UNDERSTANDING THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND THE

GOVERNMENT
What is Government?
Government is the agency or instrument that expresses and carries out the will of the
state.
What is a State?
A State is community of people permanently occupying a definite territory independent
of outside legal control and instituting a government for the general well-being to be secured
through law.
Extent of Authority of the Philippine Government.
The Philippines may be national or local. A national government exercises authority and
control throughout the territory of the state. A Local government exist for the barangays,
municipalities/cities or provinces.
Form of Government.
The Constitution made the Philippines a republic, presidential and democratic
government both directly or indirectly and with three branches, namely, the executive, the
legislative and the judicial.
Constitution
It is a written or unwritten instrument that serves as the fundamental or supreme law of
the land.
Why is the Philippine Government Republican?
It is republican because the people exercises legislative power through congress,
executive powers through the president and judicial powers through the judiciary. The republican
government observes the doctrine of the separation of powers, and the system of check and
balance and adheres to governance of law and not of men, public accountability and rule of state
immunity,
It is a state headed by a President
Why a Direct Democratic Government?
It is a system of government where the people exercise governmental powers such as
legislative, executive and judicial by way of the system of initiative and referendum. The
Philippines as stated in the Constitution is a democratic state and sovereignty resides in the
people and government authorities emanates from them.
However, the Filipino people control and direct the internal and external affairs generally
through their chosen representatives and therefore is an indirect democratic government as well.

Structure of the Government

The government is composed of three (3) branches, namely, the legislative, the executive
and the judiciary.
The legislative branch is charged with the function of making laws of which the
executive branch complements. The judicial branch takes charge in interpreting the laws made
by the legislative branch or orders made by the executive branch.
 The different agencies that implements government services to the people are under the
regulation and supervision of the President.

Supremacy of the Constitution.

It means that if a law contract violates any norm of the constitution, the law or contract
whether promulgated by the legislative or by the executive branch or entered into by persons of
private purpose, is null and void and without any force and effect.
The Preamble in the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
The Preamble is the introduction that explains the reason for its enactment and the object
sought for accomplishment.

PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a government that shall embody our
ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence
and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution
Supremacy of Civilian Authority.
It means that civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The armed
Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the state. Its goal is to secure the
sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory.
Policy of the State on War.
The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy and adopts the general
accepted principles of international law as part of the laws of the land and adheres to the policy
of peace, equality, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations. (Art. II, Section 2, 1987 Phil.
Constitution).
Prime Duty of the Philippine Government.
It is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend
the state, and in the fulfillment thereof, all citizen may be required under the conditions provided
by law, to render personal military or civil service (Sec. 4)
Bill of Rights
A Bill of Rights embodies statements of individual rights and immunities to protect him
from government excesses and oppression (Art. III, 1987 Phil. Constitution).
Example:
a. The right of a person to be secure in his/her person, house, parents and effects against
 b. unreasonable searches and seizures. It is the right of a person not to allow his person,
house, office, papers and effects to be searched without a search warrant issued by a
judge.
c. The right of a person under investigation. It is the right of a person to remain silent and
to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person
cannot afford a counsel, he must be provided with one.
d. Right of an accused. A person is presumed innocent until the contrary is proven beyond
reasonable doubt.
e. The right of a person under detention is to be treated as a human being.
Due Process of Law
It is a law which rears before it condemns, which proceed upon inquiry and renders
judgment only after trial. It means that every citizen shall hold his life, liberty and
property and immunities under the protection of the general rules that govern society.
Right against self-incrimination
It means that no person shall be compelled to be witness against himself. (Sec. 17, Art.
III, 1987 Phil. Constitution)
END OF TOPIC

