Founded 1991 by Md.

Alimullah Miyan 1991-2016

Yearlong Countrywide Silver Jubilee Celebration (2016-2017)

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Data Communication and Computer Networks

Abhijit Saha, Ph.D.

Professor
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
College of Engineering and Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT, Uttara, Dhaka
Email: asaha@iubat.edu
 English is the First Language of IUBAT Campus

• This is mandatory for everyone including students in all

interactions and communications as of January 1, 2014.
• If any student face difficulty, s/he is advised to contact
Mr Nazmul Haque Khan (Room No: 224/A, Cell:
01727277166, Email: nazmul@iubat.edu, Ext: 460, )
for arranging special spoken English training.
• Violation of English as the First Language in the
Campus will lead to administrative and disciplinary
action.
• All are urged to help each other to develop the Facility
of Communicating in English as the First Language in
the Campus
 Web Architecture

• WWW is a distributed client/server service, in which a client

using a browser can access a service using a server
• However, the service provided is distributed over many
locations called sites

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 Web Architecture (Cont’)

• Browser consists of 3 parts:

– Controller (receives input, uses the client
programs, and use one of the interpreters)
– Client protocol (FTP or HTTP)
– Interpreter (HTML, Java, or JavaScript)
• Server
– Web page is stored at the server
 Cache in memory
 Multithreading or multiprocessing
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
– URL is a standard for specifying any kind of
information on the Internet

80 by default

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 Web Architecture (Cont’)

• Cookies
– The WWW was originally designed as a stateless entity
– Cookies are needed for extending functionalities of the Web, such as:
– To remember past client in order to show a customized webpage

• Creation and storage of Cookies

– When a server receives a request from a client, it stores information
about the client in a file or a string
– The server includes the cookie in the response that it sends to the
client
– When the client receives the response, the browser stores the
cookie in the cookie directory

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 Web Architecture (Cont’)
Example of Cookies:

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 Web Documents

• Web documents can be grouped into three broad categories:

• The category is based on the time at which

— the contents of the document are determined

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 Web Documents (Cont’)
1. Static Documents
• Fixed-content documents (Created and stored in a server)
• Contents of the server can be changed by the server not by user
• Static documents are prepared by using one of several language:
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup
Language (XML), Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
(XHTML)

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 Web Documents (Cont’)
2. Dynamic Documents

• A dynamic document is created by a Web server

whenever a browser requests the document
• Example: retrieval of time and date from server
• Common Gateway Interface (CGI) was used to
retrieve a dynamic document in the past
• Today’s options include one of the scripting
languages such as Java Server Pages (JSP), which
uses the Java language for scripting, or Active
Server Pages (ASP), a Microsoft product that uses
Visual Basic language for scripting, or ColdFusion,
which embeds queries in a Structured Query
Language (SQL) database in the HTML document.

Dynamic documents are sometimes referred to as server-site dynamic documents

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 Web Documents (Cont’)
3. Active Documents

• In many applications, we need

a program or a script to be run
at the client site. These are
called active documents.
• Example: A program that
creates animated graphics
• Java applets used to create an
active document in server side
• Another way, JavaScripts can
be used but download and run
in the client side

Active documents are sometimes referred to as client-site dynamic documents

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 Web Documents (Cont’)
3. Active Documents (cont’)

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 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access data on the WWW

• In other words, HTTP is used to define how the client-server

programs can be written to retrieve web pages from the Web.

• HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-known port 80 in server side

and temporary port number in client side

• HTTP Transaction:
 HTTP uses the services of TCP, but it is a stateless protocol

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 Persistent/Non persistent Connections

• In a nonpersistent connection, one TCP connection is made for

each request/response.

• In a persistent connection, the server leaves the connection

open for more requests after sending a response
• The server can close the connection at the request of a client
or if a time-out has been reached

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 Persistent/Non persistent Connections (Cont’)

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)
• Messages

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)

• Request and Status Lines

 Request Type

 URL
 Version

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)
 Status Code

 Status Phrase

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)

• Header: Exchange additional information between client and server

Header Line
General Header
Request Header
Response Header
Entity Header
 General Header

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)
 Request Header

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 HTTP Transaction (Cont’)
 Response Header

 Entity Header

• Body

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 Examples

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 Persistent Connection
Proxy Server
• HTTP Supports proxy server
• It reduces the load on the original server, decreases traffic
and improves latency
Example:

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided
by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another
• It establishes two connections between hosts
 One for data transfer (verities of data)
 One for control information (Commands and responses)
• FTP uses the services of TCP. It needs two TCP connections
 Port 21 for control connection
 Port 20 for data connection

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) *Cont’+
Communication and data transfer (Cont’)
• FTP may run in active or passive mode, which determines how the data
connection is established
 In both cases, the client creates a TCP control connection from a random,
usually an unprivileged, port N to the FTP server command port 21

• Active mode
• The client starts listening for
incoming data connections from
the server on port M
• It sends the FTP command PORT
M to inform the server on which
port it is listening
• The server then initiates a data
channel to the client from its port
20, the FTP server data port

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) *Cont’+
Communication and data transfer (Cont’)

• Passive mode
The client uses the control connection to
send a PASV command to the server
Then the client receives a server IP address
and server port number from the server
The client then uses to open a data
connection from an arbitrary client port to
the server IP address and server port
number received
Note: where the client is behind
a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP
connections, passive mode may be used

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 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server
• Mail access protocol: retrieval from server
– POP: Post Office Protocol: authorization, download
– IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol: more features, including
manipulation of stored messages on server
– HTTP: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.

mail access
user SMTP SMTP user
protocol
agent Internet agent
(e.g., POP, IMAP)
SMTP
Sender’s mail Receiver’s mail
server server

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