Chapter 1 EARLY WRITINGS Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the students can: i Describe and compare the different early writings. i. Identify and share information about the people behind the development of Questioned Document Examination and events. tii. Explain the early forms of writing and the people who study it. 1. CUNEIFORM SCRIPT The impressions left by the stylus were wedged shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge shape, “form the Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge") ¥ tis the earliest writing system in the world. Y¥ Cuneiform writing emerged in the civilization of southern Iraq around the 34th century BC during the middle Uric period, beginning as a pictographic system of writing. ¥ Cuneiform was the most widespread and historically significant writing system in the Ancient Near East. 2. PALEOGRAPHY (from, Greek palgiés, “old” and .graphein, “to write") is the study of ancient handwriting and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts. The first time the term “paleography” was used was perhaps in 1708 by Bernard de Montfaucon, a Benedictine monk. e A French monk, originated Latin Paleography in 1861, when he published De re diplomatic, a study of forms and official document. vole 3. CALLIGRAPHY 7 (from Greek kallos “beauty? + graphé “wiiting) is a type of visual art, Itis -- often called the art of fancy lettering (Mediavilla 1996:17). wrer A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is “the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner” (Mediavilla, 1994: 18), "yelue Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design/typography, original hand-ettered logo design, religiousart, announcements/graphic design/commissioned calligraphic g, stone inscriptions and memorial documents. 4, PETROGLYPHS The word comes from the Greek words ‘petros meaning + and glyphein meaning “to care’ (it was originally ¢ in French as pétroglyphe). (also ‘called rock engravings) are images created by removing por tock surface by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. Oviside North America, scholars offen use terms such as “ce “engraving”, or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. The term Petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, whic image drawn or pai dd on rock face. Both types of i image belong to the, dnd more general category of rock art. However, there are many theories to explain their purpose, depend, their location, age, and the type of image. 5. ICONOGRAPHY Neolithic man began written communication as long as 20,000 year when he graphically represented objects and ideas in drawings on cave known as iconography. _". * The pictures gradually became sighs called pictographs: And each word or idea. This kind of picture writing probably reached its highest-point« 3000 B.C. in Egypt. The Egyptians used a kind of picture writing fee Hieroglyphics. 6. EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS a The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective, (hieroglyphi: compound of “hierds ‘sacred’ and glyphé ‘to, engrave’! The glyphs them, were called tahieroglyphikagrémmata, ‘the sacred engraved letters’. (pronounced /"haz(a)rouglrf/; from Greek "sacred carving" A formal writing system used by, the.ancient Egyptians that contaiy Stet of logographic and alphabetic elements, ” Hieroglyphs, characters ‘in any system bd writing in which symbols reps objects and ideas. pave we7. IDEOGRAPH An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek Idea "idea" + grafo "fo writ a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept. Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object, and thus may also be referred to as pictograms. _ The term “ideogram’ is commonly used to describe logographs in writing’ ‘systems; such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sumerian cuneiform and {incorectly) Chinese characters. 8.. GRAFFITI From the Italian “graffito” meaning “a scatch"! refers to handwriting or images on the walls or surfaces of a public area, such as building, parks, toilets, and trains, ect... Graffit” is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. Itis the name forimages or lettering scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any manner on property. Graffiti is any type of public markings that may appear in the forms of simple written words to elaborate wall paintings. ™ In ancient times graffiti was carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. Jeai-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988), American paintér; whose work first appeared as graffiti on the streets and subways of New York City. He was the most successful of a number of so-called street artists, whose’ work crossed over into, New York City’s gallery scene in the early 1980s. His works mix imagery from African, Caribbean, European, and popular art. 9. SCRIBES A scribe is a person wha writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps the city keep track of its records. eee In ancient times, few people knew how to write. Most of the people who wanted to send letters dictated them to people called Scribes, who made their living writing for the public. - *The work could involve copying books, including sacred texts, or secretarig and administrative duties such as taking of dictation and the keeping of busines, judicial and historical records for kings, nobility, temples and cities. The Ancient Egyptian scribe was an extremely good career or job. Anyone, whatever their background, could undertake this profession, if they had the rig. education and training. An Ancient Egyptian scribe had the opportunity tise ; high ranks and even become a royal scribe bringing him wealth, land and powe An Ancient Egyptian scribe was exempt from the daily