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    AnswerKey Frenzel

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    Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4th Edition Frenzel Solutions Manual Full clear download (no error formatting) at : hitps://testbanklive.com/download/principles-of-electronic-communication-systems- 4th-edition-frenzel-solutions-manual/ Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4th Edition Frenzel Test Bank Full clear download (no error formatting) at : hittps://testbanklive.com/download/principles-of-electronic-communication-systems- bank/ Part B Ath-edition-frenzel-test- Answers to Questions, Problems, Critical Thinking, and Online Activities Chapter 1 Answers to Questions 1. Inthe nineteenth century 2. Transmitter, communications. channel or medium, receiver, noise. See Fig. 1-2 in the text 3. Wire cable, free space (radio and light), fiber-optic cele, water, the earth, The fist hee are the most widely used 4. Modulator. 5. Demodulator, 6. The combination ofa transmitter and a receiver in a single package that may share some circuits. 7. Atenation,adlition of noise. 8. Communications channel 9. Noise 10 Lightning, outer space (sm, tars), suamufactared devices (wots. ear ignions, Muoreseent lights, et) 11, Baxchand signals. 12. Analog and digital 13, Simplex. Broadcasting, paging, telemetry 14. Futkduples. Telephones: standard, cores, cl 15, HalEduples. Twooway radio, fax machiae, computer rode 16, Analog 17. Digital or binary IS. The analog signals ae converted into hs 19, Information or imellgence signals 20. Modulation 21. Demadulation or detection 22. One that consist of cuter modulated by one or mare ‘asehand signals 23. Maliplexing 24. Demukiplexing 25. Radio of wireless 26. Elect of magnetic Feld. 27.15 KBr: 1242 miles, 18 ME: $867 f,22GH: 1.36 em 28. Antemas would be too long to be practical, signals ‘wold aot teavel fa, all signals wot interire with one smother 29, 20 Hs to 20H 30. 300-3000 Hr 31. Yes, but only few, wally military o goverment (navigation. 32, 535-1705 kil 33. Short waves 34. VHF 35. Twoeway nid, TY, cellular telephone, radar; satelite, 36. Microwave. 31. Millimeter waves 38 Amicon is one-mil (129 or 10° ry, feis used to expres light wavelength 39, Infrared, visible, uluaviolet, 40, Heated objects oF LEDs and lasers. 41, 07 © 100 pm 42, An angstom is 10 wavelength 43, 0.410038 wa, 444. Free space and fiberoptic cable 45. Facsimile and television th of a meter or micrometer "gn and is used to state ight B.2 46. 4. 48 49. 50. SL 52 33 5a 55 56. 57 38 50, 61 62, 63, 65 Paging. ‘Telemetry Cordless telephones, cellule telephones, microwave relay, satellites ‘The reflection of radio waves from a distant abject. Sonat. Pasive sonar listens to underwater sounds, [Active radar sends out an ultrasonic signal and listens for its reflection or echo to determine range and bearing Amateur or ham radio. Modem Local area networks (LAND). Wireless Engineer, tochnologis, technician Design and analysis of circuits, equipment, and systems. achelor's degree (B.S). Associate's degree (ASEE. A.AS., ec) achelor's degree in technology, Usually no. Install, operate, maintain, woubleshoot, repair, and service equipment. Sales, cechnical writing, waining, Manulacturers create products, distributors transfer precincts to resellers who marker the products, service ‘organizations install repair, and maintain the products, and end users apply the prowcts Communications standards ensure compatibility and leroperabilty of equipment CCommainications standaeds define modulation andor multiplexing methods, frequencies of operaicn protocols, and interface methods, including mechanical Answers to Problems 3 7.5 Mllz, 60 Milz, 3750 Miz, or 3.75 GHz HE. Radar and satellites, Answers to Critical Thinking ‘Vary carrier amplitude, fequeney, or phase. TV remote contol (inated), garage door opener (calio—VHF or UF), ‘Stars (sums) radiate radio waves that can be received by slrectional angennas that can record azimuth and elevation w plot star positions. Individual students choice Narrow of restrict the bandwidth of same signals and their channel bandividh, use more multiplexing, share frequencies at differen times or when signals do noc carry fu. Use mow wise or cable systems. In digital sysems, ‘use data compression techniques, Use the optical range. 982.08 fps, 11.8 vas, 3 >< 10" ms ‘The speed of light is 186000 miles per second (ails) or 300,000,000 meters per second (avs). The speed of sound is only a fraction of that, or about 1129 fee per second (U8) or 344 meters per second (avs). You cannot see light gavel Because its speed isso fast that it appears stantaneous. Over long distances asin space, i akes light-years to go from one place to another. The sun is out 93 million miles ffom earth. I takes light from the son 93,000,000 mi186,000 mils = 500 seconds, or about 8.33 minutes to reach us Sound speed is easily observed. Lightning ata distance is an example. You see the lightning frst, and them hear it (the dhunder cap) later. -Romate control of autonmahile door Tacks and alaems by key chain tansiitters, wireless speakers for sete. Reverse control ofa cable TV box by the cable company wing digital sigmis, using cable TV modems for Internet access, telemetry of signals foe water ga, or ectric utility monitoring. Radar speed measurement of baseball pitches ‘Student ideas and innovations, Call the FCC w get advice and direction, Search the FCC vcbsite at wwtee gov. Communications ‘constants can be hirel ta help you with this, Order copies or the relevant US. Government Cade of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 47 trom the U.S. Government Printing Office. | Some examples are telephone, cordless telephone, cellular telephone, CB radio, TV set with remote ‘contol, radio, FM sterco system, garage door epencr, PC with modem to on-line service, cable TV converter box, fix machine. 