Vocabulary Practice Heritages of the United States DUT ek nhee akon { SkiLLS AND STRATEGIES * Context Clues + Word Structure + Sound Clues * Dictionary Definition * Like and Opposite Meanings CONTEXT: The First Americans Lesson: The Peoples and Their Lands ......nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnes 3 Lesson 2: Language Without Words 7 Lesson 3: Metacomet’s Dream . " Lesson 4: Wisdom Stories ... me 15 Lesson 5: American indians and Their Horse 19 Lesson 6; The Meanings of American Indian Art sun. coceaec oS Lesson 7; Totems Lesson 8: Coyote, the American indian Trickster Lesson 9: Games in the Arctic and Subarctic Lesson 10: American Indian Languages. CONTEXT: Coming to the United States Lesson 11: My Great-Great-Grandparents' Story Lesson 12: Dealing with Change Lesson 13: A Day in the City Lesson 14: Arriving in New Orleans Lesson 15: Southeast Asians in Houston, Texas .. Lesson 16: Remembering the Past 2 Lesson 17: The Ballad of Mary Margaret Mur 2. Lesson 18: Discovering New Holidays Lesson 19: Tracing a Heritage... Lesson 20: Coming Soon to a Theater Near You 3 3 (© Houghton mt Contents Vvvi CONTEXT: Voices of the United States Lesson 21: Dreaming of the Future .... 83 Lesson 23: Music of the United States 1 Lesson 25: Writers of the United States .. we seen 9D Lesson 27: The Voice of Justice ... 107 Lesson 28: Super Voices: The World of Comics sia iia qt Lesson 29: Listening to the Radio sisedsissassdini inses 19S © Multimeaning CONTEXT: The First Americans Lesson 1: Learning from American Indian Cultures ....cosccocsssesecesssersseseres 125 Lesson 2: When Cultures intermingled ... 127 Lesson 5: Working with the System ..... 133 CONTEXT: Coming to North America Lesson 6: Leaving the “Old Country” an ecseseesee 135 Lesson 9: A Day in the Life. casas ” sistas aoasaininnsscteis WOE CONTEXT: Voices of the United States Lesson 11: Reading About United States History ....cc:ccssouneneneenne 185 ‘Contents {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company‘Company larcout Pub eS AWA Ace eA eA ULL} SKILLS AND STRATEGIES = Understanding Analogies Lesson 1 Lesson 2: Lesson 3: Lesson 4: Lesson 5: Lesson 6: Lesson 7: Lesson 8: Lesson 3: Lesson 10: Lesson 11 Lesson 12: Lesson 13: Lesson 14: Lesson 15: READING NEW WORDS IN CONTEXT : ANALOGIES ANALOGIES ... ANALOGIES ..... . ANALOGIES - ANALOGIES ANALOGIES ANALOGIES ANALOGIES ...... ANALOGIES ero ANALOGIES ANALOGIES . ANALOGIES . ANALOGIES ANALOGIES ANALOGIES - SKILLS AND STRATEGIES | + Reading Longer Passages | + Reading Strategically CONTEXT: The First Americans Lesson 1 Lesson 2: Lesson 3: Lesson 4: Lesson 5: North America Meets Europe. The Dakotas .. 7 7 Cultures of Four Corners... The Five Nations Far to the North: Native Peoples of Alaska 155 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 im 172 175 2179 183 187 191 Contents viCONTEXT: Coming to the United States Lesson 6: Leaving the Emerald Isle : eae tO8: Lesson 7: From Roma, Napoli, and Palermo to Ells Island... 199 Lesson 8: The Statue of Liberty and Ells Island . 203 Lesson 9: When the Country Came to the People: Mexican Americans .. 207 Lesson 10: Leaving Saigon - evenness 211 CONTEXT: Voices of the United States Lesson 11: A Teacher Speaks Lesson 12: The Sound of Laughter... Lesson 13: Poems on the Wall: The Voices of Chinese Americans 223 Lesson 14: African American Folk Tales and Storyteller... Lesson 15: Building the United States ..... VOCABULARY WORDS . Vocabulary Tests Contents Note to the Teacher .. Formative Assessment, Tests 1-30 .. Summative Assessment Test 1 CONTEXT: The American Indians Test 2 CONTEXT: Coming to the United States Test 3 CONTEXT: Voices of the United State Contents ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing CompanyThe following tables list some common roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Use these tables to help you determine the meaning of a word by examining its structure. ROOTS BASE MEANING EXAMPLES act to do, drive action, actor, react, transact, enact alt high altitude, altimeter ann, enn year annval, perennial, bicentennial aqua water aquarium, aquamarine, aquanaut aster. astro star astronomy. astronomical. asterisk aud to hear audience, auditorium, audible bobo, bibtt book bibliographer, bibliomania, biblical bio life biology, biochemistry, biodegradable cede to go: to yield intercede, supercede, concede cent ‘one hundred percent, bicentennial, centennial chrono time chronology, chronometer, chronoscope circ, circum around circumference, circle, circular cred to believe, trust incredible, credit, credential dem people democracy, demagogue, epidemic dent tooth dentist, dental, dentifrice dic, dict to say, to speak; to assert diction, dictiona: dur hard, lasting duration, durable, endure fin end, limit finish, finite, infinite, final gen race, family, kind. genealogy, general, generation geo earth, ‘geology, geocentric, geodynamics graph, gram to write, draw, record, autograph, telegram, paragraph hab to have, hold; to dwell habit, habitat, inhabit hnydro water hydrogen, hydrodynamics, hydroplane hypo under, below hypodermic, hypotension, hypothermia jr, jus, judic law, right, judgment jurist, justify, judicial leg law legal, legislator, legitimate loc place local, localize, relocate, dislocate Common Roors, Prerixes, ano Surrixes ixROOTS (continued) spec, spect, spic syn, sym techn temp therm tract vis, vid volve to sce, look at, behold together art, skill time heat to pull, draw to see, look roll BASE MEANING EXAMPLES logue, logo idea, word, speech, reason | dialogue, monologue, epilogue, logical mani hand manual, manufacture med, medi middle mediate, medieval, mediocre ameter, mtr measure diameter, metric, millimeter ory form pseudomorph, mesomorph, metamorphosis, micro small microscope, microorganism mono one monologue, monogamy, monograph ‘moo, mob, mot | tomove ‘mob, mobile, remove, motion noe, nox night equinox, noctumal, nocturne ped foot pedestal, pedestrian, pedal peri around perimeter, periscope, periphery petr rock petrify, petroleum, petroglyph phon sound, voice phonetics, phonics, telephone photo light photography, photoflash, photogenic port tocanry import, export, portable pyr fire Pyromania, pyrotechnic i toknow conscience, science, scientist scope tosee kaleidoscope, telescope, microscope seri, script towrite inscribe, subscription, seript sign mark signal, signature, insignia inspect, respect, spectacle, species symphony, synthesize technical, technology, technique temporary, temper thermometer, thermonuclear attract, retract, traction revision, video, visible involve, revolve, revolution X Common Roors, Prerixts, AND Surrixes {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company PREFIXES PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES: ab from; away from abnormal, abduct, absent, abhor ad- to; motion toward: addition to adapt, addict, adhere, admit acro- air aerobic, aerobiology, aerospace amphi both, around amphibian, amphitheater an not anarchy, anesthesia, anonymous ante before antebellum, antecede, antedate anti- against; opposite; reverse antiaircraft, antifreeze, antibiotics ap- to; nearness to approximate, appoint, approach auto self automatic, autograph, autobiography bene good benediction, benefactor, benevolent be two bifacial, bifocal, biennial circum around circumnavigate, circumference co-,con~ | together coauthor, cooperate, confront, confound contra against contradict, contradistinguish, contrary den opposite of away from; undo deactivate, deform, degrade, deplete, descend dis opposite disagree, disarm, discontinue, dishonest ex out; beyond; away from; former | excel, exclude, exhale, exile extra outside; beyond; besides extraordinary, extracurricular for- not forbid, forget, forgo fore- before forecast, foreword, forestall, forethought Iryper- ‘more than normal; too much hyperactive, hypercritical, hypertension it not illegal, illegible, illiterate, logical im- into immediate, immerse, immigrate, import im not imbalance, immature, immobilize ine not: go into inaccurate, inactive, inhabit inter among; between interaction, intercede, interchange intra within intramural, intrastate, intravenous in not inredeemable, irregular, irresponsible mal wrong; bad ‘maladjusted, malfunction, malice mis wrong; bad; no; not misfire, misbehave, misconduct non not; opposite of noncommittal, nonconductor, nonpartisan ob against obstacle, obstinate, obstruct, object ‘Common Roors, PReixes, AND SurFixes XiPREFIXES (continued) PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES, per- through percolate, perceive post after postglacial, postgraduate, posterior pre- before preamble, prearrange, precaution pro- before; for; in support of Prognosis, program, prologue, prophet pro- forward proceed, produce, proficient, progress re back; again recall, recede, reflect, repay retro backward retroactive, retrospect, retrocede se apart secure, secede, secession self of the self self-taught, self-worth, self-respect, selfish semi half; partly ‘semicircle, semiformal, semitrailer sub under; beneath, subcontract, subject, submarine, submerge super over superabound, superabundant, superhuman su over; above surcharge, surface, surmount, surpass trans across; over transatlantic, transcend, transcribe, transfer ultra extremely ultraliberal, ultramodern, ultrasonic un not ‘unable, uncomfortable, uncertain, unhappy Common Roots, Prerixes, AND SurFixes ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company ‘SUFFIXES SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES, able, ible | able tobe; capable of being, inteligible, probable, inevitable ade action or process blockade, escapade, parade age action or process marriage, pilgrimage, voyage -al,~ial of; like; relating to; suitable for potential, musical, national “ance act; process; quality; state of being | tolerance, alliance, acceptance ~ant one who assistant, immigrant, merchant mary Of; like; relating to ‘customary, honorary, obituary nate characteristic of; to become officiate, consecrate, activate -tle,-icle | small corpusele, cubicle, particle ~y fact or state of being diplomacy, privacy, relevancy tom state or quality of boredom, freedom, martyrdom ence act or state of being, occurrence, conference ent doing; having; showing fraudulent, dependent, negligent er ‘one who; that which boxer, rancher, employer -ery place for; act, practice of surgery, robbery, nursery esque like picturesque, statuesque nes female goddess, heiress, princess “ful full of careful, fearful, joyful, thoughtful ~ile capable of being collectible, legible, divisible wie relating to; characteristic of comic, historic, poetic, public ty to make; to cause to be modify, glorify, beautify, pacify ion act, condition, or result of calculation, action, confederation ~ish of or belonging