■

In 12 Numbers, loardlstinct Series

X W X u sk .
>peip*K

JB Lip/iincot t an d CP
F a c s im il e E d it io n by
Philadelphia.
MOTT MEDIA
Fe n to n ,M ic h ig a n

Entered according to Act o f Congress, in the year 1864, by lvison, Pliinney, Blakeman & Co., New York Copyright © 1985 by Mott Media, Printed in U.S.A.
 P R IN C IP L E S
Principles are the constituent parts o f letters. The seven-
principle method, with three strokes for capitals, is shown
below.
Analysis. Principles 2, 1, 3, 1, 2.
Construction. Begin on base line and ascend
with right curve a little to the left o f con ­
nective slant two spaces; unite angularly and
descend with straight line on main slant,
crossing base line one space to right o f begin­
ning, and terminating one and one-half spaces below crossing;
retrace to base line, and there diverging to right, complete
like last half o f n. W idth, three spaces. Length, three and
one-half spaces.
Analysis. Pinciples 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3.
Construction. Beginning on base line form
pointed oval as in a\ at top o f oval unite
angularly and descend with straight line on
main slant two and a half spaces; turn short and ascend with
slight right curve on main slant, and one-third space from
straight line, to base; merge into left curve and finish one
space high and one space to the right. W idth, three spaces.
Length, two and a half spaces.
Fourth Principle or Loop
Construction. Begin on base line and ascend
with right curve three spaces and three and
one-half spaces to right o f vertical; turn short
and descend with slight left curve on main slant two spaces;
then crossing first curve, continue with straight line on main
slant to base one space to right o f beginning. Width o f loop,
one-half space. Height, three spaces. Loop crossing at head
line.
Analysis. Principles 4, 3, I, 2.
Construction. Form loop as just described,
and finish like the last half o f n. Main width,
three spaces. Width o f loop , one-half space.
Analysis. Princples 4, 3, 2, /, 2.
Construction. Form loop and unite angular­
ly as in h\ then ascend with left curve one and
one-fourth spaces above base and one space
to right o f loop crossing; return leftward with right curve one-
half space; unite angularly and descend with straight line on
main slant to base; turn short and finish like u. Main width,
two and a half spaces. Width at head line, one space. Distance
between straight lines, one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 4, 2.
Construction. Form loop as in h\ then turn
short on base line and make final curve as
in i. Main width, two spaces.
Analysis. Principles 4, 2, 2.
Construction. Make loop as in h; then trurn
short and finish like w. Main width, two
spaces.
Analysis. Princples 2, 4.
Construction. Beginning on base line ascend
with right curve on connective slant one
space; unite angularly and descend with
straight line on main slant one space, continue on same slant
with right curve two spaces below base line; turn short and
ascend with left curve crossing last curve at base line, and
continue above on connective slant one space. Finish with
light dot placed as in i. Main width, two spaces. Width o f
loop , one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 3, 1, 2, 4.
Construction. From base line ascend with left
curve on connective slant one space; turn
short and descend with straight line on main
slant to base; turn short and end like j . W idth, three spaces.
L oop , same as in j .
Analysis. Principles 3, 3, 2, 4.
Construction. Beginning on base line, form
a pointed oval as in a\ then uniting angularly,
form inverted loop as in j . Main width, three
spaces. L oop same as j .
Analysis. Principles 3, 1, 4.
Construction. Beginning on base line, form
the first half o f the n\ uniting angularly,
make a short turn to the right, and descend­
ing, make loop and final curve as in j . Entire width, two
spaces.
Anaylsis. Principles 4, 3, 2, 2.
Construction. Make upper loop as in h; then
continue with slight left curve on main slant
two spaces below; turn short and ascend with
right curve crossing straight line one-half
space above base; here unite angularly and
finish with right curve one space above base line and one
space to right. Main width, two spaces. Width o f each loop,