12, The “eup and string” communications.system is theoretically sound although very inefficiem.. LF the string is piled taut, but not too taut, i will carry sound waves ffom one eup 0 the other. Speaking into one cup ‘cases the bottom of the cup to vibrate like a diapiragm ina microphone. This transmits the sound to the string, ‘The string vibrates the bottom of the receiving cup, ‘which acts like a speaker cone to transfer the sound to ‘your eat. The key 10 the suevess of dis stem Lies in the efficient coupling of the string to the bottom of the ‘cups and the tension on the string. Tension must be present in order to pick up and transmit the sound. Ifthe Tension is ton great, it will inhibit the vibration ofthe ‘cup bottoms, Chapter 2 Answers to Questions 1 2. 3 10. u 1B. 14 Xe decteases as frequency increases. Xe decreases as frequency decreases. ‘Skin effect isa phenomenon that causes electrons to flow near the outer surface of a conductor ruler chan at the center or uniformly over the eross section. It reduces the area far elecuon flow, thus increasing resistance, “The effect is frequency-sensitive, causing a resistance Increase at higher frequencies. Skin effect causes Q to be lower atthe higher frequencies. ‘The inductance of the wice increases, creating a lowevalue RF choke. “Toro. In aseries resonant citcuit at resonanet ‘minimum and current is maximum, Tn parallel resonant ciuit at resonanes, impodance is rmaimuin and line cusrent is iim “There isan imerse relationship between Q and ondwidih. High Q means narrow bandwidth, and low Q ttanslates to wider bandwidth Bandpass filter Notch filter, Selectivity is the ability of @ circuit to poss signals on a desired frequency’ ar range of equencies while reject ‘ther signals outside the desired range Fourier theory states that any nonsinusoidal signal may be represented or analyzed as the sum of a fundamental sine wave at the signal frequency plus ed, even, oF od plus even harmonie sine waves of different phases and amplitudes. ‘Time domain refers to displaying or expressing a signal asa varying voltage, curren, or power wih respect 10 time. Inthe frequency domain, signals are displayed or ‘expressed as a sequence of vollage or power levels af sine waves at specific frequencies representing the Fourier components of the signal 22400, 4000, S600, 7200 He. impedance is 15, Sce text Fig. 2-61. Even harmonics: half-wave rectified sine wave, Odd harmonies: 50 percent duty cyele square 16, The distortion oocurs bocanse harmonics may be Fkered ‘out, leaving a different waveshape. Answers to Problems 1. A= 50,000, 2. A= 0.607, 3. 30,397.14 ALAS 2310, Vou (Stage 3) = 0.2772 V, Vig (Stage 2) = 39.6 mV, Vo (stage 1) = 1.8 mY. 5. ADS4, Vy =041 V. 6, 50000 — 94 dB, 607 — 4.34 ab, 30,357.14 896 dB, 2310 67.27 ab, 34 14.65 UB, 7. 14a, 8. Pay = 199,737 W. 9. 37 dBm, 10. 1308. HL 11379. 12 7 pF. 13. 43220. 1. 239 Mit, Is, Q=24, 16, 4578 Miz, 17. O97 pitt f= 4 ME, Xp BW =24 Mil, BR mv, O= 111.116. 589.9 ko See text Fig. 2-62(c). 0) = 1O/fsin 2 100.0001 — ¥s sin 2x 200,000 + 4 sin 2 300,000" M4 sin 2 400, 0006.. 24, 4375 Mle 25, 41.67 ns 529.9.0 Answers to Critical Thinking 1. The inductance and capacitance are distributed along wires. cables, other components, and any elated conductors, 2. The cancellaion of X, and X¢ at resonance and the low resistance produces a high current flow which, in ture, produces high voluge drops when Q is high (10), 3. Lowepass filter High-pass filter. 5. At resonance, a parallel tuned cieuit appears to be a high pure resistance. Placing a resistor in parallel with it reduces the effective impedance of the circuit, axing loss which translates to a lower Q. Lower @ gives wider bandwidth, 6. (@)f, =4597 Mb; b) Q= 77: (c) BW = 597 Ke (d) Z= 17.78 KO. 7. 3.98 MHz, 8. C= 0015 uk 9. (@) 90.44 Miz; (b) 36.7 MHz 10, Half-wave rctfic. Tt produces only even harmonics ‘output, Therefore, its second harmonic is stong. making ita good doubler Since no odd harmonics are present, te high-level harmonies (fourdh and higher) are easy (0 filter out Chapter 3 Answers to Questions 1. Modulation is the process of modifying the characteristics of a signal called a carrer with another information signal forthe purpose of transmining the information signal more efliciently or effectively. 2. Modulation is necessary Because the information signal js usually incompatible with the communications medium. 3. Modulator Carrier. Modulating, information, or imelligence signal. 4. ‘The amplitude of the carrier varies withthe intelligence signal, but frequency and pase ae not affected. 5. False. 6. Envelope, Ithas the shape of the modula I information 7. Time domain signals 8. Vosin aft 9. Thue 10. Muldptication 1 W,= Ve 12. Percentage of modulation, 13. With overmodulation (>100 percent, clipping of the signal ‘occurs. Tis inexiuces harmonies, which also modulate the cuties The ef is to dist the signa, reduce its imeligibiliy, and increase the handvidth ofthe AM signal, posibly causing imerference wo adjacent signals. 14, Sidebands 15. Time domain signal 16. Frequency domain display. Spectrum analyzer. 