to; characterized by | _tallish, amateurish, selfish ism act, practice, or result of; example barbarism, heroism, cyncism -ity condition; state of being integrity, sincerity, calamity, purity ~ive of; relating to; belonging to; inquisitive, active, creative tending to ~ize make; cause to be; subject to jeopardize, standardize, computerize ~less without ageless, careless, thoughtless, tireless tet small islet, leaflet, owlet, rivulet, starlet -tike like; characteristic of childlike, waiflike stogy study or theory of biology, ecology, geology Common Roors, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES. xiSUFFIXES (continued) ‘SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES ay every daily, weekly, monthly, yearly “y like; characteristic of fatherly, queenly, deadly ly resembling officially, sincerely, kindly ment action or process development, government ment state or quality of amusement, amazement, predicament ment product or thing, fragment, instrument, ornament ness state or quality of being kindness, abruptness, happiness -r fone who actor, auditor, doctor, donor ~ous having; full of; characterized by riotous, courageous, advantageous ~ship state or quality of being censorship, ownership, governorship some like; tending to be meddlesome, bothersome, noisome tude state or quality of being solitude, multitude, aptitude 4 characterized by thrifty, jealousy, frequency, sticky XIV Common Roots, Prerixes, ano Surrixes ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing Companya LSP ER La ne CONTEXT The words, phrases, or sentences around an unfamiliar word often provide clues about the word’s meaning. In some cases, signal words can act as clues. See pp. 173-174 for further discussion of context clues. Restatement Clues Look for words and phrases that define an unfamiliar word or restate its meaning in familiar terms. ExaMPLe The dried rose was as fragile as a butterly’s wing. In other words, its delicate petals can be damaged easily. From the context, readers can tell that fragile means “damaged easily.” The phrase in other words signals that the words easily damaged restate the meaning of the word fragile. Restatement Signal Words in other words that is these Example Clues Examples sometimes give us hints to a word’s meaning. If an unfamiliar word means a certain type of thing, action, or characteristic, examples of the type can be excellent clues to the word’s meaning, Exampte When our neighbors travel, they always look for comfortable accommodations, such as a beach cottage, hotel suite, or mountain cabin. From the context, readers can tell that the word accommodations means “a place to stay.” The words such as signal that the list of places to stay provides examples of accommodations. Example Signal Words for example such as in that likewise especially Kinos oF Context Cues XVContrast/Antonym Clues Look for words or phrases that are the opposite of a word’s meaning. Exampte Knowledge is a remedy for many environmental problems, but knowledge without action cannot cure the ills. From the context, readers can tell that remedy means “cure.” The word but signals that remedy contrasts with the phrase “cannot cure.” Contrast/Antonym Signal Words but not in contrast on the other hand however still although some . . . but others Keyword Clues Look for words or phrases that modify or are related to the unfamiliar word. EXAMPLE The two characters in my story believe it is their destiny to be enemies. Their elders have taught them that this is meant to be. From the context, readers can tell that destiny means “something that necessarily happens to a person.” The words meant to be signal the meaning of the word. Definition/Explanation Clues A sentence may actually define or explain an unfamiliar word. Exampte Alan will help the woman once she escapes and becomes a fugitive from her troubled country. From the context, readers can tell that fugitive means “runaway.” The word escapes signals the meaning of the word. XVI Kinos oF Context C.ues ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing Company‘Company 8 = 6 5 | | Intropucinc Maxine New Worps Your Own | | \4 How We Make New Words Our Own Use the Context Structure Sound Dictionary (CSSD) strategy to improve your vocabulary, to make new words your own. Use one or more of the strategies to determine the meanings of each word you do not know. The exercises that foliow will show you how to go about making new words your own. HOW TO DO EXERCISE 1 Zazede D In these exercises, you will read the Vocabulary Word in a sentence. You will figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Then you will look up the word in a dictionary and write its meaning as it is used in the sentence. Here is an example of the Wordbusting strategy, using the word manuscript. => | Robert found a tattered manuscript in an old trunk and began i reading it. a Context: Since Robert Structure Sound: man’ yoo « skript’ manu + script began toread the tatsered | | Theroct manumeans hana” |) | Manuscript sounds tke manuscript, you can vel that | | Seriptisarooethat means |) | theword manual whichisa |) a manuscript is words on owrive: reference book that provides paper: inetructione Dictionary: “a handwritten or typewritten document: or paper, especially a copy of an author's work™ Hint #1 Context: Look for clues to the meaning of the word in the sentence. For example, “reading” is a keyword that helps reveal the meaning of manuscript. Hint #2, Structure: Examine the word parts for roots, prefixes, and suffixes that you know. Consult the word-part tables on pages ix-xiv for meanings of parts you do not know. Hint #3. Sound: Say the word aloud and listen for any word parts you know. Hint #4 Dictionary: If you cannot determine a word’s meaning from applying context, structure, and sound strategies, look up the unfamiliar word in a dictionary. Read all the definitions, and choose one that best fits the given sentence. Maxine New Woros Your Own 1Meise Contert Clues Ly In this exercise, you will again see the new word used in a sentence. This exercise gives you the word's definition, and you must match the word in the sentence with its meaning. The word may be used in the same way as it was used in Wordbusting, or it may be used in a new way. Here's an example of a Context Clues exercise: COLUMN A ——_—__SOLUMNB —D_ 1.word: (D) Recent years have seen a steady rise in the v. to become smaller; to lessen; number of cat owners. On the other hand, n. a lessening there has been a decrease in the number of dog owners. Hint #1 First, scan the definitions in Column A. Then, read Column B and look for clues to the meaning of the word. Here, the words “on the other hand’ tell us that the sentence con- taining the word decrease contrasts with the sentence containing the words “a steady rise.” Thus, the correct definition is probably the opposite of “a steady rise.” Hint #2 Read column A and look for a likely definition of the word. In the example, the student, chose the definition that contained the meaning “a lessening,” which is most nearly the ‘opposite of “a rise.” Hint #3 Write the word in the blank so that later you can find its definition ata glance. ]OW TO DO EXERCISE 3 PA A Gey Ly A synonym is a word that has practically the same meaning as another word. An antonym is a word opposite in meaning to another word. In the Like Meanings part of Exercise 3, you will be asked to find the synonym for (or, in some cases, the phrase that best defines) the Vocabulary Word In the Opposite Meanings part of Exercise 3, you will be asked to find the antonym for (or, in some cases, the phrase that means the opposite of) the Vocabulary Word. Here is an example of a Like Meanings item: 21. decrease the shedding of fur (A) remove (B) make comfortable {C) add to {D) lessen Hint #1 Don’tbe fooled by choices that are closely related to the Vocabulary Word. Choice A may be tempting, but the removal of shedding is more extreme than a decrease in shedding. Hint #2 Don’t be fooled by distantly related choices. An animal may be more comfortable when it sheds, but there is no direct link between decrease and Choice B. Hint #3 Don’t be fooled by the opposite of the Vocabulary Word. Choice C would be the correct choice if this were an Opposite Meanings exercise, but here you are looking for a similar meaning, 2 Maxine New Woros Your Own {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyHarcout Publishing Company Name Date _ Class 5 BEDMoo a ek 4 {Lesson 1_} CONTEXT: The First Americans The Peoples and Their Lands Early explorers of America commented on the excellent health of American Indians. Thriv- ing populations existed throughout the country. However, with Europeans came diseases against which the Indians had no defense. These deadly diseases helped unravel the fabric of American Indian culture. Thousands of people fell to disease, which made the way clear for the settlers. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indian peoples and their lands. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used in these exercises. appalling eminent intentional picturesque romantic contagious epidemic. = myriad probable ruthless MEGS Wordbusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions tor this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper 1 ‘appalling >) =p | One of the most appalling results of the Europeans’ encounters. with American Indians was the spread of disease. The situation was horrifying: Tens of thousands of people died. Context: Dictionary: Making New Woros Your Own 3Date Class 2. myriad >) =| Among the myriad of diseases that faced American Indians after , the Europeans arrived were smallpox, cholera, scarlet fever, and measles. 