DEVELOPING GOOD CITIZENSHIP

Citizenship is term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership
implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part member and duty of protection on the part
of the state.
A citizen on the other hand is a person having the title citizenship. He is a member of a
democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights and its accorded protection
inside and outside the territory of the State.
Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution identifies the following as citizens of the
Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of said Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens of the Philippines; those born before
January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elects Philippine Citizenship upon reaching
the age of majority; and
3. Those who are neutralized in accordance with law.
The duties and obligations of a Filipino citizen among others in a democratic society are:
1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means faith and confidence in the Republic and love
and devotion to the country. The citizen must be proud of his country, its customs,
traditions, language and institutions, He must share in its glories and feel sad in its
misfortunes.
2. To defend the State. Since the citizens of the Republic receives benefits and protection
from the state of which they are part, in return, it is their prime and honorable duty to
defend it against any peril, whether from within or from outside.
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. This should be the concern of
every citizen for he will be the first to enjoy the benefits thereof. He can contribute to the
development and welfare of the State by paying taxes willingly and promptly, by
 4. cooperating in its activities and projects such as preservation of peace and order,
conservation of the natural resources and the promotion of social justice by patronizing
local products and trades and by engaging in productive work.
5. To uphold the Constitution and obey laws. Since the Constitution is the expression of the
sovereign will of our people.
6. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities.
7. To exercise rights responsibly and due regard for the rights of others.
8. To engage in gainful work. Every citizen must consider its his own responsibility and
should strive to become a useful and productive member of society to ensure not to only
himself but, more importantly, his family a life worth of human dignity.
Every citizen should bear in mind that only hard and sustained work can men and nation
live and survive.
8. To register and vote. It is through suffrage that the will of the people is expressed. The
quality of public officials and the policies of government, the success or failure of government
depends, directly and indirectly, upon the voters.
Voters must be discriminating in evaluating the credentials of candidates and not be
satisfied with only physical attributes and data.
Greatest ideals of every citizen must be patriotism or love of country. This is achieved through
the exercise of positive nationalism and the defense of our sovereignty when it is threatened by
outside and inside forces.
Next to loyalty to God is loyalty to country which is sealed by a pledge of allegiance.
Such loyalty is neither through compulsion or force, as motivated by certain material
considerations.
How can we demonstrate loyalty to our country?
As citizens, we have several objects of loyalty in our country, superiors or duly
constituted authorities, principle, our flag, our word of honor.
Filipino may differ in physical features but they are bound by their love for the country
they call their own. They are proud of the cultural heritage and prouder still to belong to a race of
people known for their courage and love of freedom.
Loyalty must be inspired by respect and faith in the cause to which we subscribe. It should not be
servility or fanaticism. Loyalty is based on love of country, respect of superiors, belief in the
cause and principle, reverence for national symbols and loyalty to one’s word of honor.
There is nothing worth having that the patriot will not give for his native land. Blood and
wealth and knowledge and effort, even life to be crushed and taken. (Andres Bonifacio)

