The Immune System, Health and Disease

The immune system, health and disease
Tabla de contenidos
Tabla de contenidos 1
1. Health 3
Mental health 3
Health and healthy habits 3
Healthy habits 3
Risk factors 4
Read and discuss 4
Diseases and risk factors in Spain 5
Addictive substances 5
Research 6
Addictive substances 6
Consolidation 6
Boost your learning: Health 6
2. Types of diseases 6
Infectious and noncommunicable diseases 7
Infectious diseases 7
Infectious diseases and the developing countries 7
Causes 7
Transmission 8
Treatment 8
Antibiotics 9
Noncommunicable diseases 9
Cancer 9
Read and discuss 9
What do you know about noncommunicable diseases? 10
First aid kit 10
Consolidation 10
Boost your learning: Types of diseases 10
3. The systems involved in the defence of the organism 10
Discover the immune and lymphatic systems 11
The lymphatic system 11
The lymphatic system 12
The immune system 12
Consolidation 12
Boost your learning: The defence systems of the organism 12
4. The immune response 12
The immune response 13
The nonspecific immune response 13
The inflammatory response 13
The specific immune response 14
Natural immunity 14
Vaccines and serum 14
Natural passive immunity 15
Answer about active and passive immunisations 15
Consolidation 15
Boost your learning: The immune response 15
5. Diseases of the immune system 15
Progress in the study of AIDS 16
Consolidation 16
Boost your learning: Diseases of the immune system 16
6. Donation and transplants 16
Consolidation 16
© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,
traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 1

Boost your learning: Donation and transplants 17

7. Exercises and skills 17
Skills: analysis of the body's immune response 17
Skills: assessment of the immune system function 17
Skills: research on transplants 17
Skills: sensational headlines 17
Skills: first aid 18
Skills: medications, always with a doctor's prescription 18
Skills: advances in biomedicine very close to you 18
8. Fin de unidad: Repaso 18
Concept map 18
Self-assessment 18
9. Additional teacher resources 19
Links: The immune system, health and disease 19
Activity bank: The immune system, health and disease 19
Exam: The immune system, health and disease 19

1. Health
The immune system is in charge of fighting the external threats that punish our body and thus protect us from
diseases. Below, you will learn how it works and what other factors are involved in maintaining our health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a complete state of physical, mental and social
well-being. In other words, it is not just understood as the absence of disease.
In fact, we understand by disease any alteration in the functioning of our organism. In other words, we say we have a
disease when our organism is malfunctioning. This disorder may be due to one of our organs not working
properly or our defence system has been weakened allowing harmful microorganisms to enter our body.
In the environment there are many microorganisms, such as viruses, fungi and bacteria, that can cause us to
become ill. Therefore, in order to maintain health and prevent disease, it is best to lead a healthy lifestyle that
allows our defence system, or immune system, to remain strong against external attacks.
Mental health
Mental health is a state of emotional, psychological and social well-being in which people realise their own
capabilities, can cope with the stresses of life, can work productively and are able to make a contribution to their
communities, as defined by the WHO. It is therefore an essential part of health.
Mental health affects how we feel, think, act, or relate on a day-to-day basis. It can be threatened by diseases, but
also by social circumstances (economic problems, family, lack of work, ...) or common alterations derived from
our lifestyle, such as stress or anxiety.
Most mental diseases are difficult to treat. That is why it is important to prevent them, as far as possible, by living
healthy habits, and to treat them in time. Some of the most common are depression, schizophrenia, bipolar
disorders, dementia or autism.
Health and healthy habits

Image sequence to work on health concepts and healthy practices
Healthy habits
In order to prevent disease and enjoy good health, it is important to maintain healthy individual and collective living
habits.
The individual habits are those you can do on your own:
Practising sport to strengthen our body and prevent diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular or mental
problems.
Maintaining a balanced diet.
Resting correctly for the necessary hours.
Avoiding consumption of toxic substances.

Maintaining personal hygiene.

Avoiding stress and doing relaxation and breathing exercises.
On the other hand, collective habits are the responsibility of governments or entities, such as the following:
Providing all citizens of a population with access to health care.

