How does a Theodolite works?

The most accurate tool for measuring horizontal and vertical angles is the theodolite. A
fundamental surveying tool that dates back to English mathematician Leonard Digges in the 16th
century. It can be used to detect points on a line, extend survey lines, determine elevation
differences, set out grades, and measure curves, among other things. The theodolite, which is
mounted on a tripod with movable legs, is used in the field to gather accurate angular
measurements for triangulation in the construction of roads, tunnel alignment, and other civil
engineering projects. If you are interested in surveying or any other field that requires precise
measurements of angles and directions, understanding how a theodolite works is crucial. By
taking the time to read my description of how a theodolite works, you will gain valuable
knowledge that can enhance your understanding of surveying and other related fields.

Equipment and Materials

The equipment required for conducting a theodolite traverse will include a theodolite, steel tape,
tribrach, two ranging poles, stakes, tacks, plumb bobs, chain pins, tripods, crayons, nails, mallet,
and markers.

Steps on how to set-up a Theodolite

1. Mark the point.

Start with the point where you will set the

theodolite. The point needs to be accurately
marked, as this will form the basis for measuring
distances and angles.

2. Set up the Tripod

The tripod needs to be stable and adjusted

to the correct height. Once correctly
adjusted, the theodolite should be at eye
level. This needs to be adjusted carefully to
keep it stable and keep the mounting plate
centered on the stake or nail.
 3. Mount the Theodolite

Once the tripod is firmly set, it’s time to place the

theodolite on it. Dropping your theodolite can cause
permanent damage, so always make sure the tripod
is firmly in position before you attempt to mount the
instrument.

4. Measure the height

Before you can start taking accurate

measurements, you need to take a
reference distance. Measure from the
ground to the theodolite. This distance
will serve as a reference to other stations
as you use the instrument.

5. Level the Theodolite

Your instrument should have a built-in spirit
level. Using the bulls-eye level, check to see if
your tripod legs are properly adjusted. Make
adjustments as necessary using the legs and the
leveling knobs until it’s properly positioned. If
you aren’t able to firmly place and measure the
instrument, then you may need to select a new
position. When this occurs, you may need to
repeat the initial steps to ensure the correct
height and theodolite setup.
6. Adjust the Small Sight
The vertical plummet, also known as the
small sight, is on the bottom of the
instrument. It’s important that this sight is
adjusted to remain over the surveyor’s nail
or stake. There should be knobs on the
bottom of the instrument to allow you to
make fine-tuning adjustments until the
small sight is in the correct position.

7. Aim the Crosshairs

Finally, it’s time to aim the crosshairs of the main
scope. Point at the spot you wish to measure and
lock the instrument in place using the locking
knobs. Take the vertical and horizontal angle
measurements using the viewing scope. This
should be on the side of the instrument.
 REFERENCES

Tikkanen, A. (2010, November 10). Theodolite.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/theodolite

Priyanka, N. (2017). Use of Theodolite in Surveying.

https://www.engineeringenotes.com/surveying/theodolite-surveying/use-of-theodolite-in-
surveying-theodolite-surveying-surveying/14061

Jain, P. (2017). What is theodolite? Theodolite part, survey, Traversing, Process of surveying.

https://www.civilknowledges.com/what-is-

theodolite/#:~:text=The%20equipment%20required%20for%20conducting,traverse%20or%20a

%20closed%20traverse.

Finch, T. (n.d). How to use a theodolites. Engineer Supply.

https://www.engineersupply.com/How-to-use-theodolites.aspx