toil of physical labor an was viewed with respect by society. In Ancient Egypt it was traditional ar common place for a father to teach his profession to his son, so many scribes we the sons of scribes ™ The Roles of the Scribe The roles Ancient Egyptian scribe revolved around work relating to the govemment of Egypt. Scribes could be described as the civil servants of Egypt. Scribes worked in the following roles: ; @ Tox Collectors @ Lowadministrators @ Whiting letters and legal documents such as mariage contracts ™ Recording harvests, food supply and distribution = ~Documenting rainfall and water levels of the Nile @ Controlling the food supply and distribution ™ Conducting census of the population @ Overseeing the construction of buildings including planning, surveying ¢ supervising 7S 1. MathlewOrfila- (1787-1853) Considered to be the father of toxicology. Wrote about the detect, of poisons and their effects on animals. . 2. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - A sci-fi author in late 1800. He popularized the scientific crime detect methods through his fictional character "Sherlock Holmes". . Francis Gatton - (1822-1911) father of fingerprinting, Developed fingerprinting as a way to uniquely identify individuals, Hans Gross - (1847-1915) An Austrian criminalistwho, in 1891 first used the term criminalist Sp Is the “Father of forensic publications” and wrote the book on applying all the -pitferent ‘science disciplines to the fleld of criminal investigation. is ‘Alphonse Bertilion - (1853-1914) Developed the anthropometry. A system to distinguish one individual person from another thru body measurements. 6. Albert Osbom - (1858-1946) father of document examination, His work led to the acceptance? docunicnts as scientific evidence by the courts. 47. Edmond Locard- (1877-1966) father of the crime lab, In 1910, he started the first crime lab in an attic of a police station. Founded tho institute of criminalistics in France. His most Important contribution was the "Locards Exchange Principle". Locand Exchange Principle Every contact leaves a trace Every criminal can be connected to a crime by particles carried from the crime scene When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurs. SAN ” 8, Leone Lattes - (1887-1954) father of blood stain identification. He developed a procedure for determining the blood type (A,B,AB or 0) of a dried stain. 9. Walter McCrone- (1915-1916) father of microscopic forensics. he developed and applied his microscopic techniques to examine evidence in countless court cases. 10. EdgarJ Hoover - father of the FBI. Director of the FBI during the 1930s. His leadership spanned 48 years and 8 presidential administration. Organized a national laboratory to offer forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the US. ‘ Criminalistics + A forensic science that analyze ‘and interpret evidence using scientific method (Applied Science) for the purpose of court presentation. Objectives of Forensic Investigation: : 1. Identifies significant traces leftin the crime scene. 2. Determines the cause of crime. 3. Itleads tothe culprit thru forensic evidence examination and presentation. NotesChapter 1 Laboratory work Activity title: Name: Date:, Section: Grade: Perform this activity during your laboratory session. Instructions: 1. “What does it looks like?” Look for samples (pictures) of early writings following the lectures as stated in this chapter and present it to the class. You can also research for other early writings for more information. 2. Research and report to the class the following Personalities bet the development of Document Examination. a. Jean Mabillon b. Edward Malone c. Albert S. Osborn d. B.J. Vreeland Haring and J. Howard Haring e. J. Newton Baker f. James V.P Conway g. Hans Schneickert h. Dr. Wilson R. HarisonChapter 2 Questioned Document (Q.D.) a at the end of this chapter, the students can: Define the different terminologies in QDE. , .. goid it Identify the different kinds of documents and the important Parts in a document where possible alterations are made. fii. Examine and compare the different kinds of documents. Important Terms: * 1. Q@.D. Defined- Is a document or paper/s whose contents have been contested either in whole or in any part as to their authenticity. 2. Q.D. Examination- a term used fo refer to the act of making a close and critical study of any document which is questioned, disputed, or attacked, necessary to discover the facts about them. 3. Document-Any materials containing marks, signs or symbols, whether visible, partially visible or invisible which fumishes or conveys information, meaning or message to an individual. : 4, Legal Definition of Document- Specifically, documents are written statements by which a right is established, or obligation is extinguished. (People vs. Moreno, CA, 38 O.G. 119) or A document is every deed or instrument executed by person by which some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth (P v. Nillosquin) 5. Disputed Document- a document under argument or controversy over the document. “ Therfore, disputed documents are always considered questioned documents, while a questioned documents is not always a disputed document.” 6. Standard Document- Those things whose origins are known and can be proven and which can be legally used as samples to comipare with other matters in question. : Q 7. Forensic Q.D.E.-The application of this science to law or court litigation in the administration of justice. 78. Expert Witness- A legal term used to describe a witness wh treason of his special training or experience is permitted to expres opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, whi involved in a court action. 9. Graphology - is the science that deals with the study of handwriting particularly its characteristics What are not considered Document? 