GenMath - Grade 11

General Mathematics

Set of Real Numbers

● The set of real numbers is the universal set numbers. Real numbers form the
foundation of several areas of Math, such as Arithmetic and Algebra.
● Knowledge of the set of real numbers will hone your math instinct, which is needed
in order to be a good problem solver.

Subset of Real Numbers

Natural Numbers Whole Numbers

Numbers you count on your hands Natural numbers + zero

and feet

Integers Rational Numbers

Whole numbers + negatives Integers + fractions

Properties of Real Numbers

● Associative Property of Addition: The grouping of the addends does not affect the
sum. In symbols, if a, b, and c are real numbers, then (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).

Example: (4 + 1) + 5 = 4 + (1 + 5)
(4 + 1) + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10
4 + (1 + 5) = 4 + 6 = 10

● Associative Property of Multiplication: The grouping of the factors does not affect
the product. In symbols, if a, b, and c are real numbers, then (a x b) x c = a x (b x c).

Example: (2 x 3) x 4 = 2 x (3 x 4)
(2 x 3) x 4 = 6 x 4 = 24
2 x (3 x 4) = 2 x 12 = 24
● Commutative Property of Addition: The order of the addends does not affect the
sum. In symbols, if a and b are real numbers, then a + b = b + a.

Example: 9 + 3 = 12 = 3 + 9

● Commutative Property of Multiplication: The order of the factors does not affect the
product. In symbols, if a and b are real numbers, then a x b = b x a.

Example: 6 x 5 = 30 = 5 x 6

● Additive Identity Property: There exists an additive identity, 0, such that when it is
added to a real number, the sum is the number itself. In symbols, if a is a real
number, then a + 0 = a.

Example: 19 + 0 = 19

● Multiplicative Identity Property: There exists a multiplicative identity, 1, such that

when it is multiplied to a real number, the product is the real number itself. In
symbols, if a is a real number, then a x 1 = a.

Example: 43 x 1 = 43

● Additive Inverse: For every real number, there exists a real number -a (read as
“negative a), called its additive inverse, such that the sum of the number and its
additive inverse is the additive identity. That is, a + (-a) = 0.

Example: 6 + (-6) = 0
 ● Multiplicative Inverse Property: For every real number a, there exists a real number
1/a, called its multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal), such that the product of the
number and its multiplicative inverse is the multiplicative identity. That is, a x 1/a = 1.

Example: 8 x ⅛ = 1

● Zero Property: If a real number multiplied by 0, then the product is equal to 0.

Example: 925 x 0 = 0

● Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition (DPMA): If a, b, and c, then a(b

+ c) = (a x b) + (a x c).

Example: 4(6 + 1) = (4 x 6) + (4 x 1)
= 24 + 4 = 28

Place Value of Whole Numbers

● Whole numbers are useful because of their practical applications. They make it
possible to count objects and describe them in terms of quantity. They are also used
to represent large amounts and measurements.
● Whole numbers use what is called the Base 10 number system--a system that uses
10 digits (0-9) to write any number. The base 10 number system also gave rise to
the notion of assigning place values to the digits of a whole number. In this system,
each place value is bigger by a power of 10 than the place value to its right.

Hundred Ten
Millions Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Thousands Thousands
106 105 104 103 102 101 100
2 3 6 1 4 5 8
The number in the table is 2, 361, 458. This number is read as “two million, three hundred
sixty-one thousand, four hundred fifty-eight.” From the place value table, we can get the
following information:

➔ The digit in the hundreds place is 4. This number has a value of 400.
➔ The number 3 is in the hundred thousandth place. It has a value of 300,000.
➔ The number 6 in the ten thousandth place, and it has a value of 60,000. This means that
there are 6 ten thousand in the given number.
➔ The number in the millions place is 2, and it has a value of 2,000,000.
➔ We can write the given number as the sum of the values of its digits in their place
values. That is, 2,361,458 = 2,000,000 + 300,000 + 60,000 + 1,000 + 400 + 50 + 8.

Example: What digit is in the thousands place in 522,167?

Solution: The thousands place is the 4th place value from the right
(One way to think of this is that 1000 has 4 digits). Thus, 2 is the
digit in the thousands place.

Example: What is the value of 9 in the number 392,007?

Solution: 9 is the 5th digit from the right, which means it is in the ten
Thousands place (10000 has 5 digits). The place value tells us that
There are 9 ten thousand in the number. Thus, 9 has a value of 90,000.

Operation on Whole Numbers

● These are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division--and a combination of
these--performed on the set of whole numbers.
● Operations on whole numbers are applied whenever whole numbers are used to
describe measurement, represent an amount of money, or a group of people or
objects.
Operation on Integers
● Operations on integers are the arithmetic operations addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division performed on positive integers, negative integers, and
zero.
● Operations on integers involve working with negative numbers, which can be
applied to various real-life situations. Negative numbers are used to describe
temperature that is colder than 00, height that is below sea level, and an amount of
money that is lost in a business. It is important to know how to operate on integers
so that scenarios like this can be understood, and informed decisions can be made
about them.

When an expression involves some or all of the 4 basic operations, a certain order is
followed for these operations.

1) Operations for numbers in grouping symbols are performed first. If there are
multiple grouping symbols, operations in the innermost grouping symbols are
done first, until the outermost grouping symbol is eliminated.
2) Exponents are applied next.
3) Multiplication and division are done next. If an expression involves only
multiplication and division, these may be done from left to right.
4) Addition and subtraction are done last. If an expression involves only addition
and subtraction, these may be done from left to right.

This hierarchy is summarized by the acronym GEMDAS--Grouping symbols, Exponents,

Multiplication/Division, Addition/Subtraction. It is similar to the order of operations followed
for whole numbers.
Prime and Composite Numbers
● Prime numbers are numbers that have only 1 and itself as factors. Composite
numbers are numbers that have factors other than 1 and itself.

● Prime numbers are considered to be the basic unit of a number. Knowing their
characteristics will allow you to understand patterns in other branches of Math, and
to work on interesting and challenging problems in Number Theory. If you aspire to
be a coder or computer programmer, you’ll find that the algorithms used in various
systems find their foundations in prime numbers too. Multiples, on the other hand,
are closely linked to Divisibility rules, and will also help you in solving non-routine
Math problems.

● One way of classifying numbers is based on their factors. A prime number is a

number, whose only factors are 1 and itself. A composite number is a number that
has factors other than 1 and itself.