3. contagious) ==) These contagious diseases, which spread from person to person, Cerin Smallpox epidemics were surely the worst. Between 1630 and 1650, the populations of the Huron and the Iroquois were reduced by | took hold among the American Indians and quickly spread across the continent. half. In 1781 and again in 1837, the majority of the Blackfoot died. am eminent >) ==) One eminent anthropologist commented that smallpox defeated Mexico. Many people agree with the opinions of this outstanding scholar. ‘ : Gatentonsl) ‘Some American Indians began to think that the allacks of disease 10. eo 4 Lesson 1 were intentional. They suspected that European settlers were spreading infectious diseases on purpose. y These diseases were so destructive that some scholars have won- dered which was more ruthless—the merciless conquerors of the Americas or the disease they brought with them. Without modem vaccinations, it is probable that the diseases that weakened American Indians would continue to kill In the meantime, a romantic image very different from the reality of the situation was becoming popular in Europe. People in Europe were enchanted with the image of American Indians living perfect lives in {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition COLUMN A —— 11. word: adj, likely tobe true or tohappen —— 12. word: ‘adj. without pity ; cruel; hardhearted —— 13. word: n.a sudden, widespread outbreak, usually of an infectious disease; adj. breaking out and spreading quickly — 14. word: n. an indefinitely great or vast number: adj. countless, innumerable —— 15. word: adj. causing horror, shock, or dismay — 16. word: adj. having to do with love or adven- ture; appealing to the imagination; fan- ciful and unrealistic; n. a person who demonstrates these qualities — 17. word: ___ adj. high in rank or reputation; distin- guished; outstanding or noteworthy 18. words adj. suggesting a picture; strikingly vivid; charming or quaint to look at —— 19. word: adj. done on purpose; deliberate —— 20. word: adj. easily spread from person to person COLUMN B (A) In California, the native peoples escaped the worst of the great epidemics of 1781 and 1837, which swept from the eastern seaboard to the Rocky Mountains. (B) For the romantic, California offered a fanci- ful, ideal view of American Indians. There, peoples who spoke perhaps twenty different dialects lived mostly in peace. (©) A myriad of sources fed their needs. Seafood was plentiful, as were game, edible plants, and nuts. (D) Before the explorers came, it is probable that the population of California totalled as many ‘as 350,000 people. (B) Yet, by about 1839, there was an appalling, or shocking, decline in the population. By that time, only approximately 20,000 people remained, (F) Despite outbreaks of malaria, a disease that spreads quickly, many of the dead were not victims of contagious illnesses. (G) Many American Indians were the victims of the ruthless, or hardhearted, greed that swept in with the gold rush. (EH) Gold seekers knowingly killed many. These intentional murders allowed the prospectors to claim any lands they wanted. (1) The eminent anthropologist Theodora Kroeber wrote a book about Ishi, the last of the Yana people. Many people have read her book Ishi in Teo Worlds. (J) The book is a picturesque portrait of a survi vor of a lost culture. Scenes from the book lin- ger in one’s mind. Making New Woros Your Own 5Name Date _____ Class on MEG ihe Meanings and Opposite Meanings fy Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. epidemic unhappiness 24, myriad stars (A) widespread (A) sparkling (B) foolish (B) countless (C) youthful (©) far away (D) out-of-date (D) brilliant 22. contagious ideas 25. that picturesque scene (A) catching (A) country (B) brilliant (B) charming (C) impractical (©) historic (D) interesting (D) ancient 23. romantic ideas (A) musical (B) comic (C) adventurous (D) serious Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. ruthless attitude 29. the eminent historian (A) plentiful (A) skillful (B) negative (B) young (C) hardhearted (©) unknown (D) merciful (D) famous 27. probable cause 30. appalling news (A) chief (A) surprising (B) usual (B) expected (©) unlikely (C) sad (D) only (D) delightful 28, their intentional act (A) cruel (B) accidental (©) kind (D) official 6 Lesson 1 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyName Dat Class B Maxine New Worps Your Own esson 2_| CONTEXT: The First Americans Language Without Words American Indians developed a variety of ways to express information and ideas without written words. For example, in the Northeast the Chippewa recorded events by scratching symbols, or pictographs, on birchbark scrolls. These documents recorded songs, teachings, dreams, and the details of religious ceremonies. The Plains people also used pictographs to make records. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indian language without words. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used in these exercises. abuse barbarism calamity folklore novelty baffle bewilder deceive knoll sincerity WESSEL Wordbasting Directions, Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word's meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 abuse > =eap | Despite the abuse American Indians suffered, some aspects of their culture survived. Many place names in the United States come from American Indian names. Context: Structure: Sound: Dictionary: Maxins New Woros Your Own 7Name - _ Class 2 baffle ==>] Today's place names would probably baffle the American Indians who originated them. The Cap Ilinewek Indians, for instance, might not recognize their word in the French version, Ilinois. 3. ‘Many American Indian words became barbarisms, twisted in the mouths of strangers. Using sign language, various Plains tribes could communicate with cach other quite well, although the signs possibly bewildered and confused most observers. 5. calamity >) =p ‘The Plains people depended on gestures to give and receive impor- Coen > tant information. With sign language, for example, they could war one another of approaching danger, and calamity could be avoided. | 6 deceive =| Perhaps you have seen some famous sign language gestures. Some- eee) one who is lying or language that is meant to deceive is signed with a gesture for two tongues. 1 ~ Enough signs existed for people to carry on long conversations or 2 even to tell stories. People who study the folklore of American Indi- ans have already recorded much of the tradition of signs. : ‘ — ee 10. There were signs for time, plants, animals, trading, as well as for geographic features, such as a canyon, a ravine, and a knoll, or small hill. Sign language along with body language could also convey feelings, such as anger, sincerity, and happiness. F Caovery 8 Lesson 2 Many people think sign language is interesting as a novelty, as some- thing new and unusual, but they may not realize how effective itis. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name _ WEEE Context Clucs Date Class Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A —— 11. word: n.asmall, rounded hill;a mound —— 12. word: na disaster; any happening that causes great distress or misery 13. word: 2. to mislead or delude someone, as by lying; to trick —— 14. word: 1. the quality or condition of being sincere; honesty; genuineness —— 15. word: v. to perplex; to frustrate, hinder, or interfere with —— 16. word: n. uncivilized, brutal behavior; cruelty; a nonstandard word or expression — 17. word: v. to misuse; to injure or damage through maltreatment; 1. a misuse; cruel treatment or words —— 18. word: 1. something new or unusual; an innovation; newness; originality —— 19. word: v. to confuse terribly; to puzzle 20. word: unwritten stories, customs, sayings, and traditional beliefs of a culture; the study of these COLUMN B (A) Some American Indians used pictographs to record important events as well as the stories and customs that make up their folklore. (B) In pictographs, small pictures or symbols tell astory. Some Indians represented the calam- ity of a smallpox outbreak as a human figure with a red body spotted in black. (© Acts of barbarism by a brutal enemy might be painted alongside tales of victory. (D) When something new entered the scene, a symbol would be created. Novelties like wagons and trains needled new symbols. (E) The simplicity of pictographs can deceive ob- servers. Actually, these accounts are complex, and only experts can read them now. (F) Some pictographic writing is no doubt meant to baffle, or perplex, would-be readers. (G) One account of the Rattle of the Little Big Horn did not note General Custer’s death. ‘One reason may have been fear of revenge or further abuse and cruel treatment by the US. forces. (H)Standing on a knoll, where the slightly higher ground improved visibility, a person could use smoke to signal people far away. (D) Face paint or the way a blanket was worn might signal anger or love. The sincerity of such emotions would be difficult to doubt since the wearer was purposefully displaying his or her feelings. () These and other ways of communicating may bewilder a nonnative speaker. However, American Indians were taught the different signs early and were not confused by them. Making New Woros Your Own 9Date Class Like Me and O, Directions. For cach item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. studying folklore (A) famous people (B) modern history (©) manners (D) oral tradition 22. baffle our enemies (A) crush, (B) confuse (C) fight (D) plan 23. deceive their friends (A) invite (B) entertain (C) mislead (D) leave 24. alow knoll (A) mound (B) intelligence (©) forehead {D) expect in 25. an interesting novelty (A) type of literature (B) new item (©) distant star (D) large sign Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word 26. inall sincerity (A) hopelessness (B) haste (C) dishonesty (D) anger 27. bewilder the newcomer (A) make clear to (B) civilize (©) entertain (D) seem strange to 28. to abuse equipment (A) borrow (B) damage (©) care for (D) return 10° Lesson 2 29, a surprising calamity (A) expense {B) disaster {C) good fortune {D) excitement 30. a recent barbarism (A) civil gesture (B) poem (C) quotation (D) modern invention {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyName Date _ Class ——— a Maxine New Worps Your Own \0 (Lesson 3_] CONTEXT: The First Americans Metacomet’s Dream During the European settlement of New England, the Wampanoags were very helpful to their new neighbors. After Chief Massasoit died, his son Metacomet (Metacom) came to power when he was only twenty-four years old. Metacomet soon became angry at colonists who punished Wampanoags for trespassing. He felt that if the tribes in the area united, they could overpower the settlers. Though Metacomet’s forces killed hundreds of people, his dream of a union failed, as did his war. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about Metacomet. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used. aggressive ecology inevitable motivate strategy catastrophe ferocious intelligible sanctuary valid BEG Wordbusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. —> [ Metacomet ftt it was necessary to take aggressive action toregain power over the lives of his people. During the years 1675 and 1676, the young leader took arms against the growing population of settlers. Context: » | Structure: ‘Sound: Dictionary: Maxine New Woros Your Own 11Name 2. Date ecology | ‘The Wampanoag had survived by their keen knowledge of the ecology. Their ability to recognize the relationships between animals or plants and the environment resulted in great skill at agriculture and hunting. Ceercious — 5. ‘The feelings between the Wampanoag and the settlers turned from mildly angry to ferocious as the Wampanoag found themselves in deep debt to the Europeans. Added to this problem was the settlers’ insistence that the Wampanoag obey the settlers’ laws. It was inevitable that the Wampanoag would take fierce action; the only uncertainty was wlen they would rebel. CGinteltigibie) > Moreover, the sale of land was not always intelligible to the ‘Wampanoag. Because their concept of land ownership was different from the Europeans’, the Wampanoags sold land that they thought they were simply lending. — These unfair treatments and differences in customs motivated Metacomet to attempt to drive the settlers out. He was prompted to fight them to save his people. Coa The colonists called Metacomet “King Philip.” During King Philip's War, no colonist could rely on sanctuary in New England. No place was safe; ‘Melacomet attacked over filly of the ninety European settlements. Gatastrophe) >} 10. valid 12 Lesson 3 => He and his warriors created one catastrophe after another for the colonists by attacking and damaging villages throughout New England. In the end, other American Indians betrayed Metacomet. He was F brutally killed by the colonists and their indian allies. His key strat- egy for victory had failed. Because other tribes considered him an enemy, his plan to unite with them against the colonists did not succeed. Only with the support of other tribes did Metacomet have a valid hope for victory. Without the full support of neighboring tribes, he did not have a reasonable chance against the colonists. ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name. Date Class HEEEEEN Context Clues Ay Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A — 11. word: 1. the science or art of war; the careful planning and management of anything; a plan or method of action — 12. word: adj. unavoidable; certain to happen —— 13. word: n.a sudden, widespread disaster; a misfortune 44, word: —___ adj, quick to attack; inclined to hostile actions; assertive; bold and energetic —— 15, word: v. to give one the idea for; to incite; to urge to action 16. word: adj, savage, fierce, or cruel; intense 17. word: adj. having legal force; well-grounded on principles or evidence 18. word: 1. the relationships between living things and their environments —— 19. word: n. a holy place; a place of shelter and protection; a reservation where birds or animals cannot be hunted or trapped 20. word: —____ adj. capable of being understood; clear COLUMN B (A) After studying the ecology of New England, turned to the history of the area. In fact, the environment and the people's relationship to it have greatly affected history. (8) Lopened my history book and tried to think of a strategy for an essay on Metacomet. Ineeded a really good plan. (©) Heard how early settlers repaid Metacomet’s father’s offer of sanctuary. Instead of thank- ing him for his protection, they took his land. (D) The inevitable action took place. The Indians were angered by the settlers’ offense and had no choice but to take up arms. (E) The settlers’ lack of gratitude explains the high level of emotion behind Metacomet’s ferocious, brutal attacks. (F) Metacomet had reasons for the aggressive ac- tions he took against the colonists. He must have attacked them because he felt betrayed. (G) As Llearned the reasons that must have pushed Metacomet to action, I understood what motivated him to act as he did. (H) The settlers had brought catastrophe to the Indians, including disease, loss of land, and loss of life. Metacomet's brother had died from a disease he caught from the settlers. (D_ No doubt the settlers thought their own laws and customs were intelligible to the Indians. However, the Indians not only did not under- stand those laws and customs, they had no desire to follow them. ) Metacomet’s point of view seemed valid. It provided convincing evidence for the reasons for King Philip's War. Tbegan my paper. Maxine New Woros Your Own 13Name Date Class Like Me and 6; Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. a private sanctuary (A) small room (B) garden (C) place of safety (D) cemetery 22. an unexpected catastrophe (A) disaster 24, their new strategy (A) government official (B) a type of telescope {C) plan of action (D) financial report 25. to motivate a student (A) pass (B) understand (©) encourage (D) ignore (B) early American boat (©) punctuation mark (D) meeting of officials 23. the ecology of the planet (A)rotation (B)future (Cllayers of atmosphere (D)study of the environment Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. his aggressive attitude 29, a ferocious animal (A) peaceful (A) wild (B) unfair (B) tame (©) helpful (©) hairy (D) vicious (D) caged 27. a valid argument (A) angry (B) long (©) unconvincing (D) useful 30. intelligible communication (A) confusing (B) wise (C) understandable {D) important 28. the inevitable result (A) enviable (B) unfortunate (©) avoidable (D) correct 14 Lesson 3 ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing CompanyHarcout Publishing Company Name Date. Class SHDMMo mk CONTEXT: The First Americans Wisdom Stories Like stories all over the world, American Indian stories teach children the history, customs, and philosophy of their people. A Blackfoot story explains how the Buffalo Dance began. An Ojibwa legend recounts how maize first grew from the body of a young man who came from the sky. Strange events occur, and the laws of nature may not operate as expected. For these stories do not simply teach practical, everyday knowledge. They also show ways to inner wisdom. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indian wisdom stories. These ten Vocabulary Words will be used. advent anthology _— integrity mystical -~—_—pacify alliance defy misdeed nourish sustain BEG Wordbusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. © Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. Caavent => | A wisdom story may tell how the world began. According to the Cherokee, the advent of people on earth resulted when Star Woman fell from the sky. Context: Structure: Sound: Dictionary: Maxis New Woros Your Own 15,Class Only the alliance of many creatures—turtle, water spider, muskrat, and buzzard all working together—saved her. From her body came al life The story of Star Woman is included in an anthology of Cherokee leg ends. Itis just one of several stories published in this group of tales. Star Woman also bore two sons. One son loved the good. The other chose to defy the way of peace and order and follow the way of an- ger. He is called the Brother of the Dark Face. 4. defy >| 5. integrity )—> 6. Yet the Cherokee do not scorn this brother because they believe that the integrity of a person cannot be completely lost. They believe that each person contains both good and bad, and these two ele- ments are what make a person whole. For that reason, no matter how bad a person’s misdeed is, even if it isa serious crime, he or she can always turn toward the good and find a new life. To the Cherokee, each life has mystical value; there is something divine in each of us. 8. Caos ‘A person has only to nourish the seed of good—to care for it and feed it—and it will grow into strength. ITE ST! pacify )—=>| In the old days, ata special village called Peace Village, anyone—no matter what his or her crimes—could come and learn how to pacify, or calm, strong emotions such as fear, anger, and jealousy. & = 16 Lesson 4 Ina year’s time, the person could be accepted again into society. In this way, the Cherokee sought to sustain, or keep up, peace in the community. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name __ ee Date Class Context Clues Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 14. word: v. to refuse or resist openly; to dare; to withstand successfully —— 12. word: n.abad or illegal act —— 13. word: adj. having spiritual meaning; mysterious; secret 14. word: n_ wholeness; soundness; strength of character; honesty —— 15. word: na formal agreement between nations or people for a particular cause —— 17. word: v. to bring into submission; to soothe someone who is upset; to quiet or calm —— 18. word: __ v. to keep up; to provide with food; to support; to encourage; to endure —— 19. word: n. arrival; the coming of something, especially something long awaited — 20. word: __ v. to support; to withstand; to provide for; to keep in existence; to uphold as reasonable; to suffer or undergo COLUMN B (A) Many people see modern civilization’s mis- deeds against the planet everywhere. E amples are the pollution of the air and water. (B) Traditional stories remind us to nourish, to develop and strengthen, our ties to the earth. (C) According to American Indian philosophy, a good relationship with Earth is crucial to one’s integrity, to one’s sense of wholeness. (D) A good relationship with Earth is a theme that runs through many of the stories col- lected in American Indian anthologies. (E) People’s relationship to Earth has mystical ‘meaning to many American Indians. In fact, it is central to their religions. (F) The Taos people use stories to sustain their beliefs. They believe that Earth is the source of all life and that the first people came out of Blue Lake. (G) When the US. government placed Blue Lake inside Kit Carson National Forest, the Taosenos could not be pacified into accepting their loss. They protested strongly against being separated from their sacred land. (H)When they regained their lake in 1971, their victory marked the advent of a new respect, for the traditions of American Indians. (0) With the American Indian Freedom of Reli- gion Act in 1978, American Indians no longer needed to defy the government to practice their ancient beliefs. They could do so freely. (P) Inaddition, American Indians formed a sort of alliance with all against any threat to reli- gious freedom. All stood together for a com- mon cause. Making New Woros Your Own 177Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. a person of integrity 24. to sustain life (A) many interests (A) study about (B) another country (B) support (C) honesty (C) create (D) intelligence (D) seriously injure 22. to address the alliance 25. a violent misdeed (A) a small audience (A) accident (B) abusiness-size envelope (B) argument (C) persons having a formal © plan agreement (D) wrong, (D) business people 23. an anthology of poems (A) book (B) assortment (C) encyclopedia (D) author Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. defy orders 29. nourish our hopes (A) follow (A) cherish (B) announce (B) raise © give (© starve (D) resist (D) protect 27. a mystical experience 30. advent of the political movement (A) spiritual (A) adventure (B) mysterious (B) justice (C) secret (©) customs (D) ordinary (D) departure 28. pacify the baby (A) upset (B) calm (©) hola (D) feed 18 Lesson 4 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company__Date___Cass. ——— g Maxinc New Worps Your Own VG (Lesson 5 ] CONTEXT: The First Americans American Indians and Their Horses The horse forever changed the lives of American Indians. Hunting became easier. Journeys could now be swift and safe, and longer distances could be covered. Traveling farther also increased trade and contact with other peoples. Territories shifted and were enlarged, and new borders had to be fought for and agreed upon. Yet, in the horse, the native peoples of the West found their destiny. So much so that the name of one tribe, the Cayuse, now also means “horse.” In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indians and their horses. These ten Vocabulary Words will be used. accessory calculation convert gallery valor badger complement customary intervene —_vitality MEGEEE Wording Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. + Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence + Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 ‘accessory >) =mmp | When a Spanish explorer came to America, his most important accessory was his riding gear. The equipment allowed him to ride his horse. The famous mustangs and the beautiful paint ponies of the West are descended from horses brought by the Spanis Context: g | Structure: | sound: HL al Dictionary: Maxine New Woros Your Own 19Name - — _Date ___ class 2: badger =p) The compact, well-balanced Spanish horses traveled deep into the - western interior of the continent, the land of such animals asthe |, badger and the antelope. 