1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved b proper authority (P v. Camacho) 2. Mere blank forms of official documents, the spaces of whic not filled up (P v. Santiago) “ 3. Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any dispositi agreement are not document but are mere merchandise Agnis) Q.D. Examination Focuses on the following: 1. Signature Identification 2. Handwriting Identification 3. Typewriting/computerize documents 4, Alteration 5. Counterfeiting Important parts Ina document that are considered questionable 1. The questioned signature 2. Allegedly containing fraudulent alterations. 3. Manuscripts 4, Document questioned as to their age or date. 7 “5*Document questioned as to what kind of material used. 6 Typewttten document. 7. Handwriting.Kinds of documents: 1. Public document- any documents issued or published for public knowledge, authenticated by a public officer and available for public reference and use. 2. Official document! also known as a public document, issued by a public official in the exercise of his function. 3. Private Document: a deed or an instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a legal entity. 4, Commercial Documents- any document defined and regulated by the Commercial Laws. Division of Questioned Document Examination a. Criminalistics Division- Concerned with the detection of forgeries, alterations, and obliterations. b. Handwriting Identification- Concerned with finding out the author of the writing. NotesChapter 3 Writing & Handwriting Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the students can: Expound the meaning of writing and its process. ii Classify the different handwriting characteristics. iii, Forensically examine different handwriting and can determine the writer. fv. Operate the different QDE Equipment. Weiting = Is the result of a very complicated series of acts, and a combination of certain forms which are very visible result of mental and muscular habits acquired by fong, continued, painstaking effort. recess of writ In writing, the pen functions as an extension of the hand. The fingers transmit to the pen with a muscle effort and are expressed in paper or any materials, ‘The impulses to form a letter start in the cortex, This center is akin to brain areas that control vision, hearing, talking, and walking. It also guides the muscles of the hand as they weave through the complex movements that make the words. Since writing begins with emotions and attitudes, both of the mind influences how we write. Two kit muscles which ion in the act of writis 1. A group of “extensor’- muscles pushes the pen to form an upward strokes that produced as a result of flexion. 2 Agroup of ‘flexor’- muscles which pushes the pen to form the downward strokes. Writing development Y Step 1.A child learns to write by following the school copy or model as iffustrated in the book or on the board. Y Step 2. Afier acquiring some degree of skill, the child no longer follows the school modek ‘The focus of his attention is centered on the formation of the various letters, now actualky written instead of drawn. Y Step 3. As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begin to breakdown. The process of writing is more or less automatic. Y Step 4. in the course of trial and error, modifications are made. iL10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Down Strokes-The movement of the pen toward the writer, Form-The writer's chosen writing style. Hiatus/Pen Jump-A gap occurring between continuous strokes without lifting the pen. Letter Space — Space between letters. Line Quality-The overall character of the ink fines from the beginning to the ending stokes. Margins-Amount of space left around the writing on all four sides. Movement-Embraces all the factors which are related to the motion of the writing instrument such as skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm and the fike. Natural Variation-These are normal or usual deviations found between repeated specimens or any individual writing. Pen Emphasis-The act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface. Pen Hold-The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which fie holds it. Pen Lift-Interruption in a stroke caused by removing the pen from the paper. Pen Position-Relationship between the pen point and the paper. The orientation of the writing instrument. Pen Pressure-The average force in which the pen contacts the paper or the usual force involved in writing. Proportion-Individual characteristics in relative proportion of letters or proportion of a part of a letter or relative height of one letter to another Etters. Ratio-The relation between the tall and short letters. Rhythm-The element of writing movement, which is marked by regular or Periodic recurrences. The flourishing succession of motion which are recorded in a written record. Slope/Slant- The angle or inclination of the axjs of the letters relative to the baseline. ' Initial and Terminal Strokes- the beginning and ending strokes of writing. Word Space- the space between every word, , Writing Condition-Circumstances under which the writing was prepared and the factors influencing the writer's ability to write at the time of the execution. 1324. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 51. 32. 33. 34, 35, 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. 41. 43. 