one-half space. Entire length, five spaces.
Fifth Principle or Capital O.
Construction. Begin three spaces above base
line and descend with full left curve on main
slant to base; make an oval turn and ascend
with full right curve two and three-quarters spaces; make
another oval turn and descend with left curve within one-third
space o f first left curve, and finish one-third space from base
line. Main width, two spaces. Distance between left curves,
one-third space.
Sixth Principle or Reversed Oval.
Construction. Begin on base line and ascend
with full left curve on main slant three
spaces; unite in full oval turn with right curve
and descend to base one-third space to right o f beginning.
Main width, one and one-half spaces.
Seventh Principle or Capital Stem.
Construction. Beginning three spaces above
base line, descend obliquely with a slight left
curve one and one-half spaces; continue,
form ing a reversed oval on a slant o f 15°, its lower side
touching base line one-half space to left o f middle, and its
upper curve rising one and one-half spaces above base and
finishing within one-third space (measured horizontally) o f
descending line and one and one-quarter spaces above base
line. Length o f oval, two and one-half spaces. Height, one
and one-half spaces.
Analysis. Principles 3, 2, 3, 5.
Construction. Beginning three spaces above
base line, descend with left curve on main
slant three-quarters space; turn short and
ascend with equal right curve crossing first curve near top;
make full turn and descend with left curve on main slant one
and one-fifth spaces; unite in narrow loop at right angles to
main slant with a capital O and finish within one-third space
o f base line. Width o f main oval, one and one-half spaces.
Width o f top, three-quarters space. Distance between left
curves in lower oval, one-third space.
Analysis. Principles 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3.
Construction. Beginning two and one-half
spaces above base, descend, with left and
right curve on main slant to base; turn short
and ascend with left curve three-quarters space, crossing stem;
then descend obliquely with right and left curve touching base
line one and two-thirds spaces to right o f loop; unite in oval
turn and ascend with right oval curve on main slant three
spaces; unite in oval turn, descend with left curve on main
slant, and finish like O. Main width, two spaces. Width o f
small loop, one third o f space. Distance between left curves,
one-third space.
Analysis. Principles 3, 2, 3, 2.
Construction. Begin two and three-quarters
spaces above base, descend with left curve on
main slant two spaces; make oval turn and
ascend with right curve, crossing first near top and continu­
ing to top line; unite in oval turn and descend with full left
curve on main slant to base; unite in wide oval turn ahdlas-
cend with right curve on connective slant one space. Width
o f large loop, and the spaces to its right and left, each three-
quarters space.
Analysis. Principles 6, 3, 2.
Construction. Make reversed oval; then from
top line and and two-thirds spaces to right
o f vertical, descend with left curve on main
slant touching oval one and one-third spaces down, thence
continuing to base line one and one-third spaces to right o f
preceeding line; turn short and make final curve as in small
Width o f reversed oval, one and one-half spaces.
 T h e fig u r e s a c co m p a n y in g th e letters in d ica te th e P r in c ip le s u s e d in th eir c o n s tru ctio n : th e fr a c t i o n s s h o w th eir p r o p o r tio n s , a n d th e s p a c e m a r k 0 is used to denote equal spaces.
S econ d P rin cip le j o in s F irst a t to p with sha rp angle. Width o f u, o n e sp a ce. S econ d P rin cip le jo in in g F irst W idth o f wo n e a n d o n e - h a l f s p a c e s . T u rn s a t b a s e a s in ua n d
F in ish ed with S e c o n d P r in c ip le jo in in g F irst a t b a s e a t to p . T u rn s a t b a s e a lik e. Straight lin es p a r a llel. '• F in ish w w ilh a s m a d d o t an d S e c o n d P r in c ip le in h o r iz o n ta l
with s m a ll turn. D o t the i o n e s p a c e a b o v e th e letter C u rv es sim ilar. C o u n t I , 2 , S, 4, l. p o s itio n . C o u n t 1, 2 , 2, 4, 5, d o t 1. In co m b in a tio n s , c o u n t