Establishing animal health checks and food safety managements.
Carrying out a correct waste management.
The animal health check is important, since they live with us and can transmit diseases.
Risk factors
A risk factor is any variable that increases an individual's chance of suffering from a disease. Among the most
common risk factors are the following:
An unbalanced diet. Excess fats and sugars should be avoided.
Lack of personal hygiene.
Lack of rest.
Stress.
The use of toxic substances such as drugs, alcohol and tobacco.
Each disease has its own risk factors and identifying them makes it possible to draw up prevention plans. If we
know that a poor diet, rich in fat for example, means a greater chance of suffering from cardiovascular disease, we
can prevent it by following a balanced diet.
In addition, lack of rest and stress are also risk factors increasing the likelihood of psychological diseases such as
anxiety. There are also some professions involving an added risk factor, for example, a driver who spends many
hours on the road is more likely to have an accident than someone who works in an office.
Read and discuss

Bad postural habits
One of the most common, but least considered, risk factors is bad posture habits. We often adopt bad postures
when studying, at work or even when we sleep. These postures can damage our vertebral column and generate
ailments such as scoliosis or low back pain.
Read the article Cinco malos hábitos que dañan nuestra espalda [see] and write down what bad postures you
adopt every day and what you can do to remedy your postural habits

Diseases and risk factors in Spain

Webquest that treats the main diseases affecting the Spanish population
Addictive substances
Addictive substances are toxic substances modifying the functioning of our organism and generating
dependence. Many of them affect our behaviour and pose serious health risks.
Tobacco, alcohol and drugs are among the most harmful substances, due to their high addictive component. This
ability to create dependence means that people cannot stop using them even if they know they are damaging their
health.
Tobacco and alcohol are two of the most problematic substances, as their use is widespread and socially
accepted. Both substances cause serious damage to the organism and affect various systems in our body. Some
of the diseases they generate are the following:
Cardiovascular disorders.
Respiratory disorders.
Digestive disorders.
Cancer.
Drugs, which are less accepted and widespread socially, are very harmful to health. Its consumption is usually
accompanied by the intake of other toxic substances, which aggravates its effects.
The most widely consumed illegal drugs in Spain are, in this order:
Cannabis, which may cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as psychological disorders.
Cocaine, causing cardiovascular alterations, possibly leading to heart attacks or strokes, and psychological
alterations.
Ecstasy, which may cause kidney and liver failure, as well as psychological disorders.
Amphetamines, which may cause depressive disorders and damage to hair, teeth, gums and nails.
Hallucinogens, which may cause from depression or anxiety disorders to depression or psychosis.
Tobacco smoke contains up to 4,500 different substances, many of which are harmful to humans.

In addition to addictive substances, some activities or behaviours can also cause addiction, which, as in the
previous cases, generate dependence and social isolation in the person suffering from them. Some examples are
addiction to gambling, to shopping, to physical exercise or to new technologies (Internet, mobile, social networks,
etc).
Research
Addiction to new technologies
The irruption of new technologies (social networks, Internet, mobiles) in our lives has brought many advances in the
field of communication and has changed the way we are in contact to each other. However, it has also opened the
door to new types of addiction and behavioural disorders.
Research what health consequences can result from prolonged and repeated use of new technologies, and how
they can be prevented. You can consult the Fundación Mapfre website [see]. Put in a diagram the information
obtained. Then, answer the following survey published by the OCU [see] and discuss the results with your
classmates. Do you misuse technology? What habits should you adopt to prevent these diseases?
Addictive substances
Interactive that helps to learn about the most common addictive substances and the damage to health that they
entail
Consolidation
Activities to consolidate what you have learned in this section.
Boost your learning: Health

Activities on Health
2. Types of diseases
Several types of diseases are known and can be classified differently. Depending on how they affect the
individual, we can distinguish between:
Physical diseases: influenza, chickenpox, sprains, etc.
Mental diseases: schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, etc.

Social disorders: any kind of drug addiction.