17. Nonsinusoidal signals contain harmonics, which ate rmulkiples of the fundamental modulating signal. These also create sidebands that widen the bandwidth of the signal 18. Carter, lower sideband, upper sideband frequencies 19, Amplitude shift keying (ASK) or ON-OFF keying (00K). 20. Itmay help explain the operation of some types of reuits, 21. False. This is mot eypica, but some kinds of modulator ‘ircuit can cause this 22. 66.7 pesvent caries, 333 percent both sideband, 16.7 peveent one sideband, 23. No. The carrier isa signal frequency: The intelligence is inthe sidebands, 24, Doouble-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB), 25, Balanced modulate, 26. A single sideband, 27. Less bandwidth and spectrum space, mote power efficient, less noise, les fading. 28. Vestigial sdchand AM. A portion ofthe lower sideband is filtered out to minimize bandwidth, 29, F3 and Ad. of ASC 30, Tho handwisth of 2 KH voice modullated AM signal is| 44 Kile. The bandwidth of an AM signal modulated bya binary signal of 2 KHz is theoretically infinite. Assuming. alternating binary Os and Is for a square wave, the square wave wall produce od harmonies. Ifthe odd ‘harmonies are significant to the 7ih, then the bandwidth ‘would be T >¢2 kite = 14 kita x 2'= 28 Kitz Answers to Problems 1 m= Wn — MaidVa + ¥ 2. 31.5 percent. 3. 100 percent 4.375. 5. 80 pero 6. V_>V 7, 3806 kHz, 3908 KHz; BW = 8 KH, 8. BW = 15 kHz, 2008.5 kHz, 2101.5 kllz, 2097 kHz, 2103 kHz, 2095.5 kHz, 2104.5 KHz, 2094 kiz, 2106 kHz, 2092.5 kHz 2107.5 Ki 9. 600 Ww. 10, 3241.125 W. 709 percen 12. 13 us 15 16. 17, 25 19 33.3 Waverage. 18, 2,299,850 102,295,800 He. Answers to Critical Thinking 1. Yes. In many applications, the information or basebund signal may he transmitted directly over wiges as 1 in the telephone system. 2. Peak envelope power BR 12.4232, 12.4979, 1243, 124321, 12.4368, 12.5632, 125679, 12.57, 125721, 125768 MHz; BW = 1536 KH ‘You would generate an SSB lower sideband signal with ‘ne information signal and an SSB upper sideband signal withthe ether information signal, using dhe same carter frequency on both. Since the carrier is suppressed. there will be no imerierence. Dew. “Theoteticaly, the carrier can be a lower frequency than the modulation signal, but this is ever done. The sidebands produced by modulating a L-kHz carrier ‘with a 1O-KHz signal aro | KHz + 10 kHz = 11 KHZ (USB) and I kHz — 10 kilz = —9 kllz (LSB). A negative frequency is not possible. Some types of modulators might imerpret the 10-Kilz modulating signal asthe catrier and the I-KHz carvicr as the information signal, resulting in an AM spectrum Similar to that produced with a 10-KElz easier and [-kH? modulating signal Chapter 4 Answers to Questions 1 2 3 10. n Multiplication Square lw ‘One technique used to produce AM isto have the ‘modulating signal vary the gain or atenuation ofa tinear Gecuit through which the carrie is passed. Another technique for generating AM is to linearly mix the ‘carrier and modulating signal and apply them toa nonlinear circuit with a square-law response Field-effect wansister (Career, medulating signal, upper and lower sidehands A Sehotky diode Since AM is a multiplication process, an analog ier isa natural amplitude modulator. Linea. ‘The gain of a diferential amplifier is proportional w the ‘enitter current, When the modulating signal is used « vary the emitter curent, the gain can he varied in Proportion. The differential amplifier is then used to amplify the carrer, dhe amplitude of which is varied by the modulating signa Final RF power amplifier Use a half-wave rectifier die detect ‘The flor capacitr acrass the Ioad in adiode detector rust have a value tht is high enough to filer out the carer frequency and low enough so that t does not distort the recovered lower frequency information signal A suiteh or switches ether diodes or transistors. A ‘lock oseillator inside the receiver operates the switches, 14. Upper and lower sidehands are generated. The halanced modulator fiminates or greatly suppresses the carrier. 15, Lattice modulator, 16. ‘The crystal filter i the most commonly used 17. Obtaining a eonscant 90° phase sift over the full audio Frequency range 18, An IC balanced modulator produces more suppression than a latice type 19, Product detector. 20, A signal equal wo the oviginal cartier frequency. Answers to Problems 1. 288 W; 144 W. 2. 8.9982 Miz, 3. 200 WV. Answers to Critical Thinking 1. A.gyachronous detector produces less distortion, has hotter signal-to-noise ratio, and is hetler at reducing the effect of selective fading than a diode detector Yes, because balanced modulator isa set of diade or transistor switehes that are operated by the carrier signal 3. The recovered tone has a frequency of 250 Hz rather than 400 Hz bocasse the reinserted carrier differs fromthe carrier of 5 MHz by 150 Ha. Ifthe carter is not exaetly at the original value, the eccverod signal will be 109)(17.58) 80.85 pF (total shunt C) C in network = total C — sray C SUMS — 22 = 5845 pr NIN, = 0.2887. ‘Most modern digital ransmitters use aform of modulation such as OFDM, QAM or, spread spectrum that requires both amplitude anid phase components be accurately amplitied. Chapter 9 Answers to Questions 1. The bandwidth increases. 2. The simplest receiver isan antenna, a selective circuit sai «demedultor. 3. The higher requency_sidebands would be ereatly attenuated, thereby distorting the signal ‘The shape factor of 1.8 represents the best selectivity Tuned radio frequency (TRF) Superheterodyne. ‘Mixer and local oscillator, 4. The selectivity of a receiver is usally determined by the TF amplifier filters o¢ in a direct conversion roceiver by te fillers following the dovmconverting mixes, B-10 10. IL 12, 13. 