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THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE CAUSED BY A NEW

STRAIN OF CORONAVIRUS. THIS NEW VIRUS AND DISEASE WERE UNKNOWN BEFORE

THE OUTBREAK BEGAN IN WUHAN, CHINA, IN DECEMBER 2019. THE NAME "CORONA

VIRUS" IS DERIVED FROM LATIN CORONA WHICH MEANS "CROWN" OR "WREATH".

ITSELF BORROWING FROM THE GREEK WORD KORONȆ. THE NAMED WAS COINED BY

JUNE ALMEIDA AND DAVID TYRRELL WHO FIRST OBSERVED AND STUDIED HUMAN

CORONA VIRUS. THE EARLIEST REPORTS OF CORONA VIRUS INFECTION IN ANIMALS

OCCURRED IN THE LATE 1920'S, WHEN AN ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION OF

DOMESTICATED EMERGED IN NORTH AMERICA. THE VIRUS WAS THEN KNOW AS

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS. THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES COVID-19 IS MAINLY

TRANSMITTED THROUGH DROPLETS GENERATED WHEN AN INFECTED PERSON

COUGHS, SNEEZES, OR EXHALES. THESE DROPLETS ARE TOO HEAVY TO HANG IN THE

AIR, AND QUICKLY FALL ON FLOORS OR SURFACES.

YOU CAN BE INFECTED BY BREATHING IN THE VIRUS IF YOU ARE WITHIN CLOSE

PROXIMITY OF SOMEONE WHO HAS THE VIRUS, OR BY TOUCHING A CONTAMINATED

SURFACE AND THEN YOUR EYES, NOSE OR MOUTH. AS PER THE RESEARCHERS
 CORONA VIRUS WAS DISCOVERED IN DECEMBER 2019 AND STILL A THREAT UNTIL

NOW, A LOT OF RULES AND REGULATIONS WAS APPLIED AND IMPLEMENTED BY THE

GOVERNMENT. BUT WHY IS THE PHILIPPINES STILL IN THIS SITUATION? THOUSANDS

OF CASES EVERY DAY. THE WHOLE WORLD IS INVOLVED IN THIS PROBLEM, THIS

WOULD HAVE BEEN EASIER IF WE HAD UNITY AND ALERTNESS. THE PHILIPPINE

GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE CLOSE THE COUNTRY IN FEBRUARY BUT THEY DID NOT.

AS THE OUTCOME CASES RISED UP QUICKLY.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY - MANABAT

EARLIER THIS MARCH 2020: FOLLOWING THE CONFIRMATION OF THE FIRST LOCALIZED

TRANSMISSION ON 7TH OF MARCH 2020, THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RAISED ITS

ALERT TO CODE RED SUB-LEVEL 1. PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE LATER ISSUED

PROCLAMATION NO. 922 ON 9TH OF MARCH 2020, FORMALLY ANNOUNCING A PUBLIC

HEALTH EMERGENCY, AUTHORIZING LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS AND PERSONNEL TO

EMPLOY THEIR LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT FUNDS.

AS OF APRIL 29, A TOTAL OF 8,212 VERIFIED COVID-19 CASES INCLUDING 558 DEATHS

HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN THE PHILIPPINES. ACCORDING TO THE CORONA VIRUS

TRACKER EIGHT THOUSAND CASES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN APRIL. ANOTHER THING
 THAT THE GOVERNMENT DID IN APRIL WAS EXTENDING THE HOME

QUARANTINE/LOCKDOWN.TO PREVENT THE RISING UP OF THE CASES.

AS THE CASES RISE UP EVERY-DAY, THE GOVERNMENT SEEMS TO BE NOT WORRIED

ABOUT IT AND CAN-DO OTHER PROJECTS AT THE SAME TIME. AS TIME PASSES BY THIS

PROBLEM IS GETTING BIGGER AND IS CAUSING SIDE PROBLEMS.