They can also be classified according to their cause. That is how we distinguish between:
Infectious diseases: are those caused by infectious agents.
Noncommunicable diseases: are those not caused by microorganisms.
Infectious and noncommunicable diseases

Image sequence to understand the characteristics that distinguish infectious from noncommunicable diseases
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are all those that are caused by microorganisms and are transmitted from one person to
another. Microorganisms are everywhere (air, water, objects, etc.). However, although we are always in contact with
them, we are not always sick as we have an immune system protecting us.
In addition, there are many diseases that have been eradicated in the most developed countries thanks to
preventive methods such as vaccines. In contrast, in many developing countries, the population still suffers from
many serious infectious diseases that can lead to death; for example, malaria.
Infectious diseases and the developing countries

Interactive with animation to delve into the vaccines and the problems of access to the medical treatments in the
developing countries
Causes
The agents causing infectious diseases are pathogens. There can be four types:
1. Fungi: the infection they cause is known as mycosis. Candidiasis and athlete's foot are two examples of
mycosis.
2. Bacteria: cause bacterial diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis.
3. Protozoans: cause diseases such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. They are parasitic single-celled
organisms.
4. Viruses: are agents that need to infect a cell to survive, as they have no cellular organelles. When they infect a
cell, they use its organelles to replicate copies of themselves. They cause viral infections. Influenza and the
common cold are diseases caused by viruses.

Salmonella is a bacteria causing an infectious disease, salmonellosis.

On this website you can find more information about the different types of infectious microorganisms [see].
Transmission
Infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. Transmission between a source of infection
and a healthy organism can occur in two ways:
By direct transmission: if contagion occurs between the two people through physical contact or, for example,
through a sneeze.
By indirect transmission: if the contagion occurs through an intermediary. Contagion occurs without direct contact
between the person carrying the pathogenic microorganisms and the healthy person. For example, this can happen
through water, food, or the cutlery we use to eat.
The most important modes of transmission of infectious diseases are air, water, food, animals or skin.
Malaria is a disease that is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes.

Treatment
Infectious diseases trigger the immune system's response to fight the infection. This type of disease can only be
avoided through prevention. Some of the most common preventive measures include good hygiene, both
personal and of the food we eat, vaccinations or disinfection of wounds.

On the other hand, the treatments that exist to fight infectious diseases depend on the agent that has caused it. So,
we distinguish between:
Antibiotic: to fight bacteria.
Antifungal: to fight fungi.
Antiviral: to stop viruses.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are substances produced by fungi and bacteria that prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
It is important to use them properly, as they only work if the person has a bacterial infection and not one caused by
another type of agent. That is why it is important to consume them only when the doctor prescribes them.
Noncommunicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases are not contagious. Depending on their origin, we distinguish different types of
noncommunicable diseases:
Genetic diseases: are those originated by incorrect information in the genes causing anomalies in the
functioning of the organism. For example: haemophilia.
Physical traumas: are those caused by injuries and can be originated by a traffic accident, a fall, etc. For
example: a fracture.
Metabolic diseases: are those caused by a failure in the correct functioning of some organ. For example:
diabetes.
Bad habits: the consumption of toxic substances or a poor diet can also cause physical and mental
disorders. For example, the consumption of fat can determine diseases such as arteriosclerosis, which is an
abnormal thickening of the walls of arteries. Or a stressful life can cause anxiety.
Degenerative diseases: are those that are aggravated by age. For example: Alzheimer disease.
Mental diseases: are those that alter the normal functioning of the brain, which can cause abnormal
behaviour. They are very varied and difficult to treat. Among the most common are bipolar disorder or
depression.
Cancer
One of the most important and frequent noncommunicable diseases in our society is cancer. This condition can
attack different organs of our body and affects people of all ages. Cancer is an uncontrolled proliferation of cells that
multiply to form tumours. These tumours can be benign, when they are located and do not reach the blood
vessels, or malignant, if they reach the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body. The most common
types of cancer are skin, breast, lung and colon.
Because they are so diverse, noncommunicable diseases require a variety of treatments . Some of the most
common are medication, surgery, physical therapy, psychotherapy, orthopaedics or rehabilitation.
However, there are times when treatment needs to be administered urgently. This is when so-called first aid should
be applied, which is provided, for example, when someone has an accident. Therefore, at home, at school and in
any workplace there should always be a first aid kit with the basics to treat a superficial wound, a minor burn, etc.
This kit should contain, for example, gauze, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, burn ointment, etc.
Read and discuss

Responsible use of medications

Medications are substances used to treat or prevent disease. Its use is usually prescribed by the doctor based on
the patient's symptoms or conditions. However, many people self-medicate. This practice can be harmful or
beneficial depending on the use of the medicines.
What do you think about self-medication? Do you think that is good practice? What is a responsible use of
medications? Do you think they are being abused these days? Read this article from High Focus Centers on
responsible use of medication [see] and discuss it with your classmates.
What do you know about noncommunicable diseases?