1 16. i 18, 9 20 21 22. 3 24, 2s. 26. 28, 29, 30, 3h 2 33 34. 3s 36, 3. 38 39, 40, Automatic gain control (AGC) ‘Local oscillator frequency and input (received) signal ‘frequency IF amplifier. RF amplifier. Image Poor (to0 broad) selectivity in the RF amplifier or receiver input ned circuits [A dual-conversion superheterodyse has two mixers and Tocal oscillators and a first and second IF. A dual ‘conversion supetheterodyne has beler image rejection than a single-comversion receiver [Ensure proper selectivity in the ceveiver front end, Sicha fo fife Doubly balanced mixes. Daal-gate MOSFET. Amplitude modulation ‘Aa image reject miner uses two mixers and the concepts ‘of the phasing method of SSB to cance! images bat pussing the desired signal. Good frequency stability Frequency synthesizer ‘To dowa-convert the VCO to a lower frequency within the range ofthe variable modulus dividers used to ‘change the frequency. Manufactred or instal, extraterrestrial (solar, ‘smi, and atmospheric noise. A direct conversion or zero IF receiver is a sipotheterodyne where the local oscillator is st to the signal Fregueney so tha dhe mixer produces a difference ‘frequency equal to the haseband signal Asoftware defined radio is one tht converts the incoming Signal to an IF. The IF outpot is digitized man ADC: and ‘the resulting signal is digitally processed (fering, ‘demodulation, etc). High speed ADC and digital signal rccessing (DSP) computers make this posible Quadrature mixers ina ZIF receiver are necessary in ‘rder to preserve any frequency or phase variations in ‘the signal due to madilation, DSP algorithms foe demodulation and other processes require quadrature signals for computation ‘Thermal noise, shot nose, for Hicker noise, ansit time noise, correlated noise (intermodulation modulation), Lightning Automohile ignitions, floorescent lights, motors, relays, ‘aad solenoid “Thermal of Jobson noise. Power decibels "The noise increases with temper Tlereases the noise level Shot noise, flicker (Lf) mise, ansitcime noise. False. Signal, noise, and distortion ‘The input stage, usually an RF amplifier, contributes the most noise in terms ofits relationship to the received signal level. The mixer isthe noisiest circuit inthe An RF amplifier boosts signal evel before itis applied (0 the usually noisy mixer but adds poke of ts ow. a rer'low-noise RF amplifier canbe used itis avantageous 4 2. st 44, 45, 46 "7. 4B 49 50, 31 52 33, SA 55 56. 57 38 39. oo. 61 re 6s. Rae 7. os. 10. 1 1 boost signal level before the mixer. the signal level is. usually high, the RF amplifier my not be meded GASFETS or MESFETs Diode, double balaacad, singly balanced. Donble-tuned coupled citeuts, crystal, ceramic, oc SAW Filters. ANVGN is a sandard random noise crest for the purpose of esting receivers and comparing selectivity Limiter Limiting is allowed in FM receivers that have a demodulator that must have a fixed ampicude Hnpur signal for proper operation, Collector current 100 aB. Automatic gain contol (AGC). In forward AGC. increasing the collector current of an UF ampliier transistor decreases the gan. In reverse AGC, increasing the collectar current increases the gain. By changing the emits current. Saqueteh; muting ‘Tho local oscillator frequency is equal to the received signal frequency CCTCSS isa squelch system that i activated only by the receipt oF a unique cone signal which provides chanel privacy and security CW and SSB. ‘An SDR divides the eceived signal into two paths, one in-phase (1) and one in quadrature (90 degrees) so that te signal may be demodulated by DSP. CGrysal, ceramic, and SAW filters. Ina single chip tansoeiver, dhe fequency of operation is usually changed by sending a unique binary cose to the frequency synthesizer which operated bos the lransmiter and receiver, The unigue code is usually rived ftom an intomal embeded controller according to som: frequency scheme associated with the wireless service involved Power supply Power supply, local oscillators or frequency synthesizer, IF or sidcband filter Mixer. “Transmitter carrir, frst local oscillator, second local oseillatoe, [AAP receiver cannot in abasic form demadulate FM or PM. FM and PM can be used ifthe reociver is implemented with two mixers using quadrature (90 [Phase shift) local oscillator signals. The to mixer ‘outputs together contain the frequeney aad phase information used to recover FM or PM Mixing, fitering, demodulation, equalization, ‘The 10.7-Mlle ceramic filter FIL 1 [As the voltage becomes mote positive, the capacitance of the varactor D, decreases. Varucor D, isin series with ‘capacitor Cy. This combination resonates with Ly. AS the capacitance of D, decreases, the foal capacitance decreases and the resonant frequency increases MC 1330 IF IC. Signal-derived No, No. I increases, BAL n. B m. Pin 5 of US», 107 MHz. Input to the ceramic fMter FIL ua, Answers to Problems bulls 35838 KY, 18.06 and 17.94 ME. 00. 24. 45 Miz 46 Mitr First IF 9 MHz; socond IF = 400 KE 27, 162, 189, 351 MH. 27’ MH isthe most likely IF. 390 Miz 36875 MHz, 12.5 kHz 3.44, 5.37 dB. 143 pV. Microwave frequencies 22K =126 dBim means the best selectivity —151 dB, Chapter Answers to Questions 1 10. 12. 13. 18 15. 16. 