on reg u la r sla nt. C o u n t l , 2 , l , d ot. o n e f o r f i r s t a n d la st lin e o f e a c h letter.

/ / .
2

W idth n , o n e s p a c e ; T h ird P r in c ip le W idth tw o sp a c e s . U p p er tu rn s as in W idth f r o m turn to d o t o n e -h a lf sp a ce. Join P rin cip les 3 , 1 , 2, m aking turns at
un ites with F ir s t a t to p b y a s h o r t n . T h ird p r in c ip le j o i n s F ir s t a t b a se. Turn a lik e a t t o p a n d b a se. D o t a s in to p a n d b a s e a lik e. C r o s s u p w a rd with

cu rve ca^ uP P e r tu rn ; a l b a s e : b y a C r o s s sim ilar. E q u a l s p a c e s b etw een w - FuH cu rv e a s 'n m - A v o i d turns to o a stra ig h t line through m id d le o f F irst
sh a rp angle. D o n o t p a s s b e y o n d s p a c ­ th e stra ight lin es in m . C o u n t I , 2, 3, large. C o u n t l , 2 , 3 , d o t l . N o ti c e P rin cip le on sa m e slant as cu rved lines.
ing with u p w a rd line. C o u n t 1, 2, 3, 4. 4, 3, 6, 1. h o w j o i n e d in co m b in a tio n . C o u n t I , 2 , l , c r o ss .

^ z ^ 2 ^ r z y 1
 3
Th is diagram s h o w s h o w th e letters a r e to b e a d ju sted t o th e ruling.
W idth on e -th ir d its length, e q u a l to o n e - h a l f sp a c e . S id es e q u a lly c u rv ed 3
3 ~jy
//
W idth o f a , o n e sp a c e . S lant o f o v a l s a m e a s S e c o n d P r in c ip le o f u.
an d c lo s e d a t top . L in e s jo in in g s m a ll o ’s, s h o u ld h a v e a sligh t cu rv e. _ z2 _______ V - / / __________ j C u rv e o f left s id e f u ll e r than th e r. F in ish with u on p r o p e r slant. Study

O n e s p a c e b etw een the letters in c o m b in a tio n s o o o . C o u n t /, 2, 3, 1. > th e c o m p o u n d c u r v e s in co n n e c tin g th e a ’s . C o u n t l , 2, 3, 4, l .

2 / f
J v

PC/v ,
4

W idth on e-th ird spa ce. L eft o f e slightly
curved. L o o p tw o-thirds its length.
Turn s h o r t a t b a se. C o u n t 1, 2 , 1.
A v o i d t o o g rea t cu r v e o n left.
L e ft o f c c u rv ed tik e e o r o . S m a ll turn H eig h t o n e a n d o n e -fo u r th sp aces. H eig h t o n e a n d o n e -fo u r th spaces.
at to p eq u a ls o n e -th ir d o f heigh t o f let­ W idth o n e -h a lf sp a ce. F irst cu r v e rises W idth o n e - h a l f s p a c e . R ig h t s id e c o m -
ter. W id th o n e - h a l f s p a c e . C o u n t 1, 2, t o f u l l height. S h o u ld er f o r m e d with a ’kJ t- L P ° und curve, ending with d o t one-fourth
3 , 4, 1. A v o i d t o o large turn a t to p o f slig h t d o u b le c u r v e a n d r ests a t height s p a c e a b o v e b a s e lin e, o n f i r s t cu rv e.
c. o f s p a c e . C o u n t 1, 2, 3, 1. C o u n t 1, 2, 3, d o t 1.

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_______________ i____________________________________
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This c o p y is a rev iew o f a ll p reced in g .

T u rn s a t to p o f m a n d b a s e o f u eq u a l. W h e r e sin g le c u r v e c o n n e c ts letters th ey s h o u ld b e s p a c e d eq u a lly. N o ti c e th e j o in in g o f a , x a n d o , o f v a n d e . O b s e r v e sla nt. L e t th is c o p y

c o m b in e a ll th e e x c e lle n c e s o f th e p r e c ed in g . W h e r e a c o m p o u n d cu r v e c o n n e c ts letters , th e d ista n ce b etw een them is o n e a n d o n e -th ir d sp a c e s .