42, Rubric/Lmbellishment- Additional unnecessary strokes to legibility of Letterforns or writings Gut incorporated in writing for decorative or omamenta purposes. Addition/Iusertion or Inter-fineation- A part of the document after it, Original preparation. Include the addition of writing and other materiat Getwveen fines or paragraphs or the addition of whole page to a documen, Grasure- Ue removal of writings from a document, Accomplished eitg -A chemical agent - Abrasive crasure - Mechanical erasure Arc- A curve formed inside the top curve of a loop as in small letters “‘n’, Lp’. Ascender- The top portion of a letter or upper loop. Baseline- Maybe actual or imaginary alignment or writing. The fine y, which the writing rests. Beaded- Preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occurs in letters. Beard- A rudimentary curved initial stroke. Bhunt- The beginning and ending stroke of a letter. Body- The main portion of the letter, minus the initial strokes, termir strokes and diacritic, Bowl- A fully rounded oval or circular form on a letter complete inte Buckle Rnot/Buckle- a loop made as a flourish added to the letters. Descender — opposite of ascender, the lower portion of a letter. Diacritic — an element added to complete a letter. Eye/Eye loop/Eyelet — the small loop formed by the stroke that exte divergent direction as in small letters. Foot — lower part which rest on the baseline, Habits — any repeated elements or details, which may serve to indit- twntting. Hook/Trough — it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at the terminal stokes. Hump — the rounded outside bend, crook, or curve in small letters. Knob — the rounded appearance at the beginning or ending strokes: 4deposit of ink in the initial and tenninal stroke due to the slow withdrawal of the pen from the paper. 44. Loop - an oblong curve such as found on the small letter f, g, & The small fetter f has two. 45. Retouching/Patching — going back to repair a defective portion of a stroke. 46. Retrace/Retracing — a stroke that goes back over another writing stroke; any part of a stroke which is superimposed upon the original stroke. 47, Spur— short, horizontal beginning stroke. 48. Staff — backspace of a letter; seen in small letters. 49. ShanRStem/Main Stroke — the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in capital letters. 50. Tick/Hitch — any short stroke, which usually occurs at the top of the letters. 51. Linear letters — lower case letters having no ascending loops pr stems, or descending loops or stems. Minuscules (small letter) 52. Supralinear — letters that extend a distance vertically above the linear letters. dt) 53. Infralinear — letters that extend a distance vertically below the baseline of the writing. @,jp) HANDWRITING EXAMINATION PROCEDURES: In Questioned Document examination, the examiner applies the ACE V-Method. A- Analyzation c- Comparison E- Evaluation V- Verification |Analization Principles in choosing standards of comparison 1. Same general class 2. Contemporaneous in date 3. Availability of handwriting 4. Acceptability of standards 5. Proved to be genuineChapter 3 Laboratory work Activity title: Name:. Date: Section. Grades Instructions: 1. Look for a handwritten document and identify the diffe characteristics. 2. Create any scenario that involves handwriting document evidence. Follow the handwriting examination procedures present it in front of the class. 3. Identify and attach pictures of the different kinds of Questic Document Examination equipment. Name the equipment, an¢: out its function/s. 18Chapter 4 Paper Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the students can: i Explain the history of papers. 4 Distinguish and elaborate the development of papers and its process of making papers. iit. — Examine the age of papers and can identify materials marked in a paper. laper Taken from the fibers of vegetables made in a form of sheet that comes from the Latin word papyrus, which was discovered by the Egyptians. It comprises a pith of a grass-like plant which was sliced in layers and beaten or pressed into sheets. Specimens bearing written characters have been found in Egyptian tombs around 3500 BC and placed in history underlined by the fact that most of the Greek and Roman scholars were written upon it. Bistory of paper The history of paper dates back almost 2,000 years to when inventors in China first crafted cloth sheets to record their drawings and wiitings. Before then, people communicated through pictures and symbols etched on stone, bones, cave walls, or clay tablets. Paper as we know it foday was first made in Lei-Yang, China by Ts'aiLun, a Chinese court official. In all likelihood, Ts'ai mixed mulberry bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into pulp, pressed out the liquid, and hung the thin mat fo dry in the sun. During the 8th century, Muslims (from the region that is now Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq) learned the Chinese secret of papermaking when they captured a Chinese paper mill. Later, when the Muslims invaded Europe, they brought this secret with them. The first paper mill was built in Spain, and soon, paper was being made at mills all across Europe. Over the next 800 years, paper was used for printing important books, bibles, .and legal documents. England began making large supplies of paper in the late 15th century and supplied the colonies with paper for many years. Finally, in 1690, the first U.S. paper mill was built in Pennsylvania. At first, American paper mills used the Chinese method of shredding old rags and clothes into individual fibers to make paper. As 31the demand for paper grew, the mills changed !o use fiber from 4, because Wood was less expensive and more abundant than clo,” Today, paper is made from trees mostly grown on working ley, and from tecoveted paper. Recycling has always been a Pay’ papermaking, When you recycle your used paper, paper mills vjy,” it to make new newspapers, notebook paper, paper grocery by, corrugated boxes, envelopes, magazines, cartons, and other Pry! products. Besides using recovered paper and trees to make paper, py mills may also use