END OF TOPIC

THE PHILIPPINE FLAG, NATIONAL ANTHEM AND PLEDGE

OF ALLEGIANCE
The Philippine flag represents the nation and should be given a place of honor. The national flag
is never dipped for a salute; it is not permitted to touch the ground. It is not used as a costume or
dress. No lettering or object should be placed on it.
 It was in Hong kong that the present flag was devised and adopted by the Junta Patriotica
(Patriotic Council) composed of exiled leaders under the leadership of General Aguinaldo, with
help of Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo and Lorenza Agoncillo.
The Philippine flag was first displayed in public view during the first Philippine
Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 with General Aguinaldo as the first Philippine
President.
Symbolism and Emblematic Design of the Philippine Flag
Blue- Stands for high political purpose and nobler deeds.
White- Stands for Purity and Peace.
Red- Stands for courage, bravery and heroism; The color of blood of those who are ready to die
for their country.
Gold/Yellow- Color of the sun and stars; It has not been given any political meaning. It was
chosen as the natural colors of the heavenly bodies to show brightness and splendor.
Triangle- Symbolizes equality and fraternity.
The Golden Sun- Stands for Liberty, Freedom and Light.
Eight rays of the sun- Stands for the first eight provinces to declare freedom from Spanish
bondage namely: Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite, Batangas, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and
Laguna.
Three Five-Pointed Stars- Represents the three geographical divisions of the Philippines,
namely Luzon, Visayas Mindanao
Proper Display of the Philippine Flag
ON THE POLE- the flag is hoisted briskly to the top of the pole. The blue field is up in time of
peace, while the red part is up in time of war. When lowering the flag from the pole, it is lowered
slowly.
DURING MOURNING- The flag is hoisted at half-mast (midway along the pole). The correct
way is to hoist the flag briskly to the top of the pole first allowing it to fly for the moment then
lowered slowly to midway along the pole. It may be raised but not lowered. When lowering the
flag during sunset, the flag is raised to the top-most of the pole briskly and then lowered slowly.
The president is the only one authorized to order Half-mast for National Mourning.
ON THE POLE- the flag is hoisted briskly to the top of the pole. The blue field is up in time of
peace, while the red part is up in time of war. When lowering the flag from the pole, it is lowered
slowly.
DURING MOURNING- The flag is hoisted at half-mast (midway along the pole). The correct
way is to hoist the flag briskly to the top of the pole first allowing it to fly for the moment then
lowered slowly to midway along the pole. It may be raised but not lowered. When lowering the
flag during sunset, the flag is raised to the top-most of the pole briskly and then lowered slowly.
The president is the only one authorized to order Half-mast for National Mourning.
WITH ANOTHER FLAG- When displayed with another flag, whether they are standing on a
pole or side-by-side, or crossed with another flag, the Philippine flag is always on the right (left
of the observer)
IN VERTICAL MANNER- the triangle is always up and the blue field on the right side (left of
the observer) during peace and the red field in time of war.
IN A HORIZONTAL MANNER- The triangle is on the right (left of the observer) and the blue
field is on top in time of peace and the red field on top in time of war.
ON A CASKET- The triangle is on the head of the cadaver, with blue field on the right side of
the deceased in time of peace. Wreath of flowers should not be placed on top of the flag-
shrouded casket. A cross may be paced over the National Flag as a symbol of “GOD ABOVE
COUNTRY” or “GOD ABOVE ALL”.
WITH THE NATIONAL ANTHEM- It is raised briskly at the first note of music and is held at
the top until the last note of the music after which the halyards are fastened to the pole. When
lowering the flag, it is lowered slowly at the first note of music in such a way that it reaches the
base of the pole on the last note of the anthem. ENTRANCE OF COLORS- All attendees shall stand
during the entrance and remain standing until colors have been mounted. Before the flag is mounted,
Color bearer will face the audience with flag on the straps during the signing of the National Anthem.
Only after the completion of the anthem may the colors be mounted on the flag stand.

“PANUNUMPA NG KATAPATAN SA WATAWAT

Ako ay Pilipino
Buong Katapatang Manunumpa
Sa Watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa Bansang kanyang isinasagisag
Na may dangal, Katarungan at Kalayaan,
Na pinakikilos ng Sambayanang Maka-Diyos,
Makakalikasan, Maka-tao at Makabansa.
The Philippine National Anthem was first known as “Himmo National Filipino”. It was
composed by Julian Filipe. It was first played during the Philippine Independence on June 12,
1898. After a year Jose Palma, a soldier and poet wrote the lyrics in Spanish. Later the English
version was written by Camilo Osias.
Honors to the National Anthem or the Colors.
a. OUTDOOR
1. At the first note of the music all dismounted personnel present will face the music.
Stand at attention and render the prescribed salute at the escort of the colors or at Retreat when
they will face towards the color and salute.
2. Vehicles in motion will be brought to a halt. Persons riding a passenger car or a
motorcycle will dismount and salute as prescribed above. Occupants of combat vehicles will
remain in their vehicle but stand at attention and salute.
3. The above respect to the National Colors is rendered to the National Anthem and
Colors of friendly nations.
b. INDOORS- When the national anthem is played, officers and men will stand at attention and
face the music or flag but do not salute.
END OF TOPIC