/? y z y if
 F irst P r in c ip le , in t, tw o s p a c e s high, with reg u la r turn a t b a se. S e c o n d P r in c ip le j o i n s F irst F irst o f d s a m e a s a; fin is h sam e as t w ithout c r o s s . C ou n t
a t heigh t o f o n e s p a c e . C r o s s t a t o n e -th ir d its length f r o m to p , with a stra ig h t h o r iz o n ta l o n e - I , 2 , 3, 4, l .

th ird o n left tw o -th ird s o n right o f F irst P r in c ip le , in length o n e sp a c e . C o u n t l , 2 , I , c r o ss .

s it e / & y y iy y z y z /
S e c o n d P r in c ip le un ites with F irst at top . F irst P r in c ip le tw o s p a c e s F irst p a r t s a m e a s a . F irst P r in c ip le e x ten d s o n e a n d o n e - h a l f s p a c e s

a b o v e a n d o n e a n d o n e - h a l f b e lo w b a s e line. F in ish lik e m . C o u n t l, b e lo w ru led line. M a k e s h o r t turn a t b a se, a n d fin is h with c o m p o u n d

2 , 3, 4, 1. cu rv e. C o u n t l , 2, 3, 4, I.
8
T he F ou rth P r in c ip le o r lo o p , c o m b in e s right a n d left c u rv es an d O n e s p a ce in width, three in height. L o o p s a m e a s in h. A t heigh t o f o n e -h a lf
stra ig h t lin es. C a rry right cu r v e u p th r e e s p a c e s . M a k e s h o r t turn F inish lik e n . A v o id sla nting l o o p s s p a c e cu rv e u pw ard to the right three-fourths
t o th e left. D e s c e n d with a sligh t left cu r v e tw o s p a c e s , an d fin is h t o o m uch, t h u s ^ f . C o u n t l , 2, s p a c e , d e s c e n d with right c u r v e o n e-fo u rth
with stra ig h t line. L o o p o n e -h a lf s p a c e in width. 3, 4, 1. s p a c e a n d fin is h lik e i. C o u n t 1, 2 , 3, 4,

5, I.

. /> / . /? /> . 0 /z
Jn y y .Jn y y Jn y y Jn , c* 1 ~ 11 ■ . .
f .
F ou rth P r in c ip le in l ha s s h o r t turn a t b a s e a n d term in a tes with a L o o p lik e 1 . F in ish tik e s m a ll w . B e tw ee n lo o p a n d d o t o n e - h a l f sp a c e .
right cu r v e a s in i. C o u n t /, 2, I. A v o i d t o o f u l l lo o p s , thus M . C o u n t I , 2, 3, d o t 1.
10
S e c o n d P r in c ip le c o m b in e s with th e in v erted F ou rth at top . F r o m The y is an in v erted h . S e c o n d B egin s a s a a n d d . F in ish es lik e j . P o in te d

to p t o b a s e th r e e sp a c e s . L o o p tw o-th ird s o f length, c r o s s in g on P r in c ip le angularly with F ou rth at o v a l j o i n s F ou rth P r in c ip le at top. A v o i d

ru led line. F in ish with right c u r v e to height o f i o n e s p a c e to the top . R ig h t cu r v e term in a tes o n e t o o m u ch sla n t, thus y g . . C o u n t l , 2 , 3,

right. C o u n t l , 2, I , dot. space to right o f stra ig h t line. 4, 1. r

C o u n t 1, 2 , 3, 4, 1.
B eg in z li k e f i r s t p a r t o f s m a l l n. F in is h with an in v e rte d lo o p b eginn in g F o u rth P r in c ip le, d irect, a n d F o u rth in v erted . L en g th 3 s p a c e s a b o v e a s in
with a s h o r t urn. T h e T w o p a r t s jo i n an g u larly on r u led lin e. C o u n t l , 2, 3. h a n d k. L o w e r lo o p is r e v e r s e d a n d s a m e w idth a s to p lo o p , its right cu rve
uniting with s tra ig h t lin e o n e - h a lf s p a c e a b o v e b a s e lin e a n d fi n i s h e s with
th e right cu rv e 1 s p a c e right. C ou n t I , 2 , 3, I.
12
P r in c ip le F iv e th ree s p a c e s high; its width w ith ou t sh a d e o n e - h a l f its sla n t

height. C u rv e th e in n er left a n d th e right lin es a lik e. M a k e d ista n ce b etw een

th e tw o left c u r v e s e q u a l t o o n e -fo u r th d ista n ce b etw een th e in n er left an d
right cu rv es.

