What is geography？

Welcome to world geography class at Waldo middle school. My name is Mr,

Blommendeahl and I will be your teacher for this online series of lessons on the nature of
geography.

欢迎来到沃尔多中学的世界地理课。我的名字是布鲁门德尔先生，我将是你的老师，这一系列关于地理性质的
在线课程。我们的第一课很简单。

Our first lesson is quite simple. It is “what is geography?” We refer to that as an essential
question. And if we are taking Cornell style focus notes, that is a question we will write
across the Top of our notes, so that everything in our notes will help to answer that
question. I will now give you a moment to accomplish that.

地理是什么？我们认为这是一个基本问题。如果我们做的是康奈尔式的聚焦笔记，我们会在笔记的顶部写上一
个问题，这样笔记中的所有内容都会有助于回答这个问题。我现在给你一点时间来完成这个任务。

So, obviously, the first thing we need to do is actually define the term geography itself.
So, our first, what I will call left side question if we're using Cornell style focus notes, is
how do we define geography? What does it mean? I think the first thing I'm gonna ask
you to do is take a moment in your table groups to intentionally have a conversation
about that and answer the question of what you think geography is. I will go about
answering it here.

所以很明显，我们首先要做的就是定义地理这个术语本身。所以我们的第一个问题，如果我们使用康奈尔风格
的焦点笔记，我将称之为左侧问题，是我们如何定义地理？这是什么意思？我想我要让你们做的第一件事就是
花点时间在你们的小组里，有意识地讨论一下这个问题，然后回答你们认为地理是什么的问题。我会在这里回
答的。

Geography quite simply is the study of places and the relationships between people
and their environment. So you'll notice there's two aspects to it there. First is places
themselves. Second is people and how they relate to those places and we're gonna get
more specific about that as we continue. Geographers quite simply are people who
study geography. A simple definition, the more complex definition is say that
geographers are people who explode the physical properties of the earth surface and
the human society spread across it. Again, please notice, it's the study of places and

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people. Quite simply, that's a big, long definition, but really what it says geographers
study places, and people and how places and people affect each other.

地理学很简单就是研究地方和人与环境之间的关系。所以你会注意到它有两个方面。首先是地方本身。第二个
问题是人，以及他们与这些地方的关系，我们会在继续的过程中更具体地了解这一点。地理学家很简单就是研
究地理的人。一个简单的定义，更复杂的定义是说，地理学家是那些把地球表面的物理性质和人类社会传播到
地球表面的人。再一次，请注意，这是研究地方和人。很简单，这是一个很长很长的定义，但实际上它所说的
是学习场所、人以及地方和人之间如何相互影响的关键。

Physical geography is the study of the earth and its features. So when we're talking
about physical geography, we're actually talking about the land itself. Although we can
also be studying oceans and bodies of water. But when we're talking physical geography,
we're not talking about people, we're simply talking about the land, the water, the nature
of the earth's surface.

自然地理学是研究地球及其特征的学科。所以当我们谈论自然地理时，我们实际上是在谈论土地本身。虽然我
们也可以研究海洋和水体。但是当我们谈论自然地理时，我们不是在谈论人，我们只是在谈论土地，水，地球
表面的性质。

Whereas when we talk about cultural geography, we're really talking about people. The
big long wordy definition for cultural geography is the study of the human population
of the earth and how human culture interacts with the natural environment. It
studies the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. So cultural
geography is really about us and how we relate to the land and the physical geography
around us, how it affects us and how we affect it. That's what we call a 2 way
relationship. Another fancy word for it is a symbiotic relationship.

然而，当我们谈论文化地理学时，我们实际上是在谈论人。文化地理学的一个冗长冗长的定义是研究地球上的
人口以及人类文化如何与自然环境相互作用。它研究地点和地点对人们产生影响的方式。所以文化地理学实际
上是关于我们，我们如何与我们周围的土地和自然地理联系起来，它如何影响我们，我们如何影响它。这就是
我们所说的双向关系。另一个奇特的词是共生关系。

So when we study geography,what we are really doing is seeking to understand where

things are found, why they are there and how they develop and change over time up
to including the way humans. A fact the physical geography. And with that, I'm going to
pause for a moment, allow you to finish these notes, possibly write a brief summary and
then move on to the next slide.

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因此，当我们学习地理时，我们真正要做的是去理解事物在哪里被发现，为什么会在那里，它们是如何随着时
间的推移而发展和变化的，包括人类的方式。自然地理是一个事实。说到这里，我将暂停一下，让你完成这些
笔记，可能写一个简短的摘要，然后继续下一张幻灯片。

So let's focus on physical geography first. What does the study of physical geography
consist of? That would become another question on the left side of your paper. And we
will go ahead and get into the details of that right now.

所以让我们先关注自然地理。地理学科包括什么？那将成为你论文左边的另一个问题。我们现在就开始讨论细
节。

First thing you need to know is what physical geographers do. Physical geographers are
people who study specifically physical geography. First thing physical geographers do is
they study landforms. What is the land like? What is the shape and contour of the land?
Again, fancy words there, but really it just comes down to what is the land like.
Landforms are any form that the actual land can take.

(landforms: the shape and contours of the land.)

你首先要知道的是物理地理学家是怎么做的。自然地理学家是专门研究自然地理的人。自然地理学家做的第一
件事就是研究陆地形态。土地是什么样的？土地的形状和轮廓是什么？再说一遍，花里胡哨的话，但事实上，
它只是归结到什么样的土地。土地形式是实际土地可以采取的任何形式。

Physical features is different than landforms because it can include any feature,
including land and water of the earth's surface. So if you wanted to differentiate or know
the difference between landforms and physical features, landforms only have to do with
the land. Physical features can include land and water.