wood chips and sawdust left over from ly operations (whose products are used to make houses, furniture, r other things). Today, more than 36 percent of the fiber used to mg, new paper products in the United States comes from recycled SOurg. (http//:www.paperrecycle.org) T’sailun (Father of paper) The early paper was discovered during the excavation of tor; of the former Han Dynasty (2017 BC-9 AD) have revealed in a sik cl the texts of Lao Tzu, the father of Taoism (born in 604 BC). In 1054p Han emperor Ho-Ti’s chief eunuch T'saiLun experimented with a wid variety of materials and refined the process of macerating the fiber, plants until each filament was completely separated. The individual fibers were mixed with water in a large vat. Next, screen was submerged in the vat and lifted up through the wat catching the fibers on its surface. When dried, this thin layer ¢ intertwined fiber became what we call today "Paper". 610 A,D.- Bhuddist monks gradually spread the art to japan. Pop making became an essential part of Japanese culture and was us for writing materials for making fans, garments, dolls and as ° important component of houses, ®iher information related to Paper: 1. Papyrus- The ancient Egyptians were the first to solve i demanding technological problem of manufacturing exceptionally high-quality writing materials. They did so as=~ the first Dynasty (3100-2900 BC), since an uninscribed roll of papyrus was found in a mastaba(tomb) at Saqqara. . Scroll- A scroll is a large roll of parchment, papyrus, paper, or another flexible writing material which is used to store and display printed information. (htip//: www.wisegeek.com) . Codex- Made of hard materials or thicker than any paper used for covering the leaves. Usually made of thin wood, leather or skin of animals. . Vellum- The term vellum from the French “veau" refers to a parchment made from calf skin. The manufacture of parchment is quite involved. After the skin is removed from the animal and any hair or flesh is cleaned away, it is stretched on a wooden frame. While it is stretched, the parchment maker or parchminer scrapes the surface of the skin with a special curved knife. In order to create tension in the skin, scraping is alternated by wetting and drying the skin. The parchment is scraped, wetted, and dried several times to bring it to the right thickness and tautness. Sometimes a final finish is achieved using pumice as an abrasive followed by chalk in order to prepare the surface of the skin to accept ink. (http//: www.archive.org) Parchment- Parchment paper is made from cellulose fibers prepared from fir trees or plants such as cotton or flax. Paper can be made which mimics the thickness and smooth surface of parchment. The terms refer to the finish of the paper and should not be relied upon as an indicator ofits long-term stability. (nttp//: www.archive.org) Paper- is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. (htip//: www.wikipedia.com) 33ffloterials that 1, Paper fastener- A brass fastener, brad, paper fastener or spjit bi is a stationery item used for securing multiple sheets of Pap, together. The fastener is inserted into punched holes in the Stag of paper, and the leaves, or tines, of the legs are separateq Qn, bent over to secure the paper. 2. Bank pin- a device used for fastening objects or material together. Pins often have two components: a long body ang sharp tip made of steel, or occasionally copper or brass, and larger head often made of plastic. 3. Paper clip- Is an instrument used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape, 4. Scotch tape- Transparent adhesive tape. Invented by Richard Drew of Minnesota, USA. 1930. 5. Adhesive substances- a sticky paste used to stick papers together.Chapter 5 Writing Instrument (Extensions) Whiting instruments and their Characteristics: http //: i Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the students can: a Enumerate and discuss information related to writing instruments, fi. Describe writing instruments. iii. Explain the different parts of writing instruments. 1. Bronze or bone tools- (Around 4000 BC) Man scratches the surface of moist clay tablet with a bronze or bone tool. 2. Reed pens of Egyptians- (Around 3000 BC) The Egyptians developed a form of writing with pictures. For writing on papyrus scrolls scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens. 3. Metal stylus of Romans- (1300 BC) The Romans developed a form of writing, that they scribed into thin sheets of wax (on wooden tablets). Romans used a metal stylus. When they no longer needed the writing, they rubbed it out with the flat end of stylus. In Asia scribes used a bronze stylus. 4. Quill pen- (600-1800 AD) The Europeans found that writing parchment with a quill pen altered the style of their writing. At first They used capital letters all the time, but later they developed faster styles with small letters. Quill Pens (firstly appeared in Seville, Spain) were the writing instrument from600 to 1800 AD. 5. Pencil- (1790s) Pencil lead was invented independently in France and Australia. 6. Pens with metal nib- (1800-1850) a metal pen point has been patented in 1803 but patent was not commercially exploited. Steel nibs came into common use in the 1830s. By the 19th century metal nibs had replaced quill pens. By 1850quill pen usage was fading and the qualify of the steel nibs had been improved by tipping them with hard alloys of Iridium, Rhodium and Osmium. 