SBEQ2632 ENGINEERING SURVEY

TRAVERSE SURVEYING
2020/2021

GROUP 10
GS SR DR OTHMAN ZAINAN
DR. NORHADIJA BINTI DARWIN

GROUP MEMBERS:

STUDENT NAME MATRIC NO

LILY NURIANI BINTI WARIS A19BE0095

MASYITA ISMA REZKYA A19BE0363

NUR ATHIRAH IZZATI BINTI MAZMI A19BE0185

NUR FATIHAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZAMNI A19BE0195

NUR SYAIRA BINTI MOHD ZUKI A19BE0200

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 OBJECTIVE 3

3.0 INSTRUMENTATION 4

4.0 METHOD 7

5.0 RESULTS 10

6.0 CALCULATION 12

7.0 CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 17
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Traverse surveying is a common method of surveying which is a number of connected

survey lines form the stations and the directions and lengths of the survey lines that can be
measured with the support of the angle measuring tool and tape or chain. It can be open
traverse and closed traverse. Generally, the angles can be measured by using theodolites and
the distance also can be measured by calculating the stadium's reading or using electronic
distance measuring equipment.
As a knowledge, we are second year students from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) which apply course Quantity Surveyor are required to study about Engineering
Survey. The best things that we have learned from this subject is we can learn both which are
theory and practical. While in this pandemic Covid 19, we do not have any chance to make
the practical one but we still enjoy our theoretical part.
Next, there are two types of traverse surveying which is closed traverse and open
traverse. The closed traverse is when the lines from a circuit end at the starting point, while
open traverse is when the lines from a circuit end beyond the starting point. The closed
traverse is suitable for surveying the large area such as locating the boundaries of lakes,
woods etc. As needed for the canal or the coastline, the open traverse is suitable for surveying
a long narrow strip of land.
Besides, there are several methods for traversing depending on the instruments that
are being used in determining the relative directions of the traverse line. The methods that are
used for traversing such as chain traversing, chain and compass traversing, transit type
traversing; by fast needle method, and by measurement of angles between the lines, and plane
table traversing.
There are two types of Closed Transverse which are Loop Traverse and Link
Transverse. Close loop transverses more to create a geometrical shape or we call it a polygon.
This polygon can be calculated their position by mathematical method and its angles can be
closed geometrically while for link transverse, it doesn't have the begins or the end lines. It is
different from loop transverse because loop transverse has a shape while link transverse is a
continuous point which doesn't have begins or ends but the calculation for position is still the
same. So, in this report, we are focusing on the closed loop traverse with clockwise
directions.

3
2.0 OBJECTIVE

For this project, the objectives for us to carry out the traverse surveying are as following:

1. To expose the students on how to handle each given equipment such as Total Station,
Prisms, and others.
2. To teach students to deal with many problems when conducting this survey.
3. To teach students basic surveying computation such as Traversing Adjustment and
Linear Misclosure.
4. To practice the correct way for surveying field procedure by practice at the field

3.0 INSTRUMENTATION

1. Total station
Total station is a surveying equipment that combines an electromagnetic distance
measuring instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with
microprocessors, electronic data collectors and storage systems. The instrument can
be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as the sloping distance of
objects to the instrument. The processor is capable of applying temperature and
pressure correction to the measurement, if atmospheric temperature and pressure are
supplied. Total station also can be used to determine the height of points. Data
recorded and processed in a total station can be downloaded to computers for further
processing.
2. Tripod stand
Tripod is a device used to hold and support the surveying instrument such as total
station and prism. This tripod is placed in the location where it is needed. The
function of this instrument is they can press down on the legs’ platforms to securely
anchor the legs in soil. Other than that, this instrument is also positioned on the head,
when the tripod is positioned and stable. The flat surface of the tripod head is called
the foot plate, which also used to protect the instrument’s adjustable feet. The
mounting screw is pulled up to engage the base of the instrument and secured when
the instrument is in the right position.

3. Prism
The next instrument is prism, the prism function as the target of the total station. This
instrument helps the total station device to get the reading of bearing and distance.
Prism function to increase the accuracy and to reduce any error. Total station sends
out invisible infrared waves that are reflected by the prism, which is typically attached
to a tripod. By calculating the direction of the prism and understanding the exact
angle and distance to the prism, the overall station measures the location or
coordinates of the prism. When doing this survey job, we used two prism modules.

5
4. Wooden pegs
Wooden pegs are used to mark the location of the stations. They are made of
hardwood and are tapered at one end, usually 2.5 cm square and 15 cm high, but in
soft land, pegs 40 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5 cm square are ideal. It also guides for the
laser light to point at when adjusting the location of the total station device.

5. Hammer
Hammer used to hack the wooden picket into the soil after the position is set.

6. Field book
This book used to record measurements made on the job. Field books show the
bearings and distances between each survey mark involved in a survey.
7. Safety jacket
Safety jacket is the most important instrument in surveying. Safety vest used to wear
when any surveying work is done to prevent the safety during the surveying work.