Activity to classify different noncommunicable diseases according to their typology
First aid kit

Interactive that allows you to learn what is in a first aid kit and how to heal a wound
Consolidation
Boost your learning: Types of diseases

Activities on Types of diseases
3. The systems involved in the defence of the organism
Immunity is the resistance that our organism offers against the attack of pathogenic microorganisms or foreign
substances. This immunity implies the implementation of a series of natural mechanisms, developed and
coordinated by the immune and lymphatic systems, which defend our body from external threats.
When a pathogenic microorganism manages to cross the physical barriers of our body (skin and mucous

membranes), a response is triggered by the immune system in which the lymphatic systemis also involved. The
first protects our organism from disease thanks to the activity of different types of leukocytes, or white blood cells.
While the second, which is part of the circulatory system, produces lymphocytes (a type of leukocyte) and drains
and removes foreign substances that may be in the bloodstream, such as microorganisms.
Discover the immune and lymphatic systems

Activity to work on the two systems involved in the defence of the body: the immune system and the lymphatic
system
The lymphatic system
The lymphatic system plays an important role in our organism's defence, as it is responsible for producing the
leukocytes, or white blood cells, that our body needs to fight external threats. Its most important functions are as
follows:
Draining the excess of interstitial plasma, the fluid surrounding cells, so that the organs can function
properly. Then it cleans it and returns it to the bloodstream.
Producing leukocytes, essential cells for the organism's defence.
Transporting the fats from the intestines to the circulatory system.
The lymphatic system also consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs:
Lymph: is a liquid formed by excess interstitial plasma, whose function is to drain excess liquid surrounding
cells. It carries waste from cells and contains leukocytes or white blood cells.
Lymphatic vessels: constitute a network through which the lymph flows. This network is very similar to that
formed by the veins in the circulatory system. The finest lymphatic vessels are called lymphatic capillaries
and they extend into all tissues. The most important ones are the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic
duct.
Lymph nodes: are round structures grouped in clusters and distributed throughout the lymphatic vessels.
They are responsible for filtering the lymph; that is, removing the waste it carries before it returns to the
bloodstream, and producing the leukocytes.
Lymphoid organs: the most important are the red bone marrow, the thymus and the spleen, which are
complemented by the tonsils and the appendix. Red bone marrow is found inside bones and the stem cells
it contains produce leukocytes.

The lymphatic system is made up of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs such as the
thymus, spleen, red bone marrow, tonsils and Peyer patches.
The lymphatic system
Animation that allows to work the structure and function of the lymphatic system and its role associated with the
circulation
The immune system
The function of the immune system is to defend the organism against pathogens. That is, it is responsible for
triggering an immune response when it locates a pathogen.
In order to trigger this response, it uses the organs of the lymphatic system, such as the thymus, spleen, red
bone marrow, tonsils and Peyer patches. The lymphatic system is distributed throughout the organism through
an extensive network of lymphatic vessels. The cells used by the immune system to fight diseases are white
blood cells, or leukocytes.
Consolidation
Boost your learning: The defence systems of the organism

Activities on The defence systems of the organism
4. The immune response

The response triggered by the immune system when it locates a pathogen is articulated in two phases:
A first nonspecific response, in which the immune system tries to eliminate all kinds of pathogens or foreign
elements that may be in the organism.
A subsequent specific response, which the immune system sets in motion to act against pathogens that
have managed to overcome the previous phase.
The immune response

