COVER PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENT
SURVEYING
PACING
SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
TRAVERSE
SIMPLE CURVE
COMPOUND CURVE
REVERSE CURVE
SPIRAL
SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
UNSYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
SIGHT DISTANCE
PRISMOIDAL
EARTHWORKS

INTRODUCTION
Surveying is defined as “taking a general view of, by observation and measurement
determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition, value etc. of land, estates,
building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the survey data in a suitable form”. This covers
the work of the valuation surveyor, the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining
surveyor and so forth, as well as the land surveyor.
PACING
Pacing consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. The
length of an individual’s pace must be determined first. Distances obtained by pacing are
sufficiently accurate for many purposes in surveying. Pacing is also used to validate survey work
and eliminate any taping blunders.

Pace factor= length of known distance/no. of paces

Measurements by taping
 Observation of horizontal distances by taping consist of applying the known length of a
graduated tape directly to a line a number of times. Observing an unknown distance between
fixed points Laying out a known or required distance with only the starting mark in place.
SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
Theodolite –is an instrument designed for measuring angular measurements.
It is one of the most precise instruments available for the angular
measurements in the market.

How Does a Theodolite Work?

A theodolite works by combining optical plummets (or plumb bobs), a spirit (bubble
level), and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal angles in surveying. An optical
plummet ensures the theodolite is placed as close to exactly vertical above the survey point. The
internal spirit level makes sure the device is level to to the horizon. The graduated circles, one
vertical and one horizontal, allow the user to actually survey for angles.

How to Use a Theodolite

1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a surveyor’s nail or a stake.
This point is the basis for measuring angles and distances.
2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the instrument (the theodolite)
to be eye-level. The centered hole of the mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
3. Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the sides of each leg.
4. Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in place with the
mounting knob.
5. Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This will be used a reference
to other stations.
6. Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the bulls-eye level. You can
make slight tunings with the leveling knobs to get it just right.
7. Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of the theodolite.  The
vertical plummet allows you to do ensure the instrument remains over the nail or stake.
Adjust the plummet using the knobs on the bottom.
8. Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured. Use the locking knobs
on the side of the theodolite to keep it aimed on the point. Record the horizontal and
vertical angles using the viewing scope found on the theodolite’s side. 

Parts and functions-

Following are the parts of a theodolite:

 Telescope- It is a focusing instrument which has object piece at one end and eye piece at
the other end. It rotates about horizontal axis in vertical plane. The graduations are up to
an accuracy of 20’.
 Vertical circle- It is fitted to telescope and moves simultaneously with telescope. It has
graduation in each quadrant numbered from 0 to 90degrees.
  Index frame- It is also called as t-frame or vernier frame. It consists two arms vertical and
horizontal. Vertical arm helps to lock the telescope at desired level and horizontal arm is
useful to take the measurements of vertical angles.
 The standards- These are the frames which supports telescope and allow it to rotate about
vertical axis. Generally, these are in letter A-shape. So, standards are also called as A-
frame.
 The upper plate- This is also called as vernier plate. The top surface of upper plate gives
support to the standards. It also consists an upper clamping screw with respect to tangents
screw which helps to fixing it to the lower plate. When the upper clamping screw is
tightened both upper and lower plates are attached and moved together with some relative
motion because of upper tangent screw. The upper [late also consists two verniers with
magnifiers which are arranged diagonally. It is attached tow inner spindle.
 The lower plate- This is also called as scale plate. Because it contains a scale on which 0
to 360 readings are graduated. It is attached to the outer spindle and consists lower
clamping screw. If lower clamp screw is loosened and upper clamp screw is tightened,
both plates can rotate together. Similarly, if lower clamping screw is tightened and upper
clamp is loosened then, only upper plate is movable and lower plate is fixed with
tribratch plate.
 The leveling head- The leveling head contains two parallel triangular plates called as
tribratch plates. The upper one is known as upper tribratch plate and is used to level the
upper plate and telescope with the help of leveling screws provided at its three ends. The
lower one is called as lower tribratch plate and is attached to the tripod stand.
 The shifting head- Shifting head also contains two parallel plates which are moved one
over the other with in small area. Shifting head lies below the lower plate. It is useful to
centering the whole instrument over the station.
 Plate level- Plate levels are carried by the upper plate which are right angles to each other
with one of them is parallel to trunnion axis. These plate levels help the telescope to settle
in exact vertical position.
 Tripod- Tripod is nothing but a stand on which theodolite is mounted. It should place in
such a way that theodolite should be in exact leveled position. The tripod has legs with
steel shoes at their ends. These hold the ground strongly without any movement when
placed. Tripod has an external screw which helps to attach the theodolite by tribratch
plate in fixed position.
 Plumb bob- Plumb bob is tool having a cone shaped weight attached to a long thread. The
weight is hanged using thread from the center of tripod stand and centering of theodolite
is done.
 Magnetic compass- Simpler theodolites may contain circular compass box in the center
of upper plate. When we select north as reference meridian it will be useful. 

TRAVERSE
A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the
process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. In general, chains are
used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse
lines. The types of traverse and methods of traversing are discussed in this article.
Types of Traverse
Open Traverse- A traverse is said to be open traverse when the traverse starts at one point and
terminates at another point as shown in the figure. Open traverse is also called as unclosed
traverse. It is suitable for surveying of roads, coastal lines, etc.

Closed Traverse- A traverse is said to be closed traverse when the traverse formed a
closed circuit as shown in the figure. In this case, both starting and terminating points of
the traverse coincide with each other. It is suitable for the survey of boundaries of ponds,
sports grounds, forests, etc.

Traverse Procedure
1. A rough sketch of the area including station locations
2. Name the location
3. Construct the points nails on asphalt.
4. Set up the total station at station 1 (T1) and set up a reflector or prism at the
reference point of station 2.
5. Target the station 2 from station 1 and the measure the horizontal angle (hr) and
horizontal distance (hd) double click the bolded triangle until the hd will appear
the click the F1.
6. Set up a total station at station 2 and set up the prism at station 1 for back sight.
7. Repeat the steps 4, 5 and 6 from the last station to last station.
Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining
approximate distances which is quite useful in
surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check
on more accurate measurements made with a
tape.
Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining
approximate distances which is quite useful in
surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check
on more accurate measurements made with a
tape.
Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining
approximate distances which is quite useful in
surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check
on more accurate measurements made with a
tape.
Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining
approximate distances which is quite useful in
surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check
on more accurate measurements made with a
tape

SIMPLE CURVE
COMPOUND CURVE
REVERSE CURVE
SPIRAL
SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
UNSYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
SIGHT DISTANCE
PRISMOIDAL
EARTHWORKS