MILITARY LEADERSHIP
THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF LEADERSHIP IS TO DEVELOP TEAMWORK IN
ORDER TO ACHIEVE COMMON GOAL OR PURPOSE.
DEFINITION
MILITARY LEADERSHIP – is the art of influencing men in a way that will win their
obedience, confidence and respect, and their loyal cooperation in achieving a common objective.
 THERE ARE TWO (2) OTHER DEFINITIONS OF THE WORD BASED ON THE
TWO (2) TYPES OF LEADERSHIP.
AUTHORITARIAN – defines leadership as the imposition of one’s will upon a group in
order to perform task. this implies reliance by the leader upon authority & an expectation of
unquestioning obedience from the followers.
LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADER – defines as the achievement of a goal through a group’s effort
with the leadership role shifting in response to different requirements. the simple implications of
the later definition are that the leadership shift from one person to person. thus, when a mission
fails, this can be attributed to a group.

FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP
A. KNOW YOURSELF & SEEK SELF IMPROVEMENT:
to know yourself, you must understand whom you are & know what your preferences,
strengths, & weaknesses are. knowing yourself allows you to take advantage of your
weaknesses.
seeking self-improvement means continually developing your strengths & working on
overcoming your weaknesses. this will increase your competence & the confidence of your
soldier have in your ability to train & lead.
B. BE TECHNICALLY & TACTICALLY PROFICIENT:
You are expected to be technically & tactically proficient at your job. This means that you
can accomplish all task to standard that are required to accomplish the mission.
in addition, you are responsible for training your soldiers to do their job & for understudying
your leader in the event you must assume those duties.
you develop technical & tactical proficient through a combination of tactics. Techniques &
procedures you learn while attending formal schools (institutional training), your day to day jobs
(operational assignments), & from professional reading & personal study (self-improvement)
C. Seek responsibility & take responsibility for your actions:
Leading always involves responsibility. You want subordinates who can handle
responsibility & help you perform your mission. Similarly, your leaders want you to take the
initiative within their stated intent. When you see a problem or something that needs to be fixed,
do not wait for your leader to tell you to act.
War fighting doctrine requires bold leaders at all levels who exercise initiative, & take
advantage of opportunities on the battlefield that will lead to victory. When you make mistakes,
accept just criticism & take corrective action. Your objective should be to build trust between
you & your leaders as well as between you & those you lead by seeking & accepting
responsibility.
D. MAKE SOUND & TIMELY DECISIONS:
You must be able to rapidly assess situations & make sound decisions. If you delay or try to
avoid making a decision, you may cause unnecessary casualties & fail to accomplish the mission.
decisive leaders create hesitancy, loss of confidence & confusion. You must be able to
anticipate & reason under the most trying conditions & quickly decide what actions to take.
Here some guidelines to help you lead effectively:
1. Gather essential information before making your decisions.
2. Announce decisions in time for your soldier to react. Good decisions made at right
time are better than the best decisions made to late.
 3. Consider the short & long-term effects of your decisions.
E. SET THE EXAMPLE:
Your soldiers want & need you to be a model. This is a heavy responsibility, but you have no
choice. No aspect of leadership is more powerful. If you expect courage, competence, candor,
commitment & integrity from your soldiers you must demonstrate them. Your soldiers will
imitate your behavior. You must set high but attainable standards, be willing to do what you
require of your soldier & share dangers & hardship with your soldiers. Your personal example
affects your soldiers more than any amount of instructions or form of discipline. You are their
role model.
F. KNOW YOUR SOLDIER & LOOK OUT FOR THEIR WELL-BEING:
you must know & care for your soldiers. it is enough to know their names & hometowns.
you need to understand what make them “tick” & learn what is important to them in life. you
need to commit time & effort to listen & learn about your soldiers.
when you show genuine concern for your troops, they trust & respect you as a leader. telling
your subordinates, you care about them has no meaning unless they see you demonstrating care.
although slow to build, trust & respect can be destroyed quickly. if your soldiers trust you, they
will willingly work to help you accomplish missions.
G. KEEP YOUR SUBORDINATES INFORMED:
Keeping your subordinates informed help them make decisions & execute plans within your
intent, encourages initiative, improves teamwork, enhances morale, they expect you to keep them
informed & when possible, explain reasons for your orders.
H. DEVELOP A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY IN YOUR SUBORDINATES:
Your subordinates will feel a sense of pride & responsibility when they successfully
accomplish a new task you have given them. Delegation indicates you trust your subordinates &
will make them want even more responsibility. As a leader, you are a teacher & responsible for
developing subordinates. Give them challenges & opportunities you feel they can handle. Give
them more responsibility when they show you they are ready. Their initiative will amaze you.
I. ENSURE THE TASK IS UNDERSTOOD, SUPERVISED AND ACCOMPLISHED:
Your soldiers must understand what you expect from them. They need to know what you
want done, what the standard is, & when you want it done. Supervising lets you know if your
soldiers understand your orders; it shows your interest in them & in mission accomplishment.
Over supervision causes resentment & under supervision causes frustration. Accept
performance that meets your standards, reward performance that exceeds your standards; correct
performance that does not meet your standards. Determine the cause of the poor performance &
take appropriate action.
J. BUILD THE TEAM:
War fighting is a team activity. You must develop a team spirit among your soldiers that
motivate them to go willingly & confidently into combat in a quick transition from peace to war.
Your soldiers need confidence in your abilities to lead them & in their abilities to perform as
members of the team.
you must train & cross train your soldiers until they are confident in the team’s technical &
tactical abilities. Your unit becomes a team only when your soldier’s trust & respect you & each
other as trained professionals & see the importance of their contributions to the unit.
K. EMPLOY YOUR UNIT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CAPABILITIES:
Your unit has capabilities & limitations. You are responsible to recognize both of these
factors. Your soldiers will gain satisfaction from performing tasks there are reasonable &
challenging but will be frustrated if tasks are too easy, unrealistic, or unattainable.
your challenge as a leader is to attain, sustain & enforce high standards of combat readiness
through tough, realistic multi-echelon combined arms training designed to develop & challenge
each soldier & unit.

