The figure below represents a schematic representation of a lake having various inflows and outflows.

Using the data given in the figure, please calculate the pollutant concentration in stream B at steady state conditions?
It is desired to produce unslaked (unhydrated) lime (CaO) for use in a water-softening process from the combustion
of a sludge containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The sludge has the dry-basis composition of 80% CaCO3 and
20% inert material. The reaction proceeds according to the equation

CaCO3(s) ↔ CO2 + CaO(s)

Determine how many tons of CaO(s) plus inert material will be produced from 100 tons of a wet sludge containing
40% water on a weight basis.
(From the textbook: Problem 1.6)
 A tightly closed 1 L flask initially containing 7.4 g of liquid n-decane is left undisturbed for ten weeks on a shelf at
25° C. What percentage of n-decane would you expect to find remaining in its liquid form after this period? Show
your calculations and state your assumptions.

Pertinent property data for n-decane at 25° C are Cs = 0.015 mg/L, Pv = 1.74 × 10-3 atm, KH = 6.9 atm-m3/mol, log
Kow = 6.25, MW = 142 g/mol, ρ = 0.74 g/mL.
(From the textbook: Problem 2.6)
The benzene hold on an oil tanker transiting a lock in the Panama Canal is ruptured by a spar that breaks loose from an on-
board derrick. As a result of the spill, approximately a 2-cm thick benzene film forms over the entire water surface of the
lock. The volume of affected biota (i.e., aquatic organisms) is estimated as 0.3 m3. The biota-water partition coefficient is
12 cm3/g (at 25°C) and the density of the biota is approximately 1.12 g/cm3. Determine the anticipated effect of this
accident on:
a) the concentration of benzene (mg/L) in the air in the immediate vicinity of the lock, and
b) the mass of benzene (kg) in the biota at 25°C.

(From the textbook: Problem 12.10)

The following reaction is carried out in a 10-L aqueous solution in a stirred tank
A+B → AB
At the outset of the reaction the reagents A and B are added to the reactor in equal 1-mole quantities. After 10
minutes the concentration of AB in the reactor is measured as 5 mmol/L. Determine an appropriate rate constant.
State all assumptions made in arriving at your answer.
(From the textbook: Problem 7.1)
4. (30 pts) Ammonia, NH3, is a common constituent of many natural waters and wastewaters. In treating water
containing ammonia at a water-treatment plant, the ammonia reacts with the disinfectant hypochlorous acid
(HOCI) in solution to form monochloroamine (NH2CI) as follows:
NH3 + HOCI- → NH2CI + H2O
The rate law for this reaction is
d[NH3 ]
= −k[HOCI − ][NH3 ]
𝑑𝑡
a) What is the reaction order with respect to NH3?
b) What order is this reaction overall?
c) If the HOCI- concentration is held constant and equals 10-6 M, and the rate constant equals 5.1×106 L/mole-s at
25 °C, calculate the time required to reduce the concentration of NH3 to one-half its original value.
d) If the same reaction is repeated at 35 °C and the HOCI- concentration is kept at 10-5 M, calculate the time
required to reduce the initial concentration of NH3 by 99.9%. Assume that θ = 1.047.

(From Mihelcic et al., 1999: Problem 3.6)

5. (20 pts) Ozone decomposes in water according to the reaction,

2O3 ⇌ 3O2

The residual ozone concentrations (𝐶𝑂 3 ) in an aqueous solution of pH 9 as a function of time

in the absence of any constituent which may be oxidized are given below:

Time (sec) 𝐶𝑂 3 (mg/L)

0 2.00
30 1.50
60 1.05
90 0.82
120 0.57

It is thought that the rate of ozone decomposition is non-elementary (i.e., that the
decomposition proceeds through a series of intermediate steps). Use the data set given and the
integral method of analysis to determine the effective order of the reaction (0.5, 1, 2 or 3) and
the value of the associated rate coefficient.

(From the textbook: Problem 7.6)

A reactor is to be designed in which the oxidation of cyanide (CN-) to cyanate (CNO-) is to occur by the following reaction

0.5 O2 + CN- ⇌ CNO-

The reactor is to be a tank that is vigorously stirred so that its contents are completely mixed, and into and out of which
there is a constant flow of waste and treated effluent, respectively. The feed stream flow rate is 1 MGD, and contains 15,000
mg/L CN-. The desired reactor effluent concentration is 10 mg/L CN-. Assume that oxygen is in excess and that the reaction
is directly proportional to the cyanide concentration, with a rate constant of k = 0.5 sec-1. Determine the volume of reactor
required to achieve the desired treatment objective, if the reactor behaves as
a) an ideal PFR,
b) an ideal CSTR, or
a system consisting of 2 equal size ideal CSTRs connected in-series
A liquid-phase reaction takes place in two CSTR reactors operating at steady state in parallel and at the same
temperature. One reactor is twice the size of the other. The total feed stream is split proportional to their volumes
between the two reactors to achieve a desired removal efficiency. The smaller reactor needs to be taken out of service
for repair. If the total feed rate stays the same, how much does the removal efficiency change (in percentage)? Assume
that the reaction is first order and take the reaction rate as the reciprocal of the residence time of the smaller reactor.