AS OF MAY: AMONG THE 11,618 CONFIRMED CASES, 6,274 ARE MALE (54%) AND 5,344

ARE FEMALE (46%). THE MOST AFFECTED AGE GROUPS ARE 30-39 YEARS (21.2%)

FOLLOWED BY 20-29 (16.9%). THIS PERCENTAGES SHOWS THAT 30+ MEN ARE

GETTING THE VIRUS MORE OFTENLY THAN WOMEN.

THE NUMBER OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE PHILIPPINES HAS SURPASSED

29,000 WITH THE VALIDATION OF 943 NEW CASES, THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

(DOH) SAID, THE CASES ARE RISING UP EVEN THOUGH THE GOVERNMENT EXTENDED

THE HOME QUARANTINE. SO, THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE IS NOT ENOUGH AND CAN

NOT SOLVE THE MAIN PROBLEM.

THE PHILIPPINES NOW HAS 83,673 COVID-19 CASES AS THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

(DOH) REPORTED 1,687 NEW CASES ON THE 28TH OF JULY 2020.THE LATEST FIGURES

INDICATE THAT THE COUNTRY IS LIKELY TO SURPASS THE 85,000 CASES THAT
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES RESEARCHERS HAD EARLIER PROJECTED THE

COUNTRY TO REACH BY THE 31ST OF JULY. AS PER THE RESEARCHERS THE

PHILIPPINES IS 15,000 CASES AWAY FROM 100,000 IN JULY.

PHILIPPINES CORONA VIRUS CASES HAS INCREASED TO 217,000, NEW RECOVERIES

EXCEED TO 22,000. THE NUMBER OF CONFIRMED CORONA VIRUS CASES IN THE

PHILIPPINES CONTINUED TO RISE, WITH OVER 4,000 MORE CASES REPORTED ON

SUNDAY, 30TH OF AUGUST. IN A SPAN OF A MONTH THE CASES TALLIED UP TO

120,000+ CASES. WITH ATLEAST 27,000+ CASES EVERY WEEK.

AS OF SEPTEMBER 2020: THE STREAK OF MORE THAN 3,000 COVID-19 CASES DAILY

CONTINUED ON SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, AS THE PHILIPPINES' TALLY BREACHED

286,000.

THE COUNTRY'S CORONAVIRUS CASELOAD ROSE TO 286,743, AFTER THE DEPARTMENT

OF HEALTH (DOH) ANNOUNCED 3,311 NEW CASES FROM ALL EXCEPT 7 TESTING

LABORATORIES.

THIS IS THE 13TH STRAIGHT DAY SINCE SEPTEMBER 8 THAT THE COUNTRY HAS

REPORTED OVER 3,000 NEW CASES.

 AS OF OCTOBER 5, 2020: PHILIPPINES HAS ENTERED THE TOP 20
COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST CORONA VIRUS CASES

CORONA VIRUS WAS SPREADING ALL OVER THE WORLD IN JANUARY. THE PHILIPPINE

GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE CLOSED THE COUNTRY IN JANUARY BUT THEY DID NOT.

THEY APPLIED IT TWO MONTHS AFTER JANUARY. WHEN THE COUNTRY WAS ALREADY

INFECTED. WHEN THE COUNTRY WAS ALREADY IN DANGER.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENTED A HOME

QUARANTINE/LOCKDOWN. WHILE THE PHILIPPINES IS STILL ACCEPTING TOURISTS

AND STILL NOT AWARE ABOUT THE VIRUS. AMERICA'S SPORTS, UNIVERSITIES, AND

MANY MORE WAS CANCELLED AND SUSPENDED IMMEDIATELY. THIS IS WHAT THE

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT WAS SUPPOSED TO DO. BUT THEY REACTED SO LATE.

 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - VALDECAÑAS

THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ANSWERS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.WHAT ARE THE REASONS OF THE SEEMINGLY FAILED RESPONSE OF THE

GOVERNMENT TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

2.WHY IS THERE A RAMPANT INCREASE IN THE CASES OF COVID-19 DESPITE OF THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF RULES AND REGULATIONS?