35 (Calculation) =p) Historians can make calculations about when the Plains Indians 4. began to use horses—most agree it was around 1600. However, hiss |) torians may never be able to estimate how much horses changed the Plains Indians’ lives. } complement’) =p) 5. . Ceomvert >} 4) Tribe after tribe became a willing convert to the improvements that os the horse allowed. They changed their ways of living and eagerly | sought more horses. Horses were the perfect complement to the Plains Indians’ needs. They used horses to hunt buffalo and to fight battles more success- fully. Ceustomary >| Because horses made traveling much easier, trade increased. It be- came customary for the Plains people to trade with peoples in the West. Thus, it became common to see a Nez Perce horse wearing a Crow collar and bridle gallery) —p) i The Cayuse, the Shoshone, the Flathead, and the Nez Perce showed their pride in their horses by decorating them with trappings wor- thy of hanging in any art gallery. ‘On magnificent saddle bags, black geometric designs intervene, or come between, bands of red. Beaded stirrups, especially on women's mounts, were often hung with pendants. War horses were brilliantly draped and masked like steeds of the ‘medieval knights of Europe. A horse might bear colorfully painted images showing its own feats of valor, or bravery. A horse might be painted with symbols of vitality in the hope that such symbols would add to the horse's strength. It is this image of painted horse and rider dressed in splendor that will charge on 20° Lesson 5 through the imaginations of future generations. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company MEGEEEE Context Clues #5 _Date Class Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A —— 11. word: nthe process of using mathematics; careful thinking or planning; an estimate — 12. word: na long passageway; the cheapest seats in a theater; a place where paintings are displayed —— 13. word: adj. according to custom; habitual; usual 14, word: n.a small burrowing animal with short legs and long claws; 0. to pester; to nag —— 15. word: 1. energy; exuberance; vigor —— 16. word: —___ v, to come between in order to change a situation; to occur between —— 17. word: n, something added for looks or con- venience; equipment; one who know- ingly aids ina crime —— 18. word: n boldness; courage; bravery —— 19. word: 1. that which completes; number needed to complete; a complete set; tocomplete; to add to —— 20. word: v. to change; to change or persuade someone to change to a new belief; none who has changed, as to a religion COLUMN B (A) Stronger and larger than mustangs, the vital- ity of the Appaloosa gave great energy to the Nez Perce culture. (B) Some families had fifteen hundred horses. Much calculation, or careful figuring, must have been needed to provide for such a herd! (C) The artistry of the Nez Perce provided a ‘means for increasing the herd. Their attrac~ tive woven bags were sought far and wide as accessories. (D) These bags and other products were swiftly converted into horses, just as tnday people change cash into cars and other goods. (E) Itis unlikely that a Nez Perce child had to badger his or her parents for a horse. Horses were abundant, soa child would not have to pester or make a fuss to get one. (F) Itwas customary, not at all unusual, for Nez Perce women to hang baby cradles from their saddle horns. (G) Spectacular trappings, such as beaded. bridles, complemented their riding equip- ment, making the picture complete. (H)In 1877, fate intervened and ended the days of glory for the Nez Perce. Their lives were changed forever. (1) The Nez Perces’ valor, or bold determination, aided them in their attack on United States troops. However, the troops eventually cap- tured most of the Nez Perces’ herd. Their hope of freedom was lost, and their leader, Chief Joseph, surrendered. () A painting of Chief Joseph's surrender is displayed in a gallery devoted to American Indian art and history. Maxine New Woros Your Own 21Name Date Class _ MESES Like Meanings and Opposite Meanings £ Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. gallery seats (A) inexpensive (B) expensive (C) box (D) group 22. accessory to murder (A) aid (B) plan of attack (C) weapon (D) witness 23. a difficult calculation (A) decision (B) journey (C) math problem (D) group discussion 24. an enthusiastic convert (A) person who has changed beliefs (B) person who has no beliefs (C) person who believes anything (D) person who questions everything 25. intervene without permission (A) enter (B) exit (©) go between (D) make tape recordings Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. valor in battle (A) fearlessness (B) difficulty (C) cowardice (D) stupidity 27. customary practice (A) unusual (B) sales method (C) familiar (D) sensible 28. a sense of vitality (A) importance (B) possibility (©) unimporiance (D) weakness 22° Lesson 5 29. to complement the set (A) sell as a unit (B) improve on (C) take away from (D) make complete 30. to badger the chief (A) refuse to ask (B) pester (© worry greatly (D) ask repeatedly {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyName Date Class BID oak IV, { Lesson 6 ) CONTEXT: The First Americans The Meanings of American Indian Art Magnificent Pueblo pottery and dazzling silver work attract buyers and collectors alike. Today’s American Indian artists create works that are modern but that preserve traditional values and character. In museums everywhere, traditional American Indian works can be found. What is often not known about many traditional works is their deep meaning. Few people know that the use of a ceremonial pipe was not simply a custom that had to be observed, but a sacred act. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indian art. These ten Vocabulary Words will be used. adjacent attain fragile harmonious multicolored artisan deceased glorify incomparable —_pulverize BEG Wordlasting Ay Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. —> [Adjacent to some empty display cases in the Smithsonian Institution | National Museum of the American Indian, you will see a small white card. The card next to the case states that an objecthas been removed. | Context: Structure: Jp [ sours: Dictionary: Maxine New Worps Your Own 23Date__ Class Each of these objects was made by an American Indian artisan, a person with a special ability to make that particular object. Out of respect, the museum has removed objects considered sacred by American Indians. The museum is now trying to learn how to show the pieces properly. With this knowledge, the museum will attain its goal of respectful display. ‘These special items are the creations of long-deceased people. How- ever, the holy power that the objects represent is still very much alive in the hearts of many American Indians, Far from being fragile, these beliefs have remained strong for count- less years. One of the most valued objects is the ceremonial pipe, which you may know as a peace pipe. For Plains Indians, these pipes are sacred. Some highly decorated pipes especially glorify, or honor, centuries-old beliefs. Even the simple and agreeable design of an undecorated pipe may represent the harmonious communication between human beings and a divine spi ‘incomparable, =P} According to ancient belief, to place the stem and bow! of the pipe together is to release an incomparable power. To display a pipe this way shows disrespect for that matchless force and the people who honor it. In traditional European art, different colors are usually used to cre- 9 > ate a certain mood or feeling. In American Indian art, multicolored 10. designs have more specific meanings. Cpatverize =p) The effect of European settlement in the Americas was to pulverize 24 Lesson 6 many aspects of American Indian culture. Perhaps museums will succeed in protecting them from being crushed further, {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name Date Class Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in ‘Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice ‘on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 11. word: adj. easily broken or damaged; delicate; frail —— 12. word: adj. made up of parts that are orderly and pleasing; agreeable; showing agreement in attitudes, feelings, and soon 13. word: v. to grind or crush to powder; to break into small pieces; to demolish —— 14. word: v.10 give glory to; to honor; tomake something seem better than it actually is 15. word: v. to gain by hard work; reach’ achieve; to 16. word: adj. not capable of being compared; incapable of being equaled; matchless 17. word adj. adjoining; close to 18. word: n.a worker with a special manual skill in trade or industry; an artist —— 19. word: adj. dead; n. a dead person or persons 20. word: adj. having many colors COLUMN B (A) Multicolored sand paintings are among the ‘most interesting creations of Navajo culture. The brightly colored designs fascinate viewers. (B) Actually, sand paintings are usually not made of sand as we know it. Rather, their cre- ators have pulverized various minerals of different colors, grinding them into powder. (C) Among the Navajo, these fragile works of art are most often made indoors, away from the wind that can so easily