UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DYAL SINGH COLLEGE (M)

Core Paper: History of India - VIII (c.

1857-1950)

Internal Assessment Assignment

Topic/Question: Assess the difference in ideology

and strategy between the “Moderates” and the
“Extremists” leadership of the early national
movement.

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. D. Manjit sir Mansi Rautela

Department of History B.A. (H) History
Dyal Singh College (M) Semester: VI
University of Delhi Roll no. 18/85023
 Introduction

“The Extremists of today will be the Moderates of tomorrow, just as the Moderates
of today were the Extremists of yesterday.”
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Indian National Movement is best described as a long, organic, dynamic, flexible

journey towards political emancipation, self determination and freedom. The Indian
National Congress, the first all India political organization, which was established in
1885, had three main aims: i) to bring together political workers from different parts
of the country, ii) to promote national consciousness among the people and iii) to
educate the people and influence public opinion in the interest of the country. It
developed over a period of time through three stages of leadership, often described
as Moderate, Extremist and Gandhian. The stages of development of Congress
leadership were more or less concurrent with the three distinct phases in its history:
1885-1905, 1905-1919, and 1920-1947. Though there were other prominent Congress
leaders, it was the leadership of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and
Mahatma Gandhi that represented the essence and character of the Congress during
the respective periods.
Driving ideologies, goals and demands of the struggle changed with the
progression of colonial rule and political awakening. Apart from ideological shifts,
there were noticeable differences in the social background of those who participated
in the struggle against the British. For instance, the social base of the Moderates were
the zamindars and upper middle classes in towns where as the Extremist were the
educated middle and lower middle classes in town. Moderates believed in the liberal,
constitutonal means of action with less charged/provoactive style and Extremists
identifies themselves by radical actions.

The Moderate’s Ideology and Strategy

The Congress, since its establishment, was under the influence of Moderate leaders,
most of whom were first generation English educated Indians. The Moderates
philosophy was most eloquently articulated by Surendranath Banerji (1848 - 1925) in
his 1895 presidential address to the Congress. Most of the Moderate leaders had an
enduring attachment for the British way of life, they believed that it was the
association with the British rule and English education that had exposed them to
modern ideas such as liberty, equality, democracy and dignity of the individual.
Moreover, they were convinced that it was only due to the British rule that the much
needed law and order, and effective administration had been established in India.
The Moderate leaders were influenced by Western political ideas and practices,
especially by the political philosophy of liberalism. The liberal philosophy of
moderate Congress leaders gave emphasis on: i) dignity of the individual; ii)
Individual’s right to freedom; iii) Equality of all irrespective of caste, creed or sex.
This liberal philosophy guided the moderate leaders of the Congress in opposing the
autocratic attitude of the British government, demanding rule of law and equality
before law, and advocating secularism.
Moderates were so emphatic in their faith in the British rule that they hailed its
introduction in India as 'a providential mission' capable of eradicating the 'mis-rule'
of the past. The Moderates were swayed by British liberalism and were persuaded to
believe that in the long run the crown would fulfill its providential mission. Banerji
appears to have echoed the idea of Dadabhai Naoroji, (1 825-1917) who in his 1893
Poona address, underlined the importance of loyalty to the British in protecting
India's future. They believed in methods of peaceful and constitutional agitation,
popularly known as “Three ‘P’s”- prayer, petition and protest. Bipan Chandra has
summed up the political method of the Moderates as “constitutional agitation within
the four walls of law and slow, orderly political progress.”

The Extremist’s Ideology and Strategy

Disillusioned with the Moderates, the Extremists believed in 'self reliance' and sought
to achieve Swaraj through direct action. So, there were two levels at which the
Extremist critique had operated. At one level, they questioned the Moderate method
of 'political mendicancy'. At another level, the Extremists also felt the need of being
self-reliant economically to fight the British state that gained in strength by
exploiting India's economic resources. The Extremist leaders of INC like Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghose
articulated radical political ideas against colonial rule. The first three of them
became famous as the trio of extremist leadership: Lal-Bal-Pal. They became
prominent after the Partition of Bengal in 1905. Their radical ideology and
programme became popular during the movement against Partition of Bengal, also
known as the ‘Swadeshi Movement’.
The Extremist’s programme of action was radically different from that of the
moderates and aimed specifically at arousing emotive indignation against British rule
and thereby promoting active involvement of the masses in the agitations. Gandhi
further improved upon and continued their programme and considered himself as a
‘true disciple’ of Tilak. The extremists aimed at preparing the masses for the struggle
to gain ‘Swaraj’ by educating them, uniting them and instilling in them a sense of self
-respect, self-reliance, and pride in their ancient heritage. The Extremist leaders used
religious symbols in arousing the masses; however, they did not mix religion and
politics. Their concept of nationhood encompassed all religions in India. Though the
‘Dharma’ advocated by leaders like Tilak and Lajpat Rai looked like it had a Hindu
connotation, for the extremists, it actually meant ‘universal moral law’ under whose
unifying influence, the different religions and communities in India would coexist
peacefully. To counter the British rule, they developed the four-point programme of
Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education and Passive Resistance against the British.
To conclude, while Moderates and Extremists constitute contrasting viewpoints, their
contribution to the freedom struggle in its early phase is nonetheless significant.
Unlike the Moderates who drew upon the ideas of Gladstone, Burke, etc to refine their
political strategy, the Extremists found Bankim's Anandamath, a historical novel that
narrated the story of the rise of the Hindu Sannyasis vis-a-vis the vanquished Muslim
rulers and Vivekananda's interpretation of Vedanta philosophy. Historians have
pointed out various political differences between the moderates and extremists
factions of the Congress plus other factors that led to the famous “Surat Split”. Yet
one must also place the split in its historiographical context- the Swadeshi movement
which emerged strongest in Bengal-opposing the partition of Bengal. It was during
this movement, that moderate methods/goals took a back seat and the extremists
emerged developing new political methods and goals. Redefining the Extremist
method of Swadeshi, boycott and strike in the changed environment when the
imperial power became more brutal than before, Gandhi easily mobilised the masses
in the anti-British campaign.
 Bibliography

1. Chakrabarty, B., & Pandey, R. K. (2009). Modern Indian political thought: Text
and context. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.
2. Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhar. (2004). From Plassey to Partition : a history of
modern India. New Delhi : Orient Longman
3. Sarkar, S. (2000). Modern India, 1885-1947. Delhi: Macmillan