1. Is No: its he process of wansmitting mulple signals over single channel Economics Demultiplexer. Signals to be muiplesed are used vo modulate subcarriers of different frequency. All ae mixed together and transmitted in @ common channel bandwidth Linear mixer or analog summer Linear mixer. FM, Missile and airraft testing, space exploration, industrial rmonivring and eontol ‘Spatial multiplexing allows multiple signals to use the same frequency Dut prevents interference between them by using low power and directional antennas. L+R, L-+R, or monaural signal: LR; 19 Kitz plot carrer: and SCA, AM, DSB. FM, ‘A bandpass filter centered on the subcarrier fraquency. ‘The signals ae sampled sequentially, and the samples Iansimitted by interleaving them over time. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), Clock recovery circuits. Synchronizing signals and clack recovery cirenits ‘eosure thatthe receiver stays i step with the itansmitted signals, Frame, Answers to Critical Thinking Lower temperature produces less thermal noise First local oscillator = 515.6 MHL, second local ‘oscillator = 45.5 MHz, tansmitter carrier oslo 39216667 MHz, Connect a counter to pin 6 or T ofthe NEZI2 mixer, ‘which isthe local oseilltor output. Subtract 10.7 MHz from the counter reading to get the received frequency. The PC video monitor display of an SDR consists of a frequency spectrum plot a waterfall display, and numerical froquency display plas any controls (volume, ete), 107.7 dB. “The IF is usually the difference between the local ‘oscillator ffequency and the received signal. In his ease itis zero. However, the signal has sidehands at 10.8 MH #708) Hz, which will beat with the local escllator to produce a 7OW/-Hz output from the diode detect. This iscallod a direcr conversion receiver The TF is the ‘original modulating signal. If dhe signal is voice, tbe IF amplifier is a selective audio amplifier. 300 MHz minimun, 10 20, 21 24 25, 26, 2 28, 29, 30, 31 3. Low-pass filter MOSFET. ‘A binary code representing the desired channel is, ‘contained im a counter or register which is decoded. The decoder outpt enables the specific MOSFET. ‘A PAM signal is ansmited by having the pulses amplitude modulate a carrer which i dien amplified by ‘linear power amplifier. Altemately, the PAM may be ‘converted to PCM for transmission by some frequency ‘or phase modulation scheme. hase-locked loop. By converting the analog signals to digital with an A/D converter, Codec Skitz B bits Beer noise immunity and more ewily reconstructed binary signals distorted by ch transmission process 193, aseband techniques are used to transmit T- signals Uh is, dhe digital dow is placed on the medium (.wisted- pair cable, coax, fiber-optic cable, or adi link) as ‘opposed to the signal being used to modulate a carer. Hhlf-duplexing means two way transmission where one Party transmits and the other listens. Fulluplex means that both partes may transmi¢ and receive af the same Frequeney division duplexing dives a segment of spectrum ino channels some of which are assigned for transmission at one end and reception at theater end and Vise versa. Time division duplexing defines diffrent time slot in transmissions that ar for transmission or reception. 34. PDD requires much more spectrum where as TDD can Answers to Critical Thinking tse only a single chamncl. TDD is more complex 1 278s because ofthe timing and synchronization requirements 2. 384, 2.088 Mit ofthe method 3. Yes Separate binary datasources may modulate subcarsers on diffrent frequencies. The subcarriers are Answers to Problems Sumeied, and the resting Composite trnmited ax an 6. DM signal 2. 28H 3. Bitrate 1544 Miz, 24 chamels (P1). Bic rate 44.736 MHz, 672 channels (73). Chapter 11 Answers to Questions 27. Mexioms are need to convert digital signals to analog signals and vice versa to make them compatible with the 1. The tleseaph i jets iekere Sand oleae teplane syn, Males we 41 ea ona tka concen appeal sed wih any compe hat mt communi wi essere cai nother computer overlong distances using the 7 telephone system. 28 $3 kbps 29. DMT (OFDM, ee 30. 1536 Maps (max) ooo 2384 Kbps (ni). So ea 31, A scrambler ensures that long strings of binary Os or Is Ecroric alii email belbetr cal UNIT Aare broken up into replacement codes with few R successive (oF 1 bit 9. Serial ane parallel on . Fa ease 32. DOCSIS is Data Over Cable Service Interface 1, Baud rate. symbol is any change in the wansmitted Specification, the cable TV industry standards for signal during hit interval such as amplitude, frequency, Senetslon of TV ena de purigas 33. 6M 12. Eacn symbol ean represent two or more bit =H ni Oe HR iE GAM combinations a ites 13, Bia per bod 3, Band mda, 14 Synchronous transmission is faster Because start and anes - stop bits are not used on each transmitted byte: the ae ae ed paallyaghear beled ‘ol number ois © be wanted in asiven ime 5g Tyna BPSK 15, The mete ord ae en sei i ined mat of 39 XNOW ge nd Lt delay p-op ngeedifg tested wanda os Wok A yreele tom: precedes the bok anda posianble enor code ens he THe 16. Space (0) and mark (1) 4s, Ya 17. NRZ ahr 18. Two ar more successive binary 0 or Is, Aes reeliee tein aioe 46. Avo rte cower oF DIA come 20, No average DC busdup om the tansmission tine ra 21. Mat, pas, 48 ESB. sion in tem of OAM, vcd w 22. High speeds are cbtained by wing a small modulation le po sel 3 Sma of QAM ci i index and prefitering the hinary signal Tate ot $800 bps or abo, that Ineorportst’a coding Be sag sebeme that makes enor detection and coeretin faster Eee eed and easier His used hecause a faster data rates over the 24. Te telephone system the bit eror rae is much higher than at 25. Higher bps daa rate fs ee Ba SOO 26. UART, serambler, modulator, equalizer, tine interface, Sh Be QAO S Biaiper tnd ‘alopive receive eyualizer, demodulator, descrambler ai oa: i 52 The highest level modulation in DOCSIS 3.1 is microcontroller 4096 QAM. 53, 34, 55, 56 31. 