7
4.0 METHOD

Step 1: Prepare and check all the instruments and equipment

We need to adequately test and examine all instruments and equipment before the
traverse survey starts. 3 tripod stands, 1 complete station, 2 prisms, 5 pickets with a nail
in the middle, measuring tape, hammer, compass and protective vests are included with
the instrument and equipment. Both the tools and appliances are tested to ensure that they
are in good shape without any flaws. Any of the concerns that also occurs are the
scratches of the total station lens, the prism bubble and the total station does not operate
correctly and the tripod is broken.

Step 2: Determine the 5 points in pentagon shape and mark the station
Determine the five pentagon-shaped points on the ground, each point distance to each
other using measuring tape is approximately 30 metres. After that, we have to hammer the
nail pickets in the middle of the five picked points into the stone.

Step 3: Set up the tripods at the first 3 points

The head of the tripod must be evenly spaced at the uniform level, which is the leg of
the tripod. Vertical lines must be the tripod head and the point. The knob must be tight
after that.

Step 4: Place the total station and prisms on the tripod

Then, the total station at point 2 and the prisms at point 1 and point 3 were carefully
positioned. By screwing it together with the tripod, we need to keep the overall station
from crashing to the ground. This technique is often used with prisms. The location must
be correct and upright, so that the reading is more precise.

Step 5: Adjust the bubble

We need to look at his bubble to realise that the equipment is still secure. The bubble
has to be balanced until it sits in the centre of the circle. Which implies that if it is already
in the loop, the equipment is already safe and good for use. The tripod's leg must be
adjusted to centre it, which is lowered or lifted to get the bubble in the centre. The
levelling screw was then balanced until the bubble was exactly in the centre. Hold the
goal always in the middle of the field of view. Using the same steps, set up the prisms.

Step 6: Adjust the focus lens and image

The next thing to do after setting out is to change the overall station's focus lens. Until
the vision is clear, switch the focus lens. Change the image of the entire station until it is
visible after the focus lens is clear, so that the reading taken will be correct. Point the
point of view to the centres of the prism and the target lens and image are balanced so
they are visible so that the reading can be taken. Failure to eliminate parallax and poor
focusing can affect accurate pointing.

Step 7: Measure and record the reading using total station

Firstly, to calculate the bearing, we need to use the compass and set the initial bearing
into the total station. After that, we focus the total station on one of the prisms in the Face
Left Position located at station 1. The reading is then registered for the horizontal distance
and bearing between the complete station and prism. After that, in the Face Right
Location, we focus the total station on the prism. Again, the horizontal angles are
reported. We have to turn the complete station to face the prism situated at station 3 after
the bearing and distance from station 2 to station 1 has been taken. The bearing and
distance of face left and face right position from total station which located at station 2 to
prism at station 3 is measured and recorded.

Step 8: Repeat the steps

After angle sets are recorded, it is appropriate to transfer the whole station from
station 2 to station 3. At station 1, the prism must be changed to station 2, and at station 3,
the prism must be shifted to station 4. Station 4 can be set up following the same process
as phases 3 and 4. Set the bearing and read Station 2 and Station 4 from Station 3 with the
same step from Step 5 to Step 6 after that. Repeat the above measures after completion to
measure and report the bearing readings and the distance from stations 4 to stations 3 and
5, from stations 5 to stations 4 and 1 and from stations 1 to stations 2 and 5.

9
 5.0 RESULTS
1) Job No: Traversing
2) Group: 10
3) Location: Helipad
4) Weather: Sunny
5) Date: 9 Januari 2021

From
Station Bearing/Angle Line To Station Distance Final Distance
Station

Final
Left Circle Right Circle Average Circle/ Mean
Bearing

Bearing 2 to 1 from Prismatic Compass 204 25 00 2 1 38.851

1 204 25 00 24 25 00 110 04 05 2 110 04 2.2 1 32.99 32.991

2 C = -2.8 32.991

3 110 04 05 290 04 04 110 04 02 2 3

 231 50
2 290 04 05 110 04 05 231 50 38 3 2 62.495 62.496
32.4
C = (-2.8) + (-2.8)
3 62.496
= -5.6

4 231 51 09 51 50 07 231 50 32 3 4

297 03
3 51 50 38 231 51 38 297 03 20 4 3 41.700 41.701
11.6
C = (-2.8) + (-2.8) +
4 (-2.8) 41.701
= -8.4

5 297 03 21 117 03 19 297 03 12 4 5

4 117 03 20 297 03 20 90 49 31 5 90 49 19.8 4 40.500 40.501

C = (-2.8) + (-2.8) +
5 (-2.8) + (-2.8) 40.501
= -11.2

1 90 49 30 270 49 32 90 49 20 5 1

11
5 270 49 31 90 49 31 24 25 14 1 24 25 00 5 38.851 38.851

C = (-2.8) + (-2.8) +
(-2.8) + (-2.8) +
1 38.851
(-2.8)
= -14

2 24 25 25 204 25 02 24 25 00 1 2
6.0 CALCULATION

Obtained bearing from Station 1 to Station 2: 24˚25'14"

Bearing from Station 2 to Station 1: 24˚25'14"
Calculated bearing from bearing obtained = 24˚25'14" - 24˚25'14"
= 0˚00'14"

Therefore, Error between obtained bearing and assume bearing = 24˚25'14" - 24˚25'14"
= 0˚00'14"

Accepted misclosure stated: 00˚00'30"

(Since the total error is within the range of acceptable misclosure, therefore data that
we obtained from the practical is acceptable and the bearing needs to be corrected by
the misclosure value calculated.)