7. Fountain pen — (1884) Lewis Edson Waterman, insurance broker invented the first proper fountain pen. 36g. Ball point pen- (1940s) The modern version of ball point pen was invented by Josef (Lazio) and Goorg Biro. On summer 1943 the first commercial models were made. Tho righls to Lazlo’s patont were bought by the British Government, The ball point pen is more rugged than the fountain pen which may be why sales rocketed during World War Il. v 1888-1916- The principle of the ball point pen actually dates frorn the late 19th Century when patents were taken oul by John Loud in 1888 for a produc! to matk leather and in 1916 by Vun Vechten Riesberg. However, neither of these Patenis was exploited commercially. October 1945- The ball point pen was introduced to the U.S. market. The pen was sold as "The first pen !o write underwater’ this must have been an unsatisfied demand as some 10,000 were sold at the launch at Gimbel's deportment store in New York on October 29th 1945. 9. Inexpensive ball point pens (BIC Co.}- (1953) First inexpensive ball point pens were available when the French Baron, Bich, developed the industrial process for manufacturing ball point pens that lowered the unit cost dramatically (BIC,Co.). 10. Felt-tipped pens (Tokyo Stationery Company) — (1980s) It was invented fiber, or felt-tipped pen (Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan). Paper mate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever since. Following their initial success with felt-tips, manufacturers branched out with a variety of fiber-tipped instruments, including newly popular highlighters. 11. Roller ball pens- (1980s-1990s) Roller Ball Pens. The introduction of the roller ball pen has been made in the early 1980s. Unlike the thick ink used in a conventional ball point, roller ball pen employs a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological advances achieved during the late 1980sand early 1990s have greatly improved the roller ball's overall performance. 12. Ring-Pens (GRANDEE Corporation) — (From 1997) Ring Pens’ mass Production (GRANDEE Corporation) This pens designed to write without gripping the pens with 3 fingers.Chapter 6 Inks & Dyes Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the Students can: i Elaborate the evolution of Dyes and Inks. Explain the process of how inks are made. iii. Perform forensic examination in identifying the content of inks, Bistory of Inks Three (3) types of Inks: 1. Pigments with binder 2. Dyes 3. Iron gall inks (through chemical precipitation) Over 1700 years ago, the Chinese developed solid ink, in the form of sticks or cakes. They used soot and animal glue to produce it. They then shaved Off bits of it and mixed them with water, to produce instant ink whenever they had to write something. This ink was used throughout East Asia for traditional calligraphy, with brushed or bamboo pens. Various colored juices, extracts and suspensions of substances from plants, animals and minerals, including alizarin, indigo, pokeberries, cochineal and sepia, were used to develop ink at that time. For centuries, soluble iron salt was mixed with an extract of tanning and used as writing ink. This is still the basis of modern blue-black inks. In the 11'* century, the Chinese developed block printing with heavier, more gelatinous inks. In Medieval Europe, scribes used parchments instead of paper. But since parchment papers were greasy, carbon inks performed poorly on them. Various experiments were carried out to produce a suitable ink and finally, iron gall inks were invented, by mixing tonic acid with an iron salt. They came into use around 9" century. This ink was initially transparent and when applied to the parchment, the acid and salt in it chemically reacted, to leave a dark residue that penetrated the paper and left permanent markings. Gum Arabic was added as a water-soluble thickener, to improve the ink’s flow and longevity. 392500 HC Ancient Cpyptlan and Chinese clvilizations both developed ink around this time, They created ink using fine carbon particles, or lamp black. These carly ploncers also worked with gums or glues to act as a bonding agent. 23" Century BC The Chinese would grind natural plant dyes and minerals with water than applied it to Ink brushes, 4" Century BC India ink becomes popular medium in China. India ink is made of burnt bones, tar and pitch usually written sharp pointed needle. 3™ Century BC-68 AD Earliest examples of India ink were found on the Dead Sea Scrolls where collection of biblical manuscripts found northeast of the Dead Sea. st'—15" Century AD During the middle ages, carbon inks and iron gall inks were in common use. > Carbon Inks — made of lamp black or soot and bound with animal glue. > Iron gall ink - made of iron salts and tannic acids from vegetable sources, This is the standard ink in Europe from 12"" Century to the 19" Century. > William Shakespeare attests to the use of iron gall ink in his play, entitled “twelfth night”, written around 1602. 15" Century Johannes Gutenberg invented an oil-based ink that was more suitable than the water based inks of the time for printing w/ the metal type of his printing press. 1856 AD German chemist Schlutigg and Nuemann Published a Formula which they thought was the best recipe for iron gall ink. (http//:www.visual.ly) (http//:www.lifestyle.iloveindia.com)CHAPTER 7 Signature § Forgery anne: at the end of this chapter, the Students can: Discuss the importance of signature and differentiate the kinds of forge signature. Explain the legality as a consequence of forging a signature, Forensically examine signatures as to their authenticity or forgery. Signature — is a name or a mark that a person puts at the end of a document to attest and ratifies the content in it, Forgery — can be committed by any person who, with intent to defraud, signs the name of another person or of a fictitious person, knowing that he has no authority to do so, or falsely alters, forges or counterfeits any check, draft, due bill for the payment of money or property; or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting of another, knowing the same to be fake, altered, forged or counterfeited, with intent to prejudice, damage, or defraud any person. v Forgery may be produced under many processes, ranging from the mere writing of the name without an attempt to resemble the genuine model signature to the more complicated process of tracing or simulation to produce a close resemblance or facsimile of the genuine signature. Purpose of signature: 1. The provenance of the document (identity) 2. The intention (will) of an individual with regard to that document Kinds of Forged Signature: 1. Simple (Spurious) 2. Simulated (Freehand) 3. Traced 4. Stamped Facsimile S. Computer scanning Essence of Signature 1. A signature is a word most practiced by many people and therefore most fluently written. 