density and wave number respectively. F1 and M1 from the left, the DTF is given as:
The moment equilibrium compatibility condition at
 ∧ ∧ ∧
∧
the interface between Element A and B is given by:
 ∧υ L / F1 υ L/ M  1
∧ ∧ ∧
 θ L/ F θ L/ M 1 
M C + M elementA
right
+ M equivalent
left
( B) = 0 ∧ 1
∧ ∧ ∧ 
(30) υ node 2 / F 1 υ node 2 / M 1 
Wlp (ω ) 0 ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧  =

W (ω )  = 0 θ node 2 / F 1 θ node 2 / M 1 

 le     ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ 
(31)  υ R / F1 υ R/M 1 
 ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ 
 θ R / F 1 θ R / M 1 
where,
υ elementA
M c = Gb 1 0
θ elementA 0
−1
 1
(32)  G22×2  
   0 0
After the complex algebra, the expression for control  RTF + 
−1
G12×2   × 0 
   0
gain is determined to be   G22×2  
G1 = −  6×6  0 0
 
 0 0  0 0
− i(E I k 2 + E I k 2 ) (−1 − i)(E I k + E I k  (38)
 A A A Q Q Q A A A Q Q Q A 5-cell active/passive periodic beam is analyzed,
(33) and the transfer function responses are plotted.
where, Precautions, like no control forces on the extreme left
node and the rightmost two nodes, have been taken

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 0
care of, in this analysis too. The results are plotted in 10

Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)
Fig. 10 and compared with the results of passive DTF
RTF
periodic rod with same geometry 10
-2

0
10 10
-4
DTF
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF
-6
10

-8
-5 10
10

0 2 4
10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧
-10 Fig. 10d θ R / M 1
10
0 2 4
10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧ 10
0

Fig. 10a υ L / F1

Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)
DTF
-2
RTF
10
0
10
DTF -4
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF 10

-6
10
-5
10
-8
10

0 2 4
10 10 10
-10 Frequency(Hz)
10
∧ ∧

10
0
10
2 4
10
Fig. 10e υ L / M1
Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧
Fig. 10b υ R / F1 10
0
Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)

DTF
0 RTF
10
Displacement(m)/Moment(N-m)

DTF
RTF
-2
10 -5
10

-4
10

-6
10 -10
10
0 2 4
10 10 10
-8 Frequency(Hz)
10
0 2 4
10 10 10
Frequency(Hz) ∧ ∧
∧ ∧ Fig. 10f υ R / M1
Fig. 10c θ L / M 1

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 0
10 4
DTF DTF
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF RTF
-2
10
3

Imaginary µ
-4
10
2
-6
10
1
-8
10

0 2 4
0
10 10 10 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
∧ ∧
Fig. 10g θ L / F1 Fig. 10j Imaginary Propagation Coefficient

0
10 Again as in the case of the rod, Fig 10i and Fig 10j
DTF clearly illustrate the effect of the controller on the
Displacement(m)/Force(N)

RTF real part of the propagation coefficient. Notice that

the real part extend over a broader frequency range
than in the case of purely passive periodic beam. This
-5
permits damping of low frequency vibration modes.
10 In the case of the beam, the passive periodicity with
the controller is not as well preserved at high
frequency as in the case of the rod.

6. Summary and Conclusions

-10
10
0 2 4
10 10 10 This paper has presented the first combined
Frequency(Hz)
Active/Passive periodic properties for a rod and
∧ ∧
Fig. 10h θ R / F1 beam. Results from simulation experiments suggest
that Active control and the concept of
Dereverberation can be used to cancel reflected
The method to calculate the propagation parameter is
waves at low frequencies while preserving high
the same as discussed in the section for simple
frequency properties of the passive periodic
periodic beam, but here instead of the DTF, the RTF
structures.
is used.
Acknowledgements
4
DTF This work is supported by the National Rotorcraft
RTF Technology under Grant NGT252273, with Dr. Yung
3 Yu serving as Program Monitor.
Real µ

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 10i Real Propagation coeffient

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in

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