3.HOW SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT MANAGE THE INTRICATE BALANCE BETWEEN THE

ECONOMY AND PUBLIC HEALTH?

4. WHAT OTHER STRATEGIES COULD THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDE TO REDUCE THE RISK

OF INFECTION DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - RELATOR

NORMATIVE ECONOMIC THEORY

NORMATIVE MAINSTREAM THEORY SAYS THAT GOVERNMENTS OUGHT TO GIVE KEY

PUBLIC PRODUCT AND ENHANCE INDIVIDUAL OR NON-PUBLIC CAPABILITIES.

SPECIFICALLY, PUBLIC FINANCE THEORY VIEWS THE GOVERNMENT AS CONDUCTING 2

BASIC ACTIVITIES: THOSE WHO OFFSET MARKET FAILURES AND PEOPLE THAT ARE
REDISTRIBUTIVE. IT ASSUMES THAT GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS WILL BELOW SURE

CONDITIONS IMPROVE POTENCY ONCE MARKET FAILURES RESULT IN SUBOPTIMAL

FINANCIAL AID OUTCOMES, AND IMPROVE EQUITY WHEN MARKET ALLOCATIONS LEAD

TO OUTCOMES PERSPECTIVE TO BE UNFAIR. THE PRINCIPLE FOR STATE INVOLVEMENT

WITHIN THE HEALTH IN HEALTH SECTOR STEMS FROM A NUMBER OF THESE SAME

CONSIDERATIONS. JACK IN (1999), FOR EXAMPLE, SUMMARIZES ARGUMENTS FOR THE

ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS INTERVENTIONS BASED ON THE "MERIT GOOD" NATURE OF

HEALTH, WITH THE PERSPECTIVE THAT HEALTH OUTCOMES AND CONSUMPTION OF

MEDICAL SERVICES OUGHT TO BE RELATED TO SOME CONCEPT OF NEED AND NOT TO

ONE'S ABILITY TO PAY AS WELL AS THE PRESENCE OF THREE BROAD FORMS OF

MARKET FAILURE PROMINENT IN THE SECTOR: (A) EXTERNALITIES; (B) THE PUBLIC

BENEFIT OF CERTAIN HEALTH INTERVENTIONS; (C) LARGE INFORMATION

ASYMMETRIES.

IN ADDITION TO ECONOMIC THEORY ARGUMENTS, THE HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

IS COMMONLY ACCUSTOMED JUSTIFY PUBLIC FUNDING FOR HEALTH FROM A

NORMATIVE PERSPECTIVE. THIS ANGLE UNDERLIES RECENT POLICY COMMITMENTS TO

UHC IN MANY COUNTRIES. THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE MANY COUNTRIES GUARANTEE

ACCESS TO HEALTH OR TO HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO ANY OR ALL THEIR CITIZENS.

 THIS CAN BE OFTEN TAKEN TO IMPLY THAT GOVERNMENTS HAVE THE LAWFUL BASIC

TO GUARANTEE THAT THE NATURALLY ORDERED RIGHT TO HEALTH IS REALIZED FOR

ALL BY GUARANTEEING SATISFACTORY OPEN ASSETS ARE ACCESSIBLE.