(phycical features: any feature, including land and water, of the Earth’s surface.)

物理特征不同于陆地形态，因为它可以包括任何特征，包括地球表面的陆地和水。因此，如果你想区分或了解
土地形态和自然特征的区别，土地形态只与土地有关。自然特征可以包括土地和水。

Climate is a major topic in the news in science and in our world today. Climate is what
the weather is like over a long period of time. So you often hear the words of weather
and climate. Some people think they are the same thing, they are not. Weather is what it's
like right here and right now today. Climate is what the weather is like over a long period
of time in a specific location.

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(Climate: what the weather is like over a long period of time.)

气候是当今科学新闻和世界的主要话题。气候是指天气在很长一段时间内的样子。所以你经常听到天气和气候
这两个词。有些人认为它们是一样的东西，它们不是。天气就是今天这里和现在的情况。气候是一个特定地点
在很长一段时间内的天气情况。

The oceans and bodies of water and how they affect the land and climate, that's
another thing that physical geography study. Oceans have a lot to do with our weather if
the oceans are warm. There's a lot of evaporation that can occur and storms become
stronger and more intense with the oceans warming that is very consequential to the
overall climate of our planet.

(The oceans and bodies of water and how they affect the land and climate)

海洋和水体以及它们如何影响陆地和气候，这是自然地理学研究的另一个问题。如果海洋变暖，海洋与我们的
天气有很大关系。随着海洋变暖，会发生大量的蒸发，风暴变得越来越强烈，这对我们星球的整体气候非常重
要。

And finally vegetation, quiet life. How does the climate affect vegetation? All of these
things are interrelated. And there's plant life not just on land, but also in the ocean. So
that is something to consider as well.

(the vegetation,or plant life, of the land and oceans.)

最后是植被，安静的生活。气候如何影响植被?所有这些都是相互关联的。不仅陆地上有植物，海洋里也有。
所以这也是需要考虑的。

Once again, since I've got to the end of slide, I'm gonna give you some time to finish off
your notes and do some quick review.

再说一次，因为我要结束幻灯片了，我要给你们一些时间来完成你们的笔记并做一些快速复习。

So this right here is simply a slide which shows all kinds of physical features. Features
seems to have gotten outside of the block box there, but there's the word you can see it.
We're not going to redo the slide.

这张幻灯片展示了各种物理特征。功能似乎已经超出了块框，但你可以看到它的词。我们不打算重放幻灯片。

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So just take a look at this for a moment. This is one of those things where I will just
probably click pause in class and invite you to take a gander. You are gonna be taking a
quiz on a lot of these terms fairly soon in class because it's something we do towards the
beginning of the semester. But right now go ahead and click, pause, take a gander and
look at some of the words we use to describe physical features.

我们来看看这个。这是其中一件事，我可能会在课堂上点击暂停，并邀请你们看一看。你们很快就会在课堂上
做一个关于这些术语的小测验因为这是我们在学期开始时要做的。但是现在，请点击，暂停，看一看我们用来

描述身体特征的一些词汇。

Final slide for today is a little bit simpler. It's another left side question and it is simply
going to answer the question“How do we define cultural geography?” Cultural
geography, we've talked about physical geography. The other aspect of geography we
want to discuss is cultural geography.

Cultural geography quite simply is the study of the human population of the earth
and how human culture interacts with the natural environment. So how do we affect
the earth? How does the earth affect us? That is a very highly consequential and
important thing. One of the things we will be examining this semester.

Culture is a word that gets bandied about quite a bit. Culture simply means the shared
attitudes, values, goals and practices of a particular group of people. So culture can
include things like food, music, religion, the role of men and women in society. Whether
that society is based on a capitalist economic system or a socialist economic system or
something in between. It can include a lot more than that, but that's what comes to mind
right off the top of my head culture is how do the people live in a specific area and
culture is in different countries and in different regions of the world.

今天的最后一张幻灯片稍微简单一点。这是另一个左边的问题，它只是要回答这个问题“我们如何定义文化地
理?”“文化地理学，我们讲过自然地理学。我们要讨论的地理学的另一个方面是文化地理学。文化地理学很
简单就是研究地球上的人类数量以及人类文化如何与自然环境相互作用的学科。那么我们是如何影响地球的
呢?地球是如何影响我们的?这是一件后果非常重大的事情。这学期我们要考查的内容之一。文化是一个经常被
谈论的词。文化仅仅是指某一特定群体的共同态度、价值观、目标和实践。所以文化可以包括食物，音乐，宗
教，男人和女人在社会中的角色。这个社会是建立在资本主义经济体系，还是社会主义经济体系，或者介于两
者之间。它可以包含更多的内容，但我脑海中首先想到的文化是人们如何生活在一个特定的地区，以及不同国
家和地区的文化。

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Hey, I just said that examples of culture of food, music, religion, beliefs, and education.
So I repeated myself out there, but that's okay.

嘿，我刚才说了食物、音乐、宗教、信仰和教育等文化的例子。所以我又重复了一遍，不过没关系。

Cultural geography explores how the people are affected by the land and climate, as
well as how people affect the land and climate.

文化地理学研究的是人们如何受到土地和气候的影响，以及人们如何影响土地和需求。

And ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, this takes us to the end of lesson one. What is
geography? In the next lesson we will discuss the five themes of geography and what it is
that geographers can do if you happen to want to pursue geography as a career.

女士们，先生们，男孩们，女孩们，现在是第一课的最后一课了。地理位置是什么?下节课我们将讨论地理的
五个主题，以及如果你碰巧想以地理为职业，地理学家可以做些什么。