Interactive to strengthen the structure of the immune system and to understand how the innate and acquired immune
responses develop
The nonspecific immune response
The first response that our immune system develops to the possible infection of pathogenic microorganisms is
called the nonspecific response, innate immune response or local response. It consists of preventing the entry of
pathogens into the organism and, if they do enter, eliminating them in a non-selective way. In order to fulfil its
function, it has:
External barriers: the skin and mucous membranes protect the body from the outside.
Internal barriers: if the microorganisms overcome the external barriers, phagocytes, a type of leukocyte
present in the bloodstream and in the tissues under the skin, act. These phagocytes surround any type of
microorganism they encounter and destroy it. Often, inflammation or an inflammatory response is
generated during the process.
The inflammatory response

When we get a wound, sometimes the area of the body where it has occurred becomes inflamed and red. This
inflammation is due to the cells in the injured area releasing substances that trigger the organism's immune
response. The blood vessels dilate and the blood supply increases, allowing more phagocytes to reach the
affected area. This increased blood supply is what causes the inflammation. At the same time, there is also a rise
in temperature in the injured area, which makes the phagocytes move more easily. The remains of the phagocytes
filled with the microorganisms they have phagocytised or absorbed form the pus.

The skin and mucous membranes are the organism's first defence barrier. However, there can always be some
microscopic wound through which microorganisms can enter.
The specific immune response
If pathogenic microorganisms manage to overcome the barriers of the nonspecific immune response, the immune
system triggers a specific response in our organism, also called the acquired immune response or general
response. It is called a specific response because it acts specifically on those organisms that have managed to
overcome the first defensive barriers.
This immune response is based on the action of lymphocytes, a type of leukocyte. These cells attack pathogens
and produce antibodies, which are protein molecules that specifically identify a type of agent and facilitate its
destruction. Thus, we say that the specific immune response develops through two processes:
The cell-mediated immune response: production of lymphocytes that attack the pathogen.
The humoral immune response: lymphocytes produce antibodies that identify the pathogen.
Natural immunity
There are diseases that we only get once in a lifetime, for example, chickenpox. This is because some lymphocytes
that have been in contact with the chickenpox virus live on throughout our lives and have an immune memory. In
other words, our organism already has cells and antibodies to fight the disease, so if the chickenpox virus attacks
us again, the immune response will be so fast and effective that it will eliminate the virus before it affects us.
Influenza is also a virus, but we get it more often because it changes its external characteristics. Every time the
influenza mutates these characteristics, it is as if it were a new virus for our body.
Vaccines and serum
Both vaccines and serum are part of the acquired or specific immune response. They provide us with an
artificial immunity.
A vaccine is a preparation containing weakened or killed viruses of the disease it is meant to fight. Although it
contains viruses, when it is given to us by injection or orally, we do not get sick. Instead, the vaccine allows our
bodies to produce the antibodies needed to protect us from the viruses it contains.
Thus, if we are exposed to them in the future, our body will be prepared to fight them quickly so that we do not suffer
from the disease. Vaccines provide active immunity that lasts a long time, because it is generated by the body
itself.

On the other hand, the serum is a preparation of antibodies that attack the microorganisms causing a disease.
For example, if an unvaccinated person is suspected of having come into contact with a pathogen, serum can be
injected. It provides a passive immunity that lasts a few months.
Natural passive immunity

Natural passive immunity consists of the antibodies that are naturally transmitted from the gestating parent to
the foetus during pregnancy. These antibodies are also transmitted through breast milk, so the baby enjoys this
passive, temporary immunity until it is able to make its own antibodies.
Answer about active and passive immunisations

Activity to delve into the characteristics of active and passive immunisations
Consolidation
Boost your learning: The immune response

Activities on The immune response
5. Diseases of the immune system
The immune system can suffer from diseases affecting its functioning. These can be of different origin and type.
Some of the most important are as follows:
Allergies: are those caused by an immune response against substances that should not trigger any kind of
response. For example: pollen.
Autoimmune diseases: are those in which the body develops an immune response against elements within
the body. For example: multiple sclerosis.
AIDS: is a disease caused by the HIV virus. It attacks the organism's lymphocytes and evades our defence
systems. It can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse and through blood. A person infected
with HIV may not have the disease of AIDS for years, but they can transmit it. At present there are many
campaigns for the prevention of AIDS, since for the moment there are no treatments capable of curing it, nor
any vaccine that can prevent it.