UNFORTUNATELY, AN EQUIVALENT ECONOMIC THEORY THAT JUSTIFY PUBLIC FUNDING

OF HEALTH ADDITIONALLY APPLY TO GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS IN DIFFERENT

SECTORS COMPARABLE TO DEFENSE, EDUCATION, FOOD, HOUSING, WATER,

SANITATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE. INDEED, THEORIES JUSTIFY MILITARY

EXPENDITURES ON THE GROUNDS THAT NATIONAL DEFENSE COULD BE A PUBLIC

SMART AND CAN'T BE PROVIDED PRIVATELY; ALSO, THAT IT'S NON-RIVALROUS (THAT

IS, USE BY ONE DOESN'T SCALE BACK USE BY OTHERS) AND NON-EXCLUDABLE (THAT

IS, CONSUMPTION CANNOT BE RESTRICTED TO BOUND POPULATION GROUPS),

CREATING IT NOT POSSIBLE TO SUPPLY AND CONSUME PRIVATELY. THE EDUCATION

SECTOR IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE. WHILE EDUCATION, IN CONTRAST TO NATIONAL

DEFENSE, IS BASICALLY A NON-PUBLIC GOOD, THEORETICAL ARGUMENTS

UNDERPINNING PUBLIC FUNDING FOR EDUCATION ARE ROBUST AND RELATE TO THE

PRESENCE OF HUGE HUMAN CAPITAL AND PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCING EXTERNALITIES

WHICH WILL RESULT IN SOCIAL EDGES NOT TAKEN UNDER CONSIDERATION BY PEOPLE

ONCE CREATING CHOICES. THE NORMATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE CONJOINTLY

DOESN'T IMPLY THAT THE HEALTH SECTOR IS BY ANY SUGGESTS THAT EXCEPTIONAL

DURING THIS REGARD: DIFFERENT SECTORS AKIN TO FOOD, HOUSING, AND

EDUCATION CAN AND DO ALSO BUILD PLAUSIBLE CASES FOR PUBLIC FINANCING FROM

A PERSON'S RIGHTS ANGLE.

GIVEN COMPETING AND SIMILARLY COMMENDABLE PRIORITIES ACROSS SEVERAL

SECTORS, WHAT QUANTITY SHOULD TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE BE IN AN

ECONOMY AND THE WAY SHOULD PUBLIC RESOURCES BE ALLOTTED ACROSS SECTORS?

AGAIN, MAINSTREAM PUBLIC FINANCE THEORY ARGUES FOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE

LEVELS TO EXTEND AS LONG AS SOCIAL EDGES FROM ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES

EXCEED THE VALUE OF RAISING REVENUES FOR FUNDING THE EXTRA OUTLAYS. WITH

RELEVANCY ALLOCATIONS ACROSS SECTORS, THE IMPLICATIONS ARE THAT PUBLIC

RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED UP TO THE PURPOSE WHEREVER THE MARGINAL

ADVANTAGE OF AN EXTRA DOLLAR OF SPENDING IS EQUALIZED ACROSS SECTORS. THE

OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS AREN'T SIMPLE TO DERIVE GIVEN THE

DIFFICULTIES OF ESTIMATING THE PRICES AND SOCIAL EDGES OF PUBLIC

EXPENDITURE. NEVERTHELESS, THIS MEANS THAT — TO BENEFIT REPRIORITIZATION

— THE HEALTH SECTOR WOULD WISH TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCIAL BENEFITS

OF ADDITIONAL PUBLIC DEFRAYMENT OUTLAYS EXCEED THE COSTS OF FUNDING THIS

INCREASE IN SPENDING, EACH IN TERMS OF THE EXTRA COSTS OF RAISING REVENUES

AND ADDITIONALLY IN TERMS OF BY PAST PUBLIC SPENDING IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

(SOMETHING THAT MINISTRIES OF HEALTH ARE TYPICALLY UNABLE TO ARTICULATE

PERSUASIVELY TO MINISTRIES OF FINANCE AND PLANNING).

FOR CORRECTION:

1. DO NOT CAPITALIZE ALL THE WORDS.

2. USE “TAHOMA” AS FONT AND “12” FOR THE SIZE.

3. DO NOT PUT EVERY CONTENT ON THE CENTER, AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, “JUSTIFY”

ALL IN ALL, YOUR PAPER DO HAVE AN IMPRESSIVE CONTENT. NO CORRECTIONS ON HOW IT WAS

WRITTEN, JUST PURELY ON THE FORMAT. KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.