Introduction to the

Internet and the

Fundamental of Web
Design and
Development
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/web_developers_guide/
web_basic_concepts.htm
 Fundamentals to the WWW

• What is the Internet?

– A physical collection of routers and circuits as a set
of shared resources or even as an attitude about
interconnecting and intercommunication
• Common definitions:
– A network of network based on the TCP/IP
communications protocol
– A community of people who use and develop
those networks
 Internet Based Services

• Email: a fast, easy and inexpensive way to

communicate with other Internet users around
the world
• Telnet: Allows the user to log into a remote
computer as though it were a local system
• FTP: Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind
of file that can be stored on a computer from
one Internet-connected computer to another
• World Wide Web (WWW): A hypertext interface
to Internet information resources
 WWW

• Stands for World Wide Web

• Definitions:
– All the resources and users on the Internet that are
using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
– The universe of network-accessible information, an
embodiment of human knowledge (based on World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
– A way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into
a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources
 WWW: W3C?

• W3C is an international consortium of companies

involved with the Internet and the Web.
• The organization's purpose is to develop open
standard so that the Web evolves in a single direction
rather than being splintered among competing
factions
 HTTP

• Stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol

• Is the protocol being used to transfer
hypertext documents that makes the World
Wide Web possible
• Standard web address (URL) example:
– http://www.google.com (Domain name)
 URL

• Stands for Uniform Resource Locator

• Used to specify addresses on the World Wide Web
• Fundamental network identification for any resource
connected to the web (e.g. hypertext pages, images and sound
files)
• URL format
Protocol://hostname/other_information
 Protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred.
Eg. HTTP, FTP, telnet, gopher
 Domain Name is the computer on which the resource is located
 Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after
the domain name, separated using single forward slash (/)
 URL (cont)

• Default port for Web Server processes: 80

• If another port is used, a client must attach
the port number to the hostname in the URL
 Website

• A collection of various pages written in HTML

markup language
• Where people can find many informations
• There are millions of website available on the
web
• Each page available on the Website is called a
web page
• First page of any web site is called home page
for that site
 Web Server

• Every web site sits on a computer known as a

Web Server
• It is always connected to the internet
 Every Web Server is given a unique address made up
of a series of four numbers between 0 and 256
separated by periods for example
http://202.160.13.190 (IP Address)
 When register a Web address (Domain Name), you
have to specify the IP Address of the Web Server
that will host the site
 Web Servers

• Servers are slave programs: they act only when

requests are made to them by browsers running
on other computers on the Internet
• The primary task of a web server is to:
– monitor a communication port on its host machine,
– accept HTTP commands through that port, and
– perform the operations specified by the commands
• URLs request from browsers are either a
filename or a program
 Several General
Characteristics

• File structure of a Web Server has two

separate directories:
– Document Root
– Server Root
• Some servers allow part of the servable
document collection to be stored outside the
document root. This is called virtual document
trees
 Web Servers

• Servers nowadays have more services than when it

all started, not just exclusively for HTTP protocol
• Examples are file sharing, mailto, virtual hosting,
proxy servers, cloud services
• Example of Web Servers:
– Commonly used:
• Apache (PHP, MySQL)
• IIS (ASP)
– Fast and Lighweight:
• Nginx
• Lighttpd (Youtube and Wikipedia)
 DNS

• Stands for Domain Name Server

• When someone types in a domain name, the
browser will ask the Domain Name Server to
find the IP that hosts the site
 Domain Name Conversion

Domain Name

Internet

Client System Domain Name

Web Server

Internet
Name Server IP IP
 Web Browser

• Software installed in your PC, used to access the

Web
• For example: Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Browsing or Surfing:
– The terms commonly used when you navigate through
pages of information on the web
• Browsers (client) request XHTML documents from
web servers, and the server will send the
information back to the client and browsers will
display them for users
 SMTP Server

• Stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Server
• Takes care of delivering emails from one
server to another server
 ISP

• Stands for Internet Service Provider

• Companies who provide you service in terms
of internet connection to connect to the
internet
• In order to host your web site, you will buy
space on a Web Server from any Internet
Service Provider
 HTML

• Stands for Hypertext Markup Language

• The language in which we write web pages for
any website
• Is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up
Language (SGML) for electronic publishing, the
specified standard used for the World Wide
Web
 Hyperlink

• A hyperlink, or simply a link, is a selectable

element in an electronic document that serves
as an access point to other electronic
resources
• Typically, you click the link to access the linked
resources
• Eg. On buttons, icons, image maps and
clickable text links
 Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME)

• The type of a document that is delivered by a Web

server appears in the first line of the document as a
MIME specification
• MIME tells the browser the format of the documents
and this allows the browser to choose how to
process the data. Eg. Text/html, image/jpg,
video/quicktime
• Website can create their own experimental MIME
types, provided that they also furnish a program that
allows the browser to present the document's
contents to the users
 HTTP Phase

• Consists of 2 phases, the request and the

response
• Each communication consists of 2 parts:
– Header – information about the communication
– Body – contains the data of the communication
 HTTP Request Methods

Method Description
GET Returns the contents of the specified document
HEAD Returns the header information for the specified
document
POST Executes the specified document, using the
enclosed data
PUT Replaces the specified document with an enclosed
data
DELETE Deletes the specified document
 First Digits of HTTP status
codes

• Most common status codes that users never

want to see:
– 404 Not Found
– 500 Internal Server Error
First Digit Category
1 Informational
2 Success
3 Redirection
4 Client Error
5 Server Error
 Web Programmer’s Toolbox

• XHTML
• Javascript
• Flash
• Java
• ASP.NET
• PHP
• Ruby
• AJAX
THE END