422. A signature is a means to identify a person and have a great personal significance. 3. Asignature is written with little attention to spelling and some other details, 4. Asignature is a word written without conscious thought about the mechanics of its production and is written automatically. 5. Asignature is the only word the illiterate can write with confidence. Suggested steps in the examination of signature: 1. Must have a Standard/exemplar and Questioned Signature for comparison examination. 2. The Standard signature must be gathered either: a. Collected b. Requested c. Post litenmotan 3. The interpretation of characteristics in signature examination is similar to handwriting examination. Bases of forgery examination e Re-touching © Loop formation © Stroke formation e Alignment © Diacritics © Initial/terminal strokes NotesCHAPTER 8 IDENTIFICATION OF BSP NOTES AND COINS Outputs: at the end of this chapter, the Students can: 4 Give information regarding circulation and the system in making coins and banknotes. “i. Identify the different features of New Generation Banknotes, ji. Examine the authenticity of coins and banknotes, Circulating life of a banknote The circulating life of banknotes ranges from one to five years, depending on the circulating frequency and cash handling habit of the general public. Since the lower denominations circulate faster, they have a much shorter lifespan than the higher denominations. How a banknote is made The making of banknote starts with the conceptualization of design. The concept is drawn by an artist into a prototype banknote. Once the prototype is approved, a master die is prepared from which printing plates are produced. Production then takes place involving the following steps: Litho Printing. Impressions are printed on a rubber blanket cylinder. These are in turn transferred to the sheets of banknote paper. Both sides of the sheets are printed simultaneously with multi-color or rainbow background prints. Intaglio Printing. After the background colors are printed, engraved features of the banknote are printed at the intaglio machines, which produce the tactile or embossed effect on the banknotes. Sheet Inspection. The printed sheets are inspected for printing faults. Defective notes are cancelled and incinerated for security reasons. Numbering. The good sheets go to the numbering machines for the printing of serial numbers. Tenning.Numbered sheets undergo inspection of every tenth sheet for other printing defects which were not detected earlier. Finishing. The numbered sheets finally go through finishing which involves cutting into notes, counting, and packaging. The following are the characteristics, designs and distinct features of BSP banknotes: 451) PAPER: Feelthe paper the genuine note ts printed on a special Hind of pape, which is rough when you run your fingers through it, It does not glow Under the ulte violet hight, During paper manufacture, the water marks, 5 (ny fiber, security threads and indescent band are included WATERMARK | [xamine the watermarks on the unprinted portion of the note. the watermark is the silhouette of the portrait appearing on the face of th, note. Sharp details of the light and shadow effect can be seen when the not, is viewed against the light. The contours of the features of the silhouette ¢, be felt by running the finger over the design on relatively new notes. SECURITY FIBERS: Inspect the security fibers- Embedded red and blue visib|. fibers are scattered at random on both surfaces of a genuine note and can be readily picked off by means of any pointed instrument. . EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD — view the embedded security thread: the embedded security thread is a special thread vertically implanted off center of the note during paper manufacture. This can easily be seen when the note viewed against the light. It appears as a broken line for 20's and straight line for 50's, 100’s 500's and 1000's. . WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD- View the windowed security thread on the improved version of 100’s 500’s, and 1000 peso notes and the new 200 peso notes. The windowed security thread is a narrow security thread vertically located like “stitches” at the face of the note with a clear text of the numerical value in repeated sequence and changes in color from magenta to green to magenta depending on the angle of view. . IRIDESCENT BAND- look for the iridescent band on the improved portion of 100’s, 500’s and 1000 peso notes and the new 200 peso notes- a wide glistening gold vertical stripe with the numerical value printed in series. . PORTRAIT- appears life-like. The eyes “sparkle”. Shading is formed by the fine lines that give the portrait a characteristics facial expression which is extremely difficult to replicate. . SERIAL NUMBER —Composed of 1 or 2 prefix letters and 6 or 7 digits. The letters and numerical are uniform in size and thickness, evenly spaced and well- aligned; they glow under ultra-violet. A banknote with six “O” digit serial