Progress in the study of AIDS

Interactive to discover the advances in AIDS vaccine research
Consolidation
Boost your learning: Diseases of the immune system

Activities on Diseases of the immune system
6. Donation and transplants
Blood donations and organ transplants help save the lives of many sick people. Sometimes, when a patient loses a
lot of blood due to an accident or during a surgical operation, they need to recover it through a blood donation.
This blood cells transplant is also used in the treatment of some diseases affecting the blood, such as leukaemia
or anaemia. Since our immune system is prepared to identify foreign cells and attack them to be eliminated, the
blood donor and the recipient have to be of compatible blood groups [see].
Transplants are the replacement of a badly damaged organ or tissue, such as bone marrow, with a well-
functioning one. The healthy organ usually comes from another person who either does not need it because they can
live without it (for example, in the case of a kidney transplant, the donor can live a normal life with only one kidney) or
has recently died. Among the most common transplants are kidney, liver and heart.
One of the problems that can be generated by the implantation of a new organ in the patient is that their body rejects
it. This is because the immune system recognises the antigens on the new cells as different from those on its own
cells, which triggers the immune response and the production of antibodies. Antigens depend on genes and are
different between people.
The more different the antigens of the patient's cells are from those of the new organ, the greater the body's
defensive reaction. Therefore, the possibility of rejection is lower the closer the family relationship between donor
and recipient is, since they will have more genes in common. The ideal transplant is the one between twins, since
they have the same genes and the transplant is not rejected.
Consolidation

Boost your learning: Donation and transplants

Activities on Donation and transplants
7. Exercises and skills
Test your abilities and apply what you have learned with these resources.
Skills: analysis of the body's immune response

Activity that proposes to analyse how is the immune response provoked by the immune system against external
pathogens
Skills: assessment of the immune system function

Activity that proposes an experiment to identify the places where pathogenic microorganisms can be found and to
value the importance of the function of the immune system as a natural defence mechanism
Skills: research on transplants

Activity that proposes to carry out a research on organ transplants and donations to assess their importance
Skills: sensational headlines

In this activity the student makes a reflection about the information that appears in social networks and gives tools to
be able to detect false and sensationalist news

Skills: first aid

Activity that aims to introduce the student to some basic concepts about first aid practices that can be found in
everyday life. Guidelines and first actions to be taken before the medical services arrive
Skills: medications, always with a doctor's prescription

Activity where the student is introduced to the adverse effects of taking medication without medical supervision
Skills: advances in biomedicine very close to you

Activity that proposes to know the different biomedical research centres that the student has near and the studies
that are being carried out. In addition, the student discovers the skills of the professionals working in this sector
8. Fin de unidad: Repaso
Concept map
Concept map of the topic The immune system, health and disease
Self-assessment
Activity to assess the student's knowledge on the topic The immune system, health and disease

9. Additional teacher resources
Links: The immune system, health and disease

Sequence of resources and external references to delve into the topic
Activity bank: The immune system, health and disease

Open answer activities on the topic The immune system, health and disease
Exam: The immune system, health and disease

Self-correcting test to assess the expected learning on the topic The immune system, health and disease

The Immune System, Health and Disease

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The immune system, health and disease

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 1

Boost your learning: Donation and transplants 17

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 2

Health and healthy habits

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 3

Maintaining personal hygiene.

Providing all citizens of a population with access to health care.

Read and discuss

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 4

Diseases and risk factors in Spain

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 5

Activities to consolidate what you have learned in this section.

Boost your learning: Health

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 6

Social disorders: any kind of drug addiction.

Infectious and noncommunicable diseases

Infectious diseases and the developing countries

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 7

Salmonella is a bacteria causing an infectious disease, salmonellosis.

Malaria is a disease that is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes.

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 8

Read and discuss

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 9

Responsible use of medications

What do you know about noncommunicable diseases?

First aid kit

Activities to consolidate what you have learned in this section.

Boost your learning: Types of diseases

3. The systems involved in the defence of the organism

© Editorial Planeta S.A.U., 2022. Todos los derechos reservados de reproducción,

traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 10

Discover the immune and lymphatic systems

The lymphatic system

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traducción, adaptación y ejecución reservados para todos los países. 11