destroy them. (D) A sand painting may be anly a foot ar so across, or it may attain a width of twenty feet, but each one, large or small, tells a story. (E) Each sand painting displays a delicacy that cannot be matched. Over eight hundred of these incomparable designs exist. (F) Many have been handed down from ances- tors long deceased. (G) Thestory a design tells may be about people, animals, or plants. For the Navajo, a harmo- nious life, a life of order and agreement, re- sults from living a certain way. (H) The artisans use traditional stories to illus- trate these rules. These craftspeople create sand paintings that are not only beautiful but tella story as well. (1) Sand paintings are made to glorify the con- cept of harmony, because harmony is highly honored by the Navajo. The paintings are also believed to have healing powers. () A person who is ill sits directly on the sand painting, not adjacent to it. In this way, the person becomes part of the story. Maxing New Woros Your Own 25Name __ — Dato Class ___ BEEEEEEN Lhe Meanings and Opposite Meanings Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. pulverize the competition 24, multicolored sand painting (A) get to know (A) having two colors (B) closely study (B) cheerful (C) beat soundly (©) having many colors (D) join together (D) long 22. attain perfection 25. an artisan at work (A) plan for (A) ambitious person {B) describe (B) clever person (©) reach (© skilled person (D) dream of (D) foreign people 23. in the adjacent building (A) next-door (B) remodeled (©) newly constructed (D) very old Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. incomparable art 29. harmonious atmosphere (A) beautiful (A) not harmful (B) easily matched (B) disorderly (©) without rival (©) nonmusical (D) harmful (D) kindly 27. friends of the deceased 30. glorify the past (A) any living person (A) remember (B) person giving a party (B) write stories about (©) very elderly person {C) dishonor (D) guest {D) record 28. fragile bowls (A) cheap (B) ugly (C) broken (D) sturdy 26 Lesson 6 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyName Date Class 5 B Maxine New Worps Your Own 4 CONTEXT: The First Americans Totems Although the word totem has its roots in the Algonquin languages, totems are used or claimed by many peoples. A totem is an animal or event that has a special connection to a person. That connection may be a family one, for totem animals are often considered ancestors. The connection may be spiritual, for a totem can give a person a special power, such as courage. The word totem is also used to refer to the object that represents such an animal or event. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about totems. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used in these exercises. confederation discord foresight menagerie posterity delegate feline isolation phenomenon _revelation BEG Wordlusting Ls Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 => | The Creek Confederacy was a confederation, or unified group, of different Creek clans. Each clan had its own totem. — _ Sound: Context: Dictionary: Maxine New Woros Your Own 27>| A delegate, or representative, in the village council or local govern- Date Class ment was often chosen on the basis of clan. ‘The totem illustrates the lack of discord within a Creek clan. In addi- tion, it represents a connection with a clan’s ancestors. feline ==>) A totem is believed to give a person a spiritual gift. For example, a panther totem might give some feline characteristic, such as a cal’s speed, grace, or cunning. foresight ~) =| An eagle totem might bestow the gift of foresight, which allows a person to see into the future. Members of a bear clan might consider strength to be their most valuable characteristic. 6. Cisolation >| Membership in a clan helps prevent a feeling of isolation in indi- viduals. The clan provides a framework within which people can come together. 7. Cimenagerie >) =p| A list ofthe totems of American Indians can sound like a magnifi- cent menagerie, for it includes birds, land animals such as the bear, and sea animals such as the killer whale. A 8. @henomenon) =p] Large, unexplainable events, such as sudden wind, rain, or thunder, are powerful forces in American Indian culture. The phenomenon of wind has served as a totem for some clans. posterity, Totems are used to pass on important qualities, such as courage, intelligence, and vision, to posterity—that is, to children, grand- children, and so on. j 10. Cievelation > 28° Lesson 7 The use of totems was no revelation to the Europeans who cameto ff the Americas. Europeans identified their own families with totem- like objects, such as family crests or coats of arms. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name Date __ Class Context Clues Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 11. word: 1, an exhibit of caged animals; the enclosure for such a collection —— 12. word: 1m. separation from others; aloneness 13. word: —_ n. something made known; a dramatic disclosure of something —— 14, word: n.alack of harmony; angry disagree- ‘ment; strife; ashing sounds — 15. word: n. descendants; future generations 16. word: 1. the act or capacity of foreseeing, looking forward; prudence, preparation —— 17. word: —_______ n.a condition or an event perceived by the senses; a rare or unexplainable ‘occurrence; a marvel; a happening a 18, words ___ 1. a representative who has the authority to act for others; 2. to send as a representative 19. word: —_____ adj. of cats; catlike; n. acat I ccs n.a group, usually of nations or states, united in some shared purpose; a league of states COLUMN B (A) No large confederation of peoples existed on the Northwest's Queen Charlotte islands. Each group was independent of the others. {B) Although the Haida were islanders, they did not live in isolation. In fact, they often re- ceived visitors, and they erected totem poles along the coast to greet them. (© Typically, a family would detegate the task of carving their pole. The artist to whom they en- ‘trusted the job would carve the family’s crest (D) The poles show a family’s pride in their ani- mal ancestors. At one time many of these animals roamed freely across the continent. Today you are likely to see many of them only ina menagerie. {E) According to legend, an animal totem may be displayed only by that animal's posterity. ‘The descendants of unrelated clans may not display that animal on their crests. (F) If someone not of the bear clan displayed a bear, discord, or strife, might result. (G) Many totem poles have vanished over the years. It is as though someone crept in like a feline, with the stealth of a cat, and stole them away. (H) Luckily, the foresight of the Haida will pre- vent the loss of more poles in the future. (1) The great totem pole Tsimshian yet stands. Visiting the pole can bea revelation, a dra- matic lesson, for anyone who can read it, (J) Itis still possible to experience the phenom- enon of coming face to face with a cedar thunderbird towering in the forest. Such an amazing event is not soon forgotten by visi- tors to the Northwest Maxine New Worps Your Own 29Date Class. Like Me and O; Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21, an unexplained phenomenon 24. a strong confederation (A) a type of chemical (A) festive decoration (B) happening (B) large fire (©) discovery (©) type of food {D) sculpture (D) unified group 22. our first delegate 25. a playful feline (A) representative (A) folk dancing (B) a type of door (B) cat (C) legal action (C) conversation (D) a special celebration (D) personality 23. a stone menagerie (A) cage of animals (B) tribal house for men (C) tower (D) weapon Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. a surprising revelation 29. for our posterity (A) stillness (A) benefit (B) secret (B) audience (C) sadness (C) ancestors (D) decision (D) future 27. the value of foresight 30. avoiding discord (A) looking ahead (A) disease (B) a device for aiming (B) wrapping (C) telescopes (C) agreement (D) looking backwards (D) hiding 28. a period of isolation (A) safety (B) happiness (©) argument (D) crowding 30> Lesson 7 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyNamo Date Class — gl Makinc New Worps Your Own \4 CONTEXT: The First Americans Coyote, the American Indian Trickster The Coyote of Navajo legend is one of the most entertaining examples of a trickster. Quite simply, a trickster is one who deceives others. Yet, strangely enough, it is the trickster who is often tricked. Some small, harmless-looking creature eventually beats the trickster at his own game. Thus, Coyote’s mishaps teach listeners that lying and cheating do not pay off in the end. The stories remind listeners that the best way to live is honorably. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about Coyote. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used in these exercises. adequate descend gnarled —_— inflexible. menace advantageous enhance incite inherit mutual BEG Wordbucsting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 Cadequate > > | His ffcut to give an adequate description ofthe legendary Trot ting Coyote of the Navajo people in the United States’ Southwest. He is so changeable and sneaky that he defies complete description. Context: Structure: Sound: Dictionary: Maxine New Woros Your Own 312. Date Class _ advantageous), ==) He is determined to make every situation advantageous to himself. A By using tricks, he is able to arrange things in his favor. 3, descend >) =p) Trotting Coyote, as he is known among the Navajo, will descend to almost any depths to gain the upper hand over others. He will even stoop to tricking children. 1 = C enhance y=} To enhance his chance of victory, he will i, trick, and cheat to get —_ Trotting Coyote’s. This person probably has a twisted sense of right his way. Yet, despite his efforts to better his chances, he rarely comes out on top. Perhaps you have known someone with a conscience as gnarled as and wrong. Trotting Coyote isa character who can incite anger in you. Being, tricked by him can really stir up angry feelings. =} Trotting Coyote might seem as inflexible, or stubborn, as a mule to you. He represents the part in all of us that does not want to play by the rules. & : (inherit >| Every person stands to inherit a few of Trotting Coyote’s qualities. His traits are passed on to each generation, like a family name. °. — — Camenace yp) Tobe fair, Trotting Coyote has his good points, too. Allin all, though, he is generally a menace. More often than not, he isa threat tosociety. 10. __ Cantal > 4) Sometimes Coyote works for the mutual benefit of people and him- 32. Lesson 8 self. Once, he broke the leg of a giant who was killing human be- ings, an action that helped both himself and the human race. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Date. Class ERE Conlont Clues Zs Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word fram Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 11. word: v. to move down; to stoop; to make a sudden attack or visit; to come down, as from an ancestor —— 12. words n.a threat; anything threatening evil or harm; 2. to threaten 13. word —— adj. sufficient; equal to what is required —— 14. word: 2. to improve; to make greater; to decorate; to add to —— 15. word: adj. not capable of being changed; unyielding; obstinate — 16. word: shared equally between two or more people; possessed or held in common —— 17. words v. to receive (property, title, or the like) by law or will; to get (characteristics, qualities) from an ancestor IR words adj. having knots; misshapen; twisted —— 19. word: adj. offering an advantage or benefit; profitable; favorable —— 20. word: 1. to urge into action; to stir up or arouse COLUMN B (A) When my brother graduated and moved out, his leaving home tured out to be advanta- geous to me in many ways. The biggest ben- efit was that I got his room. (B) Lalso inherited all of the stuff he left behind. For instance, I got a whole pile of his books and a radio. (©) One book was called Coyote Stories, and 1 started reading it. Coyote reminded me of the cartoon coyote who always seems to end up tangled into a gnarled mass. (D) The cayate in these stories liked to incite trouble by stirring things up. Everything would be going along fine, and then he would start trouble. (E) He loved to menace others with his trickery. He thoroughly enjoyed tormenting those around him. (F) The one inflexible rule of his life was “Look out for number one.” No matter what the situation, this rule never changed for Coyote. (G)Coyote’s desire to better himself once re- sulted in the loss of his skin. To get anew skin, he had to descend deep into a badger's hole. (H) Even adequate, or sufficient, food was not enough for Coyote. He wanted his share and everyone else's, too. (1) The simple truth would never do for him. He liked to enhance it, to add to it so much that it became a lie. 0) We share a mutual interest with the trickster. He is interested in us as potential victims, and ‘we are interested in him as a potential danger. Maxine New Woros Your Own 33Name MEGIEEEN Lhe Meanings and Opposite Meanings $y Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. mutual decision 24, inherit horses (A) risky (A) earn (B) difficutt (B) lose in a storm (C) shared (C) receive from an ancestor (D) quick (D) win in a contest 22. a menace to everyone 25. a gnarled tree (A) blessing (A) knotty (B) threat (B) ancient (C) surprise (C) young (D) curiosity (D) lifeless 23. enhance the scene (A) rain (B) photograph (C) create (D) add to Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, 0 about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. an advantageous offer 29. incite the crowd (A) surprising (A) address (B) unprofitable (B) caim (C) foolish (©) delight (D) questionable (D) gather 27. adequate supplies 30. an inflexible attitude (A) emergency (A) straightforward (B) insufficient (B) negative (C) additional (C) changeable (D) enough (D) good 28. descend a stairway (A) build (B) tear down (©) remodel (D) go up 34 Lesson 8 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company‘Company larcout Pub Date Class Lesson 9_ | CONTEXT: The First Americans Games in the Arctic and Subarctic Whenever people must depend on one another for survival, the community becomes very important. Dealing with conflict and helping people out in times of need can mean the difference between life and death in arctic and subarctic cultures. One way these cultures reinforce their sense of community is through group games played during the long winter months. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about games in the arctic and subarctic regions. Below are ten Vocabulary Words that will be used in these exercises. adapt basis impel petition primitive assumption controversy omission -—potential_-—restore BESS Wordbusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence. * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. Gur oo survival of the peoples of the arctic and subarctic regions is due to their ability to adapt to a harsh environment. They are able to change and adjust to the brutally cold weather. Fw Context: Structure: ‘Sound: Dictionary: Maxins New Woros Your Own 35Name 2. Date Class assumption | However, to make the assumption that a life surrounded by ice and snow is without fun would be incorrect. This supposed truth is eas- ily proven wrong. 3 =) Traditionally, the basis for native societies of arctic and subarctic = - Alaska is human warmth and good cheer. With this foundation, the native peoples there have needed no formal court system—fear of being rejected by the village has kept the peace. i = Tr = controversy), =| When a controversy, or disagreement, occurs, it often ends in an in- sult or singing contest. Each person in the argument takes turns publicly criticizing the other. 5. Cort During the long winter months, the people of the Arctic tradition- ally gather together to renew friendships and play games. In nuglugagtuq, a spindle with a hole is turned while players try force- fully to impel a stick through the hole C omission > Songs are sung, dances are held, and stories are told. Ifa listener no- tices the omission of a favorite story, she or he can request that the missing tale be told. 7. Coeition > +) The disappointed listener will earnestly petition the storyteller if the listener's favorite story is left out. Usually, the storyteller is only too happy to answer the request by telling the tale. Conentiat Aside from being fun, the games help develop the potential of young people. That is, they develop young people's capacity to grow and come into their own. primitive =>) Ina land where living conditions can be primitive, where modern conveniences are not always available, simple skills and strength are important to survival. The games are a safe way to practice 10, C restore) >) Most importantly, the games help restore a solid family feeling be- 36 Lesson 9 tween people. The games allow people to renew community ties. {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Content Clues ___Date_ Class Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A —— 11. word: 2. to push or drive forward; to force, compel, or urge —— 12. word; —___ ad. possible, but not having occurred; nthe capacity for development —— 13. word: v. to bring back to a former condition; to establish once more; to regain — 14. word: 1. the act of taking something for granted; something that is assumed 15. word: n. an argument; a debate; a dispute, especially a long and public one sol, Wit __ a v. to change something to make it fita new use; to adjust to something new — 17. word: n. the support or foundation on which something rests; the main ingredient 18. word: nan earnest request; a written, group, request; v. to formally request 19. word: 1. the act of or state of being left out 20, word) adj. of, from, or like the earliest times; simple or crude; n. someone or some- thing belonging to an early or simple society; an artist without formal training COLUMN B (A) When Mr. Kaleak walked into communica- tions class, he had a piece of paper with our request and our signatures in his hand. “T have your petition right here,” he said. (B) “So, you want to videotape the Eskimo- Indian World Olympics? There will be quite a controversy over who should pay for the tape. I'm prepared to argue that the school should.” (©) “Would the assumption that this argument has been settled be correct? Can I take that for granted?” asked Mr. Kaleak. (D) “Yes,” Alice said. “This video has potential Possibly it can improve awareness among all peoples, not just American Indians.” (E) Ed continued, “That's right. This tape could be the basis for a better understanding of our culture.” (F) John commented, “Many people have the false notion that we are primitives with crude and simple customs. They don’t see us as people with world-class abilities.” (G) “People don’t even think of us when they think of American Indians. This omission of the Yu'pik and Inupiat from people's notion of American Indians bothers me,” said Slava. (H) “The video will explain how our games were adapted from everyday activities and how they were changed to fit the format of the Olympics,” Asta added. @ Edadded, “The tape might restore knowledge to those who have forgotten the old ways.” J) Mr. Kaleak smiled. “Your arguments impel me to approve your plan. Your determination forces me to agree with you.” Making New Woros Your Own 37Name Date Class Like Me and O, Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. 21. to petition the government 24, a sound basis {A) request of (A) budget (B) elect (B) foundation (C) protest against (©) plan (D) overthrow {D) ceiling 22. restore good health 25. potential problems (A) keep out (A) serious. (B) nourish (B) minor (C) bring back (C) electrical (D) threaten (D) possible 23. impel action (A) advise (B) stop (C) force (D) assist Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. primitive artist 29. adapt the plan (A) ancient (A) make necessary changes to (B) amateur (B) record on tape (C) formally trained (C) agree on (D) well-dressed (D) refuse to change 27. a public controversy 30. the court's assumption (A) agreement (A) proven fact (B) secret (B) rudeness (C) kindness (C) power (D) argument (D) final decision 28. a scrious omission (A) mistake (B) correction (©) addition (D) job 38° Lesson 9 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning CompanyName Date Class & Maxine New Worps Your Own \4 CONTEXT: The First Americans American Indian Languages Just as Italian is similar to Spanish, so Navajo and Apache are related to languages in Alaska and northwestern Canada—the Athapascan family. Language families can be used to trace the migration of a people. Because Cherokee is an Algonquian language, historians believe that the Cherokee traveled south from the land of the Oneida and Mohawk. Over one hundred American Indian languages are still spoken. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about American Indian languages. These ten Vocabulary Words will be used. consecutive diction feasible immense insoluble creative durable hilarious ingenious. —_ordeal BEES Wordbusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page. * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. Alternate which boxes you complete. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 consecutive ’" Mrs. Washington smiled, “we will now hear Gene speak for three consecutive minutes, that is, three minutes straight, on the languages of American Indians.” I took a deep breath and stood up. Context: Making New Woros Your Own 39Date Class “Scholars estimate there were more than two hundred languages in North America before Europeans arrived. Each language was a creative system of sounds, capable of great expressiveness.” “Within each language, however, diction most likely varied from person to person. Each speaker would naturally put the words to- gether in a slightly different way. >) “The ancient languages were durable, as they had lasted through the centuries. However, dialects had evolved as different peoples migrated far from their homelands.” feasible) ==>) “Spoken language was not the only feasible form of communica- 6. tion. American Indians who lived on the Great Plains developed sign language as another possible way of communicating.” 1 jlarious >) =| “American Indians use different forms of communication—spoken language and sign language to name two—to express different ideas. Sign language, for example, may be more suitable for telling a joke—a story that is supposed to be hilarious might draw more laughter if it were signed than if it were spoken.” “The vocabulary of the sign language was not immense. Because it was limited, few complex ideas could be communicated through signin; ; Cingenious >) Many American Indian languages were never recorded in writing But a Cherokee named Sequoyah invented an ingenious system of symbols for writing, This imaginative system had eighty-six characters.” 10. =>) Atiast, my ordeal was finished. It really hadn’t been as hard as I'd feared it might be, and I probably learned more about American, 40 Lesson 10 “Some American Indian words present almost insoluble problems to translators. One Kiowa name meant ‘A Warrior Always Fighting Who Had No Time to Even Take the Saddle Blanket from His j Horse.’” Indian languages than anyone in the class. ‘© Houghton Mitin Harcout Pushing Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name PEGE Content Clues Date Class Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 11. word: adj. very large; enormous; boundless —— 12. word: adj. having the ability to create; imaginative; having originality or expressiveness 13. word: —____ adj. not able to be dissolved; not able to be solved 14. word: adj. following in order or without interruption; successive 15, word: adj. capable of being accomplished or carried out; possible —— 16. word n.a person's choice of words in speech or writing: manner of pronunciation in speaking or singing 17. word: adj. long-lasting; able to resist wear or decay; enduring 18. word: adj. clever; skillfully inventive; resourceful; imaginative —— 19. word: adj. cheerfully funny; producing great amusement 20. word: adj. a painful or difficult experience COLUMN B (A) Sequoyah’s system of symbols is a work of creative genius, of great originality. (B) Sequoyah was fascinated by the possibility of a way of writing words on paper. Once he knew written language was feasible, he set to work, (© The immense task of inventing a written lan- guage would have seemed too much for most people, but Sequoyah was not overwhelmed by the enormous job. (D) For twelve consecutive years he analyzed the Cherokee language. Success did not come easily. Year after year, he struggled. (E) This long, twelve-year struggle proved to be an ordeal for Sequoyah, but one that he felt was worth alll the distress. (F) There were many times when the problem seemed insoluble to him. One solution was to draw a symbol for every word, but then there would be too many symbols. (G) He had to be concerned about diction when he recorded the words of a speaker. (EH) Europeans’ efforts at translation were often laughable, even hilarious. (1) Sequoyah produced an ingenious written language of over eighty symbols. His system was a resourceful solution to the problem of recording the Cherokee language. () Thanks to Sequoyah, the durable Cherokee language, which had already existed for cen- turies, was preserved in writing for centuries more. Maxine New Woros Your Own 41Name BEGGS Lhe Meanings and Opposite Meanings Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about the same, as the boldface word. Date Class ingenious invention 24. creative people (A) clever (A) imaginative (B) not generous (B) generous (© gas-powered (C) from the island of Crete (D) fanciful (D) friendly 22. consecutive days 25. immense mountains (A) business (A) rocky (B) meaningful (B) dangerous (C) vacation (C) gigantic (D) successive (D) nearby 23. a speaker's diction (A) notes (B) choice of words (C) lecture (D) choice of subject Directions. For each item below, circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface word. 26. a yearlong ordeal 29. insoluble materials (A) distressing experience (A) heavy (B) vacation (B) solid (C) painful experience (©) dissolvable (D) assignment (D) varied 27. a feasible plan 30. a durable product (A) complicated (A) inexpensive (B) simple (B) artificial (C) rewarding (C) short-lived (D) impossible (D) exciting 28. a hilarious movie (A) boring (B) very funny (C) serious (D) set in the hills, 42 Lesson 10 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company| Maxine New Worps Your Own \4 CONTEXT: Coming to the United States My Great-Great-Grandparents’ Story People have come to the United States for a variety of reasons. Many have come in search of religious or political freedom. Others have come seeking economic opportunity. All have come with high hopes of building a new life in a new land. For those immigrants who come to the United States through New York Harbor, the first glimpse of the Statue of Liberty is an unforgettable moment of promise. In the following exercises, you will have the opportunity to expand your vocabulary by reading about the arrival of two immigrants. These ten Vocabulary Words will be used. aristocrat decade emigrate. malnutrition optimism censorship deport —_famine morale refuge WEGIEEN Wordiusting Ly Directions. Follow these instructions for this word and the nine words on the next page * Figure out the word’s meaning by looking at its context, its structure, and its sound. Fill in at least one of the three CSS boxes. * Then, look up the word in a dictionary, read all of its meanings, and write the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence * Follow this same process for each of the Vocabulary Words on the next page. You will need to draw your own map for each word. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1 <>) —>»| When my great-great-grandmother met my great-great-grandfather on board the ship to the United States, she did not know that he was an aristocrat because he was dressed in peasant's clothin; Context: Structure: ‘Sound: Dictionary: Maxine New Woros Your Own 43Name - Date Class 2. Censorship) He was leaving Russia because of censorship. The government did not approve of his ideas and had forbidden him to operate his, newspaper, I 3. dade > >| He had struggled to publish his thoughts for a decade. After ten Years of fighting, however, he was exhausted. 4, Caren He didn’t think the government would deport him, but there was, always possibility that he might be forced to leave Russia. 5. _ . <>) =| He decided to emigrate from Russia to begin a new life in the United States. famine) =p! My great-great-grandmother was leaving Russia because of a fam- ine in her part of the country. Many members of her family had died from lack of food. She was suffering from malnutrition; she had had nothing but bread and water to eat for several months. Caronte She was sick and depressed when she got on the ship, but soon her health and her morale began to improve. 9. pts (One samrce of her new aptimism was her love for my great-great- grandfather. She felt in her heart that their love story would have ahappy ending, 10. refuge =p! They were holding hands on the deck of the ship when they sailed past the Statue of Liberty. At last they had reached a place of safety, a place of refuge. ns a= AA Lesson 11 {© Houghton Nitin Harcourt Pubtaning Company(© Houghton Min Harcout Publishing Company Name Date Class Context Clues Directions. Scan the definitions in Column A. Then, think about how the boldface words are used in the sentences in Column B. To complete the exercise, match each definition in Column A with the correct Vocabulary Word from Column B. Write the letter of your choice on the line provided. Finally, write the Vocabulary Word on the line before the definition. COLUMN A 11. word v. to move from one region or country to settle in another —— 12. word: 1. inadequate nutrition; poor health caused by undernourishment —— 13. word: n. a member of the nobility; person with tastes of the upper class 14, word: n. shelter or protection from danger or distress; any place or thing that provides relief, help, ot sanctuary;a haven —— 15. word: 1, the act of or a system of making, objections to and removing parts of books, letters, news, and so on —— 16. wor na tendency to expect the best possible outcome or to look on the bright side 17. words ‘n.a state of mind of an individual or group, especially when confident, cheerful, and willing to perform — 18, word: ___ v. to remove, especially to send out of the country; to behave in a specific manner 19. word: n. a widespread and drastic shortage, usually of food —— 20. word: often years COLUMN B (A) My great-great-grandfather had trouble ad- justing to life in the United States because, as an aristocrat, he was not used to being treated like a common person. (B) For my great-great-grandmother, adjustment was easier. After her experience with famine, she was happy to be in a place where food was plentiful. (© She would deport herself in the most graceful manner. My great-great-grandfather was impressed with her and how she conducted. herself. (D) Even though he had some money, they had financial difficulties during the first decade of their marriage. After ten years, however, they were living comfortably. (E) During those ten years, he sometimes won- dered whether it had been a mistake to emi- grate from Russia (F) Her optimism, on the other hand, always amazed him. She never doubted for a minute that they would succeed in the new land. (G) He often took refuge in her positive approach, to life. Her cheerful outlook sheltered him from distress. (H) He was also grateful to work for a newspaper that was free from censorship. In the United States, he could print his opinions without government interference. (D) With the encouragement of his wife, he was usually able to maintain high morale. () She always grew a small garden for her fam- ily. She wanted them to have plenty of veg- tables so that they would never suffer from malnutrition as she had Maxine New Woros Your Own 45,