5 59, 6 61 62, 63, 64, 65. 66. 7 68, 69, 0. 1 n. B m4, 15. 1. 8. n, 80, SI 8 83, 84 85 86, ST 88 89, 90, 91 92 93, 94 ‘The process of modifying an intelligence signal in such ‘away tha its spectrom is spread aver a wide frequency ‘ange rather tan being confined 10 a narrow single channel bandwidth, Frequency-hopping and direct-sequence SS, A frequency synthesize, ‘A pseudorandom soquence generator. False Random background noise ‘The idendlying characteristic of a spreal spectrum signal is the unique psewlorandam code being used. Dwell time ‘A shit tesister with NOR feedback or a specially Programmed microcomputer ‘The PSN signal is a unigue binary eode sequence used for each station operating over a shared spectrum, It allows one sation to be distinguished from another. XOR. ‘Te BPSK. Synchronizing the receiver to the desired signal Correlation, Data security and resistance to jamming or interference ‘rom other signals. Yes. Cellular telephone, satellite, and radar. ‘Voice signals are convert to serial digital daca before they are sent co the SS equipment (Cove division multiple access (CDMA) Redndaney, special codes, encoding methods, parity, Hock-check character, cyclical redundancy check. ‘Repeat the tansmission unl itis correctly eceived. Reed Solomon, Noise andor weak signal Bit eter rate (BER). RZ-AML Paty bit Block-check code, or BCC. The corresponding bits in ‘each word are added without carry to form the block ‘check chaructet. Vertical redundancy check XOR gute Longitudinal redundancy check. ‘A block of data is reated as if it wore one very large binary number tis divided by a smaller binary number called the generating function, The reslting quotient is ‘bandonel, and the remainder is retained, The remainder is the CRC. A shift register with feedback through XOR gates, Tne. ACRE is generated atthe receiver using the received ‘dat block. Is then compared to the received CRC. If the two mate, the data is correct Reed Solomon, ‘The sum is zero (0000), indicating no errors ina bit position, ‘Trellis, Vitubi, wibo (recursive) codes Protocol Handshaking. XON and XOFF, Xmociem ‘95. ‘The las field in a protocol frame is usually a lock check sequence or CRC for error detection 96. Block 97. ‘They hegin with a series of synchronizing bits oF words in onder wo set up the eceiver’s clock recovery eicuits Prior to receiving the data, 98 Bisyne, SDLC, HDLC. 99. A CRC word, 100. Interoperability refers tothe ability of ene type of equipment to operate computibly and communicate with the equipment of another manufacturer 101. Use protocols based on the OST layers. 102 Applications, presentation, session transport, network, data link, physical 103. Physical. data link, neqwork, and applications Answers to Problems ERBCDIC 14.285.71 bps = 14.3 kbps 69.48 us, . 250,000. ‘60 kbps. 179.89 kbps 278.95 Mops. 175 Hz 9. 8310, 10. a 0:b. 1e.0;4.0 U1 Hamming code bits ot1001 101010. 121818, 0010; compere cod Answers to Critical Thinking 1. A tempera sensor sch 88a thermistor or resistive Temperature device (RTD) monitors the temperature ‘The resulting analog signal developed by this sensor is amplified and sont 10 an A/D converter. This signal is serialized and packaged into a protocol packet by a micropracesso. Tt is then sent to modulate a Tow-power radio trasmicer with antenna “The receiving antenna picks up the signal and recovers the orignal digital signal, which is then put back into paral! form and sent 10 an interface on the ‘computer. A program in the computer reads the data from the interface and store it in memory. The program takes the data word and processes it so that it is lisplayed asthe correct temperature on the video sereen ‘of the computer. Celular telephone. Many phones could share a common ‘and simultaneously. The conversations would be secure and private 3. Remote contols for TV se, garage doors, and car doors, ralio-controlled airplanes or ears—all via AC paver lines 4. ADSL and OFDM have to use DSL because it climinates an enormous number of complex circuits, 5. Spread spectrum and OFDM are spectrally efficient hecause the disperse the very high data rate signals over 1 broad spectrum that is typically less spectrum than ‘other methods use for the same data rate Chapter 12 Answers to Questions 1. To permit individual PCS to con pesipherals, and exchange soltware 2. The MAN is smaller 3. Acable TV network or a large company. 44 “About 1410 users per LAN. 5. Node 6. Stay, ring, bus. 7 8 9 mnicate, share Ring and bus “The telephone system is a WAN. The fiter optic ‘backbones af the Lmernet are WANS, 10. Fiber optic cable. 1. E-mail 12. ASAN isa storage area network, a system made up of a Fesundant array of independent disks (RAID) or just a bunch of disks GBOD) forming a storage fit for ‘company or organization that cam be accessed by servers ‘and users via ahigh speed network 13, Wireless is the normal medium used in 8 PAN. 14. The main advantage of a mesh network is its relia because of one node in dhe network is disabled or out of ‘ange an alternate path can be formed or taken to ensure ‘communications. 15. Coaxial cable is selfshielding and thus less subject 10 noise pickup. 16. Uashielded ewisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP), 17. AWG 22, 24,26 18, RIS, 19. Network interface card, 20. A trameciver oF repeater. 