O (Q
U p p er s e c tio n o n e -th ir d length o f th e letter u n ited to to w e r b y a lo o p slanting

dow n w a rd s. F in ish with o v a l tw o s p a c e s high. M a k e th e f o u r left c u rv es

p a r a lle l in slant. F irst cu r v e h a l f way b etw een S e c o n d a n d T h ird an d th ree-

f o u r th s s p a c e in length. A lin e d ividin g th e tw o s e c tio n s eq u a lly, tou ch es

right o f lo o p .
 13

B egin with c o m p o u n d c u r v e : f o r m h o r iz o n ta l lo o p a t b a s e sim ila r t o e: its length eq u a ls o n e s p a c e . F in ish with P r in c ip le F iv e o n reg u la r sla n t. W idth o f letter
m ea su red on r e v e rs e sla n t e q u a ls s i x tim es th e d ista n ce b etw een th e tw o left c u rv es. B rin g b a s e o f o v a l to o n e - h a l f s p a c e o f r u led line. A lin e through c e n ter o f

letter o n reg u la r sla n t d iv id es the o v a l a n d lo o p in to th e e q u a l p a rts.

E x te n d S e c o n d P r in c ip le u p w a rd th r e e s p a c e s , turn a t to p f o r m i n g a lo o p , o f
s a m e s iz e a s in s m a ll l. F in ish with con tra ctin g 0 at b a se. F r o m begin n in g o f
f i r s t cu r v e to p o in t w h ere b a s e o f o v a l to u c h e s ru led lin e is o n e an d o n e - h a l f
s p a c e s . A lin e draw n on reg u la r sla n t, f r o m to p o f l o o p to u c h e s th e term inating
cu r v e a t its m id d le p o in t.
E x te n d f i r s t c u r v e u p w a rd f iv e - s ix t h o f heigh t o f letter. B rin g s e c o n d cu rv e
d ow n to m id d le o f letter. M a k e lo w e r an d u p p er l o o p s e q u a l in length. Finish
as c. M a k e s p a c e b etw een tw o p a r t s o f th e letter e q u a l t o o n e -h a lf width
of u. M a k e l o o p a t beg in n in g o f letter, s p a c e s o n ea ch s id e o f it, a n d l o o p s
at b a s e a n d to p e q u a l in width.
Seventh P rincip le. S ee diagram f o r p r o p o r tio n s. Join the 7 ^ S ev en th P rin cip le a s in x . L a st p a r t like in verted _ C u rv e la st lin e o f S even th P r in c ip le to w a rd s th e left,

tw o s e c tio n s o f th is lette r in th e m id dle. M a k e lo o p o n „ / '? J ) < 7j l, c o n n e c ted t o ca p ita l l o o p b y s m a ll l o o p rising f'/ j) bringing its term ination d irectly o n th e sla n t o f th e in n er

left a n d o v a l o n right on reg u la r sla nt. F o r m l o o p with ' 'V ( y * o n e -h a lf height o f i. L a st lo o p ex ten d s 2 s p a c e s £* > , ^ left c u r v e o f th e lo o p a b o v e a n d u n d er it. M a k e l o o p at

e q u a l s p a c e s o n e a c h sid e. F inish lik e c. b e lo w ru led line. L a s t cu r v e r is e s a b o v e lin e b a s e a s in D . F in ish a t heigh t o f i. L e t m id d le p o i n t o f

o n e sp a ce. b a s e lo o p a n d a p o i n t o n e - h a l f s p a c e t o e x tr e m e right

o f l o o p tou ch b a s e line.
16

M a k e S eventh P rin cip le a s in Z . E n d S econ d P rin cip le a l lo p , o n e a n d o n e-

h a lf s p a c e s to th e rig h t o f c a p ita l lo o p , a n d m ite w ith fo llo w in g cu rv e a t
to p , w hich c u rv e m u st b e slig h t, tou ch in g th e ru led lin e. R ise w ith b a se

cu rv e to h eig h t o f tw o sp a c e s . F in ish w ith d ot.