QUALITIES OF A LEADER
A. ASSERTIVENESS – taking charge when necessary, making your ideas known, helping to
define the problem & getting others do the right thing to solve the problem.
B. BEARING – a person’s general appearance, carriage, deportment & conduct.
C. CONFIDENCE – the assurance that you & your men will be successful in whatever you do.
D. COOLNESS UNDER STRESS – a confident calmness in looks & behavior.
E. COURAGE – mental quality that recognizes fear of danger or criticism, but enables a man to
proceed in the face of it with calmness & firmness.
F. CREATIVITY – demonstrated by thinking of new & better goals, ideas, programs &
solution to problems.
G. DECISIVENESS – the leader should be able to make decisions promptly & to state them in
a clear, forceful manner.
H. DEPENDABILITY – the certainty of proper performance of duty
I. EMPHATY OR COMPASSION – is being sensitive to the feelings, values, interest & well-
being of others
J. ENDURANCE – the mental & physical stamina measured by the ability to withstand pain,
fatigue, stress & hardship.
K. ENTHUSIASM – the display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of duties.
L. FLEXIBILITY – the capability to make timely and appropriate changes in thinking, plans &
methods, when you see, or when others convince you that there is a better way.
M. HUMILITY – admitting weaknesses or imperfections in your character, knowledge &
skills. It is acknowledging mistakes & taking appropriate action to correct those mistakes.
N. INITIATIVE – taking action in the absence of orders.
O. INTEGRITY – the uprightness & soundness of moral principles, the quality of truthfulness
& honesty.
P. JUDGEMENT – the ability to logically weigh facts & possible solution on which to base
sound decision.
Q. JUSTICE – timely and fair disposition of cases.
R. KNOWLEDGE – the leader should develop a program of learning to keep himself abreast
of current development in his specialty, command policies & developments in local & world
communities.
S. LOYALTY – the quality of faithfulness to country, the army seniors, subordinates & peers.
T. MATURITY – refers to the sense of responsibility a person has develop. Does not make
impulsive decision based in childlike emotions.
U. SELF DISCIPLINE – forcing yourself to do your duty what you ought to do regardless of
how tired or unwilling you may be.
V. SELF IMRPOVEMENT – shown by reading, studying, seeking challenging assignments, &
working to strengthen beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge & skills.
W. SENSE OF HUMOR– shown by not taking yourself too seriously & by contributing to
laughter & morale of the people around you.
X. TACT – the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner.
Y. UNSELFISHNESS – a leader who avoids providing for his own comfort & personal
advancement at the expense of others.
Z. WILL – the perseverance to accomplish a goal, regardless of seemingly insurmountable
obstacles.
END OF TOPIC