21. Bridge 22. An Bihernet switch connects or disconaeets individual PCS or segments of a LAN together as needed. Ia PC ‘x segment of LAN is ot acldresed, it i disconnected, "This reduces the load on the bus and collisions, thereby really improving transmission speed 23, Ahub isa cenualized connection point for ausching individual PCs to the nctwork bus 24, PoE means power over Ethomet, This isa variation of the Ethernet standard that permits DC power to be distributed aver the twisted paie cable that cares the bigh speed data. Ic makes remote access points for vwieless LANS to be connected to a LAN without access 10 AC power in remote locations. 25. 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbbps, 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, 100 Gps. 26, Bus. Sar in the newer syst 27. Manchester. It is used because clock recovery is easy. 28. “Twisted pair and ber optic eable 29. Carter sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMAICD). 30. Ethernet nodes complete (contend) forthe bus. Ione ode transmits, no others can transmit until the first ‘transmission is complete. Iftwo stations try to transmit ‘4 the same time, acollsion occurs and both stations stop sending. They wait a random time and start 3L x2 33 M 35, 36. 37. 38 39, 40. 4 43 44 45, 46 4. transmitting again. The one waiting the shorter time ccapures the bus firs. 1500 bytes 00 Me, Layers | and 2 1 Gigabit Ethernet over copper cable is achieved by ‘encoding dhe data bits into 2-bits per baud and transmitting over four parallel twisted pairs in a CATS cable at 280) Mops each for a total of 1 Gbps. Maximum range fiberoptic cable 1 Gbps: 10km 11 Gps: 0 km distance depends on the wavelength of the Laser Gunsmiters, shorter wavelengths (830 and 1510 nm) for the shorter distances and longer ‘wavelength (1530 nm) for the longer distances. Backbones connecting large LANS or small meso area networks RB/1OB. Makes clock recovery easier and permits implementation of erzor detection and correction, Passive optical networks (PON) Je mode fiber (SMF) and muli-mode fiber (MMP) Unshielded vistad pair (UTP). ‘The MAC adieess is a 48-bit address assigned to Ethemct interfaces ta he used in Layer 2 of the OSI model communications. protocol A back plane isa printed circuit beard that inere connectors into which ether boards are plugged. A outer is an example Four parallel lanes of 10 Gbps paths are combined to produce 40 Gops, Ten 10 Ghps lanes are combined to Precace a 10M Gps path ‘Tho lino rate ofa igh speed path is differen from the actual raw data rate because ofthe extra ovethead bits of Forward erroe correction codes added for roliabilty Tae. Cartier Ethemet software AA data center isa facility with mutiple servers, switches, ad routers that form networks and facilitate network communications, Answers to Problems 100 Maps; # = 1/100 x 106 = 0.01 10% = 0.01 us 10 ms 10GH. 125 Gps Answers to Critical Thinking Factory automstion, in which multiple computers contolling robots, machine ols, computer vision systems, and other equipment are usually networked [Number of nodes on the network, the amount of waffic ‘orctiviy on the LAN, and the access medhod used. ‘The SB/IOB encosing converts cach byte to 10-nit words. Ittakes longer to transmit he two extra bits and that slows the over transniision, ‘Yes, a single fiber can support 40 Gbps or 106 Gbps ‘over shorter distnees using NRZ or over longer distances using multiplexing of modulation methods. BAS Chapter 13 Answers to Questions 1 Coaxial cable and open wire line. Coaxial cable is more widely used. Unbalanced, ‘Twin lead Wavelength PL-259, 50-239, LC low-pass Velocity factor isthe ratio of the sped ofa signal in a twansmnission line co the speed of Hight (radio waves) in fice space. Since the speed of a signal in a wansmission Tine is less than that in fre space, the eleciical wavelength of a wunsmission line i less than a ‘wavelength or fraction thereaf in free space. Figure 7 B-16 13 u 15 v. Is 19. 20, aL 23, “The cutoff frequency decreases with length. Constant value of yoluge and eursent All the power tansmitted dowa the line fom the {generator is not absorbed by the loa; therefore, some of the unabsorbed power is reflected back up the line toward the generator. ‘The unsmitted power at the antenna is less chan that applied tothe transmission line by the transmitter ‘hecanse of cable attenuation as well asthe lass of power due to reflection of power (Open and shorted at the end, Reflection cvefficiemt (1), Resonant line. Length does not affect SWR. Use an open quarter-wave oF shorted half-wave line “They act as an inductive or capacitive reactance. One wavelength, Figure 8 Answers to Problems 0857 m 1687 Miz or 1.687 Giz 519, 5a. VE = 0.6324, <= 2.04. 4.02 t. 99.43 ms, 1.325 ws. a6 875 dB, 135 ab, 235 W, sw ‘Open or shorted. SWR = 2,0 = 1 3W. 21 cs 24 25, 26, SwR = 1.53 Open or sorted ‘ost Mit. 2515 A. 3847 0. 152 in See Fig. 7, Sce Fig. 8. 2 = 387-73. SWR= 2.1 2.74 22, ‘A single point atthe center of the chat. Answers to Critical Thinking ‘An open quarter wave or shorted hall-wavelength line tes like a series tuned or resonant LC citeit. A short {quarter-vave or open half-wave line acts ike a parallel resonant LC circuit Upper UHF and microwave, Microstrip #8 a copper line on the insulating surtace oa Gletectric backed up by a ground plane on the other side ofthe insulating surtace. Suipline is copper conductor Inside an insulating dielectric sandwiched between two B-I7 ground planes on opposite sides of the dictects Stripling is preferred because i¢ does wot radiate, hat it is harder to make 4. 