/Thy„ /Thy
Begin ca p ita l lo o p a s in W o r Z . C a p ita l l o o p a t b a se, s h o r t t o th e right, and

fin is h with left cu r v e a n d d ot, s a m e a s in W .

S e e D ia g ra m s f o r p r o p o r tio n s .
 17

C a p ita l lo o p s a m e a s in V . A f t e r th e s h o r t turn p a s s u p w a rd with right F irst p a r t s a m e a s U , a n d m a k e turn at b a s e th ree-fo u rth s heigh t o f i f r o m

c u m tw o s p a c e s . L e t F irst P r in c ip le c o n n e c t with p r e c ed in g c u m a t a ru led line. C a p ita l s tem j o i n s S e c o n d P r in c ip le a t o n e - h a l f th e heigh t o f letter

p o in t o n e a n d o n e - h a l f s p a c e s f r o m ru led line. Turn a t b a s e a n d fin is h and is 2 s p a ces high. Term inate capital stem with a d o t o n e -h a lf height o f i f r o m

a t heigh t o f i. r u led lin e , its left s id e d irectly b en ea th th e term inating lin e o f ca p ita l lo o p

a n d o n reg u la r slant.
C a p ita l s tem b eg in s with a sligh t cu r v e ex ten d in g o n e - h a l fw a y to r u led lin e a n d f in is h e s with an o v a l o n the C a p ita l s tem and d o w n w a rd line

sla n t o f 3 5 °. Its width, w ith ou t sh a d e, is o n e - h a l f its length. C a p ita l s tem in A is j o i n e d a t to p with left s a m e a s in A . F in ish a s in ca p ita l V.

cu r v e w hich to u c h e s r u led lin e o n e an d o n e -h a lf s p a c e s f r o m th e lo w e s t p o i n t o f s te m ; co m p le tin g line begin s A t its m id d le heigh t it is d iv id ed into

a t heigh t o f i, c u r v e s to th e left to m id d le o f s p a c e a n d fin i s h e s with right c u r v e o n e - h a l f s p a c e f r o m tw o e q u a l sp a c e s .

c o m m en cin g p o in t.
 19

C a p ita l s tem s a m e a s in A o r N . M a k e s e c o n d p a r t s a m e heigh t a s s tem a n d o n e s p a c e to th e right. F in ish lik e X .

T h re e e q u a l s p a c e s a c r o s s its m id d le. A v o i d stra ight lin es in th is letter, thus o 4 l .

A A/ // //

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(Z/M7~Us<ny C y^irU yTlytc/M ?

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20

B eg in w ith P r in c ip le T h ree o n e-th ird fr o m to p o f le tte r ; r is e to f u l l h eig h t

a n d d e scen d w ith F ir s t P rin cip le on reg u la r sla n t o n q u a rter h eig h t o f
letter. A tta c h co m p o u n d c u rv e in h o riz o n ta l p o s itio n , risin g to h eig h t
o f lette r , a n d co n n ectin g w ith c a p ita l stem b y a sm a ll lo o p .
A d d to T a v e r y s h o r t left cu r v e o n e -h a lf a s p a c e in length a n d o n e-

q u a rter s p a c e f r o m right s id e o f letter.

 B egin with left cu rv e, o n e -th ir d from r u led lin e. R is e o n e sp a c e . Turn
s h o r t t o th e right, d ow n w a rd s o n e s p a c e , a n d u pw ard s on th e lin e to f u l l
-s- height o f letter; thus f o r m in g s m a ll o v a l, fin is h with ca p ita l stem , p a ssin g
through the c e n ter o f th e ov a l.

L
F o rm lo o p a n d beginning o f dow n w a rd line a s in l. T erm in a te with a lo o p

exten d in g tw o s p a c e s b e lo w th e r u led line. L e ft s id e o f lo o p c r o s s e s m ain

lin e o n e - h a l f s p a c e a b o v e , a n d term in a tes o n e s p a c e a b o v e r u led line.