CORRECTION OF INTERNAL ANGLE

Correction per station = 0˚00'14" ÷5 station

= 00˚00'2.8" (positive value so correction will be deduction)

Station Bearing (b) Distance (d) Latitude (L) Departure (D)

d cos (b) d sin (b)

2-1 110 04 2.2 32.991 -11.32 30.99

3-2 231 50 32.4 62.496 -38.61 -49.14

4-3 297 03 11.6 41.701 18.97 -37.14

5-4 90 49 19.8 40.501 -0.58 40.50

1-5 24 25 00 38.851 35.38 16.06

TOTAL 216.54 3.84 1.27

Linear Misclosure = 1 : Total Distance / √(△ 𝐿)2 + (△ 𝐷)2

= 1 : 216.54 / √(3.84)2 + (1.27) 2

= 1 : 216.54 / 4.04
= 1 : 53.60

13
The accepted relative closing error is 1:8000, since the relative closing error calculated is 1:
53.60, thus the result is NOT PASS.
7.0 DISCUSSION

The result of our traverse surveying work has failed, based on this result table. The
outcome is appropriate for a closed loop traverse survey with a limit of 5 stations. The result
we get is 00 ° 00 '14" which is inside the appropriate misclosure range (00 ° 00' 30 ') . The
outcome we obtain in particles is therefore appropriate. The linear misclosure we obtained,
however, is 1:53.60. Since the acceptable error does not exceed 1:8000, therefore, our result
is unacceptable.

These errors are caused by minor factors such as hot weather, strong wind, and minor
touch on the tripod. These factors have affected the accuracy of the reading. The errors can be
divided into 3 categories which are natural error, geographical errors and human errors.

Environmental conditions or essential environmental changes cause natural errors.

Wind velocity, air temperature, ambient pressure, moisture, earth curvature and atmospheric
refraction are examples of normal sources of error. Many of these aspects of the atmosphere
by adding a correction factor to each calculation, conditions may be accounted for. The
differential expansion of the instrument components can be caused by extreme, direct
sunlight, resulting in small errors. Not just that, heat waves near reflective surfaces can cause
distortion of sight lines. This can also be reduced by working on cloudy days, periods with
low sun angles, using a parasol to shield the instrument or preventing measurements taken in
overly hot weather over asphalt or concrete.

Geographical error is caused by imperfectly designed, adjusted, or calibrated

surveying instruments. By accurately levelling the instrument, matching backsight/foresight
shots, reducing measuring distances and analysing direct and reverse locations, some of these
errors can be reduced (double centering). Prolonged storage, sensitivity to sudden changes in
temperature, and jarring during transport can result in instrument maladjustment. With
specific instrument modifications, collimation and other sighting errors may be calculated
and accounted for.

It was caused by reckless mistake, physical limitation, and loss of focus for human
errors. Typically, that would be when the working climate that is under the sunshine will
induce a loss of focus of humans. In addition to that, the burden of time would still be this

15
will trigger an error in reading to occur. In addition, where the student fails to follow the
setup of the method, the reckless error may also take place. The reading degree error, for
instance, would also cause the outcome to be incorrect.
8.0 CONCLUSION

Overall in this fieldwork, transverse surveys need to apply all the theories such as
procedures, technique, and mathematical calculation (formula). All this kind of formula has
been learned in the class during the fieldwork topic. Due to this pandemic, we cannot run any
survey by ourselves. We managed the result by the theoretical which we used the formula
that has been given by lecturer during class. Based on a case study that we have read about
this survey (in practical) , the procedure and the way to handle the instrument is very
important to prevent any error in measurement result. Last but not least, transverse is an
important sector in construction. It is because transverse will determine all the coordinate of
the site or land and it also can determine the distances. The most accurate in surveying works
is the total station. So, we as quantity surveyors need to give attention to this transverse
measurement because we can advise our client on how to produce a high quality project.

17
REFERENCES

Traverse (surveying). (2020, November 03). Retrieved January 17, 2021, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)

Home. (n.d.). Retrieved January 17, 2021, from

https://civiltoday.com/surveying/251-traverse-
surveying#:~:text=small%20deflection%20angles.-
,Errors%20in%20Traversing,Angular%20Error

Total Station in Surveying - Operation, Uses and Advantages. (2017, December 03).

Retrieved January 17, 2021, from

https://theconstructor.org/surveying/total-station-operation-uses-advantage/6605/