2526-4 )11 = 1304/55, SWR = 3 5. Refer wo wat Fig. 13-14. Two hundred feet of RG-S8AAT cable will be a nearly sinnsoidal signal at 10 MHz. Some ‘of the harmonic energy wil sill be present but in lower levels, so thar tho output wave will bear some resemblance wa square wave but will be highly filtered “until i almost a sine wave. coma! cable has aa eutftFoquency of 6. A sored half wavelength of tansmision fine ats Tike Genianay Uni Testes, CORRE sues 2 serce resonant cu, Connecting tis transmission SUSU is sae Spots Me: Fail Tine arose the rsever font end wll ease eto shot wer nal od beriney wil be tease anc ‘ut the interne feequency of 1023 MHz. One half distorted. The third, fifth, seventh, and higher harmonics: ‘ne, TOE ER Be MILNES 8 a ancy will be greatly attenuated. The output of the coaxial Roeme F066 om SEF Chapter 14 Answers to Questions 20. Antena gain is expresed asa power mio or in decibels 1. Atadio wave isthe combination of elewie and magnetic fields varying at the signal trequcncy. 2. Maxwel’s equations state the reluionship and interaction ofthe electic and magnetic fields that are radiated from an antenna. These equations state that an electic field varying overtime sets up a magnetic field ‘which, in om, sets up an electric field, both of which ‘ae propagated in space without energy loss. 3. The electric and magnetic fields setup by the antenna ‘a at right angles to. 0ne another, andl hoth are at aright ‘ale to the direcion of propagatio 4. The orientation of the electric field determines the polurization—ventical, horizontal, or circular 5. Vertical 6. Antenna reciprocity means chat an antenna will ceive a5 well as transmit at the operating frequency. 7. Hertz or dipole, One-half wavelength, 8. Auansmission line connec the antenna to dhe receiver ‘oF transmitter, The most common transmission Line 1 ‘coaxial cable 9. One-half wavelength = 492%) 10. 30, 11, Height of the antenna above ground and length. 12. At resonance, resistive (73.2); above resonance, Inductive; below resonance, capacitive. 15, Antema bandovidh isa function of antenna conductor size; the leper the conductor the lower the Q and the wider the bandwidth 14. See Fig. 14-15 in the text. Donut-shaped, 15. Directivty refers co how an antenna “stapes” ectromagnetic waves $0 that they are emitted (oF received) in a specific direction in relation to the antenna ‘conductors, 16, Signal stength in relative power or decibels over a given ‘wimmuth 17. Antena gain is the apparent signal strength increase ‘over an isotropic antenna or dipole caused by the sdectivity of the antenna that comes from cencentratin ‘oF focusing the signal into narrow Beams 18, Aa isowopie radiator is un imaginary point source of ectromagnetic enesgy that radiates equally in all directions, 19. L64 power gain or 2.15 dB. 28, 24 25, 26. 2. 28. 29, 30, 3. 3 34 3s 36. ¥. 38 3”, 40. 4 2. 43 M, seferenced to an isowopic source or a dipole Eective radiated power. This is the apparent power radiated by a directional antenna which is a product of the power applied tothe antenna and the antenna gain. ‘folded dipole isa continaons-loop conductor formecl inno a half wavelength center-fed dipole. It has a 300-0 characteristic impedance that makes ita good match ta 300-0 twin-Lead eable and broader bandwidth, Marconi and ground plane Aditcle Onmidirectional Radials A counterpose array of conductors. U2 coaxial cable Biditectional An antenna that transits essentially in one direction or ‘over a nartow range of azimuth, ‘A dvectional antenna amplilies because it focuses the radiated enemgy into @narzow beam or Beams. A rections! antenna ith guin usually consists of at least two separate conductors that together belp direct oF focus the radiation. Antennas longer than one-half wavelength also exhibit gain and directivity. Driven and parasitic Driven element, reflector, and director. Reflector and director ‘Theoretically there is no upper limit, but the number is usually limited by the sie ofthe antenna af the operating frequency and any resulting physical estrctions. The desired beamwidth, gain, and froacco-back ratio are also Factors 2010 40" [Number or directors and ther spacing. “The front-to-hack ratio is the ratio of the power of the signal sent forvaed in the main dieeotivity patern of the antenna to the power delivered to the opposite (180°) ‘end of the anvenna, Tae. Horizontal Broalside, collar, end fie ‘The resulting radiation pattern will resemble a very narrow and tall “figure 8° design, Ye. 45, 46, 41. 48 49, 50 51 2 53, sa 5 56, 31. 58. 9 oo, 61 ©. 63, 64. 65 66. 61. 68. 6, mo 1 B 14, ‘Log periodic ‘Very wide bandwidth 0a “To achieve low SWR and maximum power transfer to the antenna ‘Toroid balun, section, 4:1 or Lt [An antemna tuner consists of ene oF more variable ‘eapactoes and inductors that may be connected in a variety of conligurations to mate tansmitter to the Toad, reduce SWR, and increase transmitted power ‘Tune for low SWR and maximum output pover. Ratio signals ate reflected by any conductive surtice ‘The bewer the conductor, the greater the amouat of reflection and the leser the amount of signal absorbed. by tho reflecting surface ‘Theoretically no, bu inthe real word verically polwized ‘yas will induce a small signal into a horizontal antenna CCicular polarization isthe orientation of a radio wave so that its electic and magnetic fields continuously rotate in circle, Clackwise rotation is called right-hand

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