22

E x ten d S eco n d P rin cip le to f u ll h eig h t o f le tte r ; tu rn s h o r t to th e lin e s o

a s to fo r m a lo o p , in len gth tw o sp a ces, a n d in w idth o n e -h a lf s p a ce. E nd

w ith c a p ita l stem in crea sed in b o th its rig h t an d left cu rv es.

/
 from top an d e x ten d s to fall height of
S e c o n d P r in c ip le b eg in s o n e s p a c e

letter. D es c e n dwith capital stem to base line. Turn short toform loop one-
third s p a c e in height, and en d with compound curve of Fourth and Second
P rin cip les.

£ £
-7
B egin with l o o p as in C , e x te n d d ow n w a rd s iw o-ih ird s length o f letter.

F rom this p o in t m a k e a turn as in Y and p a s s up o n e an d o n e -h a lf height

o f letter. F inish with lo w e r h a l f o f c a p ita l s tem . L e t the f i r s t lin e p a s s

through th e o v a l a little t o th e left o f th e m iddle.

C a rry S econ d P rin cip le to f u ll height. A tta ch capital stem . Begin com p ou n d
cu r v e o n the right at th e height o f stem a n d o n e s p a c e to th e right. L e t it

fo rm s m a ll lo o p o n m id d le o f ca p ita l stem . T ou ch r u led lin e with

s e c o n d c o m p o u n d cu r v e o n e a n d o n e -h a lf s p a c e s f r o m b a s e o f stem .
F in ish a t height o f i.
24