number is a specimen note and not a legal tender. |. BACKGROUND/LACEWORK DESIGN- the background designs are made up of multicolored and well-defined lines. The lacework designs are composed of web-crossing lines which are continuous and traceable even at the intersection. a 461O.VIGNETTE — the lines and dashes composing the vignette are fine, distinct and sharp; the varying color give: out” of the paper 11.VALUE PANEL — 1 vivid look to the picture that makes it “stand eck the numerical found at the four corners of the front and. back of the note. The numerical denote the denomination of the note, 12. COLOR = Recognize predominant color of each denomination 1000 peso—blue pen Green 5Opeso red iwc yelioe 100 peso- Mauve = 20 peso orange Note: The BSP has stopped printing bank notes for 10 and 5 pesos. They are being replaced by coins. However, the existing 10 and 5 pesos bank notes remain legal tender. 13.FLOURESCENT PRINTING- Look for the presence of the fluorescent print when the note is exposed under the ultra-violet light- the fluorescent print is the invisible numerical value located of the center of the face of the note that glows when exposed to ultra violet light. 14. MICROPRINTING-verify under the lens the presence of the micro-printing on the denominations 50’s, 200’s 500 and 1000 Micro-printing are the minute and finely printed words “BankoSentralngPilipinas” or “Central Bank of the Philippines” located at the face or back of the note that are clearly printed and readable. 15.CONCEALED VALUE — check the concealed value on the 500 peso denomination- this concealed value is located at the lower left corner of the face of the note and is recognizable when the note is held at eye level. OPTICALLY VARIABLE INK — check the optically variable ink on the 1000 peso denomination- it changes color from green to blue or blue to green when the note is held in a different angle. Definition of coin Coin is a piece of metal stamped with certain marks and made current at a certain value. Minor coins — The minor coins of the Philippines are the coins below ten-centavo denomination. a7Coins “Genuine coins show an even flow of metallic grains. Most counterfeit coins feel greasy and appear slimy.” Counterfeiting Is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and banknotes, With intent to defraud others into accepting it as the genuine item. Uttering Means to pass counterfeited coins. Legal Tender Power All notes and coins issued by BSP are fully guaranteed by the Republic of the Philippines and shall be legal tender in the Philippines all debts, both public ang private. Unless otherwise fixed by the monetary board, coins shall be legal tender in amounts not exceeding P50.00 for denominations of Twenty-five centavos anq above, and in amounts not exceeding P20.00 for denominations of ten centavos o, less. (Sec. 51, New Central Bank Act) LAWS ON FORGERY & COUNTERFEIT ARTICLE 161- Counterfeiting the great seal, forging Counterfeiting Seal of Government, Signature and Stamp of President. Example: Forging the Signature of the President of the Republic of the Philippines is a violation of Article 161. Article 162- Use of forged signature, counterfeit seal or stamp Elements: 1. That the seal of the Republic was counterfeited, or signature or stamp of thé Chief Executive was forged by another person; 2. That the offender knew of the counterfeiting or forgery; 3. That he used the counterfeit seal or forged signature or stampForgery includes falsification and counterfelting With the definition given in this article, the crime of counterfeiting of forging treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to bearer or to order includes (1) acts of counterfeiting or forging sand instruments, and (2) acts of falsification. PD 247 (July 18, 1973) 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person to willfully deface, mutilate, tear, burn or destroy, in any manner whatsoever, currency notes and coins issued by the CBP; and 2. That any person who shall violate this Decree shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than twenty thousand peso and/or imprisonment of not more than five years. Art. 170. Falsification of Legislative Documents Altering any bill, resolution, or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval by either House of the Legislature or any provincial board or municipal council. ARTICLE 171-Falsification by Public Officer, Employee or Notary or Ecclesiastical Minister Elements: 1. That the offender is a public officer, employee or notary public or ecclesiastical minister; The ecclesiastical minister is liable under this article if he shall commit any of the acts of falsification with respect to any record or document of such character that falsification may affect the civil status of persons. 2. That he takes advantage of his official position. Art.172 — Falsification by private individuals and use of falsified document Art. 173- Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph, and telephone messages, and use of said falsified messages. Y Private individual cannot be a principal by direct participation in falsification of telegraphic dispatches under Art. 173 Art. 174- FALSE MEDICAL CERTIFICATES, FALSE CERTFICATE OF MERIT OF SERVICE. Certificate- is any writing by which testimony is given that a fact has or has not taken place. Y Unless he is an employee of the corporation Y But a private individual can be held criminally liable as principal by inducement. 50ART. 175- USING FALSE CERTIFICATES, Elements: (using fictitious name) 1. That the offender uses a name other than his real name, 2. That he uses that fictitious name publicly; 3. That the purpose of the offender is a. To conceal a crime; b. To evade the execution of a judgment; c. To cause damage to public interest Notes S1