B eg in with c a p it a l stem o n e-six tee n th f r o m top. S a m e a s P , a s f a r a s lo o p . L o o p a s in K . F in is h with Sam e a s B, a s f a r a s lo o p . Term inates saint
C on tin u e u p w a rd s o n th e left, li k e s id e o f c a p it a l O , to an o v a l w h ich te rm in a te s a t o n e - h a l f h eig h t o f letter. as K .
f u l l h eig h t o f letter. P a s s d o w n w a rd s o n right s id e a n d F r o m ex trem e right curve to stem on e-fifth width o f letter.
c r o s s th e stem a t th e m id d le.
 Analysis. Principles 6, 2, 3, 3.
Construction. Form Reversed Oval as in X\
then unite angularly at base and ascend with
slight right curve three spaces and one and
two-thirds spaces to right o f Reversed Oval; unite angularly
and descend with very slight left curve to base one and two-
thirds spaces to right o f Oval; unite angularly and ascend two
spaces with left curve, terminating one space to right o f
preceding line.
Analysis. Principles 6, 3, 2.
Construction. Make Reversed Oval as in X
to middle point o f its right side; thence sweep
more rapidly to the left, cross left curve close
to base line and continuing horizontally leftward, touch ver­
tical line one space to left o f beginning; turn short and carry
over horizontal left curve, completing loop one-fourth space
wide and one space long, and touching base two-thirds space
to right o f crossing. Finish like X .
Analysis. Principles 6, 3, 2, 4.
Construction. Make Reversed Oval as in X;
then turn short on base line and ascend one-
half space, with left curve forming loop one
space long and one-fourth space wide; turn
and descend, finishing with loop as in small
Width o f large loop , one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 6, 2, 3.
Construction. Make Reversed Oval as in X
to termination o f upper third o f right side;
thence descend on main slant with straight
line to base two-thirds space to right o f beginning; turn short
and ascend with right and left curve two spaces, terminating
one space to right o f Oval. Width o f Reversed Oval, one and
one-third spaces.
Analysis. Pinciples 6, 2, 1, 2.
Construction. Make Reversed Oval as in V\
then ascend with right curve two spaces and
one space to right o f oval; unite angularly
and descend with straight line on main slant to base; turn
short and finish like X.
A nalysis.i'Pxwciples ,.6, 2, 1, 4.
Construction. Form main part as in U to
point where second straight line approaches
base; continue downward, and finish with in­
verted loop as in small y. Width o f loop, one-
half space.
Analysis. Principles 6, 7.
Construction. Beginning on base line, ascend
with left curve on main slant three spaces;
turn short and descend with right curve,
crossing first one-third space above base, and finish like
Capital Stem. Width o f top, one space.
Analysis. Principles 6, 2, 3.
Construction. Beginning on base line, ascend
with left curve three spaces; turn short and
descend with right curve on main slant, cross­
ing first curve one-third space above base
line, and continuing two spaces below it; turn
short and ascend with left curve, crossing
right curve one-third space above base and terminate one
space to right. Width o f Oval, one space. Width o f loop, one-
half space, full.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 3, 2.
Construction. Form Capital Stem as de­
scribed. From its top draw a slight left curve,
touching base line one and two-thirds spaces
to right o f stem. From point on left curve one and one-fourth
spaces above base, make left curve three-fourths space long,
and crossing, finish with right curve one space above base
and one space to right. Cross passes to middle o f opening
at head line.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 3.
Construction. Form like A to point where left
curve touches base; there turn short and
ascend with left curve two spaces. Finish one
space to right.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 3, 3, 2.
Construction. Form like N to its second
point o f contact with base line; then turn
short and ascend with left curve three
spaces and one space to right o f Capital Stem ; unite angularly
and descend with another left curve, touching base line one
space to right o f preceding turn; turn short and finish like X.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 2, 3, 2.
Construction. Begin Capital Stem one-
half space from top line, making its first
curve a little fuller than in ^4, and M,
but finish oval as in these letters. Begin cap two spaces from
base and one space to left o f stem; ascend with left curve on
main slant one space; turn short and descend on main slant
with right curve one space; turn short and ascend with another
left curve crossing right near top, and continuing to full height
o f letter; then merge into horizontal right curve, terminating
two spaces to right o f stem. Width o f small loop, one-third
space.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2.
Construction. Form Stem and cap as in
T, without stopping, merge upper curve
o f oval into right curve, continuing
horizontally across stem one-third space at middle, and attach
slight left curve.
~ Analysis. Principles 2, 7, 3, 3, 2.
Construction. Beginning on base line,
- ascend with right curve on connective
------------------------ slant two and one-half spaces; unite
angularly with Capital Stem, resting upon base line with oval
same size and proportions as in A, and divide a little below
its middle by first line. From top line two spaces to right o f
stem, descend with left curve to base one and two-thirds
spaces to right o f oval. Finish like A .
Analysis. Principles 2, 7, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2.
Construction. Form first part like H.
From top line two spaces to right o f
stem, descend with left and right curve
one and one-half spaces, form small loop about stem at right
angles to main slant, and descend, with slight right and left
curve, touching base one and two-thirds spaces to right o f
stem; turn short and finish like X.
A nalysis. Principles 2,7.
Construction. Beginning on base line ascend
with right curve three spaces, turn short and
descend with left curve one and one-half
spaces,completing loop ; here cross first curve and complete
letter with Capital Stem Oval divided a little below its middle
by first curve. Width o f loop , one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 2, 7, 3, 2.
Construction .. Form like S to point where
stem recrosses first curve, thence continuing
one-fourth space leftward, return with
horizontal left curve form ing loop one space long and one-
fourth space wide. Finish like Q.
Analysis. Principles 2, 3, 2, 7.
Construction. Ascend with right curve as in
S and L\ turn short and descend with left
curve, crossing right at head line; turn with
left curve descending one-fifth space, and then ascending with
right curve to half height o f letter and three-fourths space
to right o f loop; unite angularly and finish with Capital Stem.
Width o f loop , one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 2.
Construction. Begin one-half space from top
line and descend by left and right curve on
main slant to base; then in an oval turn unite
with and ascend by a left curve on main slant three spaces;
here unite with and descend by right curve, crossing stem near
top and continuing downward, recross it at middle height o f
letter, and finish one-fourth space to left. W idth, one and
one-half spaces. Width to right o f Stem, one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 2, 2, 3.
Construction. Form like P to point where
right curve recrosses stem at middle; here
unite in narrow loop, (crossing stem at right
angles to main slant), with right curve descending on main
slant one-half space to right o f stem and one-fifth space below
base line; in an oval turn unite and ascend with left curve
and end one-third space from stem.
Analysis. Principles 7, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2.
Construction. Make like B to com pletion o f
small loop; thence descend with slight right
and left curve, touching base one and one-
half spaces to right o f stem, turn short and finish like X .