MILITARY COURTESY
Military Courtesy is the act of politeness, civility and respect that the personnel in the military
organization accord to one another.
Just like in the civilian world, courtesy is expression of consideration of others.

MILITARY DISCIPLINE
Military Discipline is the state of order and obedience among personnel in a military
organization.
It is willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation the necessity for a
common law that rules and coordinates the effort of a group.
It is unhesitating compliance to regulations.

MORALE
It is the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit in the Military.

SALUTE
It is the most significant and common form of military courtesies. It is an esteemed tradition of
the profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the world.
The manner an individual executes the salute is an indication of his attitude towards his
duties as a military man and existing state of morale and discipline in his unit.
An unwillingly or grudgingly rendered salute shows disregard to the individual duties,
lack of buoyancy and ability to perform well, lack of pride in the team and possession of a
stubborn and defiant character making an individual unsuited to cooperate with others in a
common effort.
1. RULES IN RENDERING THE SALUTE-Salute is required on and off military
installations, during and outside office hours.
2. Salute is rendered at a distance of about six (6) paces which is the saluting distance
or about thirty (30) paces which is the recognition distance or three (3) paces which
is the reporting distance.
3. Salute must be returned by those entitled to it. Salute is rendered but once if the
senior remains in the immediate vicinity and no conversation takes place.
4. In reporting, the person reporting salutes first.
5. People who are entitled to salute.
All commissioned officers of the AFP, both male and female.
 Commissioned officers of friendly nations when they are recognized as such.
Civilian officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them.
Military colors and standard not cased
6. When reporting to an officer indoors without arms, the soldier uncovers, knocks twice and
enters when told to do so. Upon entering, he halts about three (3) paces from the officer which is
the reporting distance, salutes and says: Ginoo or Binibini, Cadet Private dela Cruz reporting
sir/binibini.
7. When reporting underarms indoor, the procedure is similar except that the soldier does nor
uncover.
8. When reporting outdoors, the soldier does not uncover.
9. When an officer enters the room, the first person who sees the officer calls the group to
attention.
10. When accompanying a senior, the junior walks on the left side of the senior. Except when the
senior is inspecting the unit, the junior stays on the right side.
11. When entering a car, the junior enters first (lower to higher rank). When getting off, the
senior goes out first (Higher to lower rank).
12. When underarms, Uncover when:
seated as court member.
Entering a place of divine worship.
Indoors when not on duty.
13. When to salute:
when meeting a senior officer.
When the national color passes by.
When the national anthem is being played (Outdoor only). During flag raising and flag
retreat.
When reporting.
After conversing with an officer.
14. When not to salute:
When at work
When indoors except when reporting.
When carrying articles with both hands
When meeting a prisoner
When in rank
When in public conveyance
When riding in a fast moving vehicle.
END OF TOPIC
FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
COURSE OBJECTIVE: Upon successful completion of this module, the trainees shall be able
to provide immediate basic first aid and medical emergency situation.
FIRST AID – The immediate treatment administered to a victim of injury or illness before the
services of a doctor or competent person can be obtained.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID:
1. To alleviate human suffering.
2. To prevent added injury or danger.
3. To prolong life.
A FIRST AIDER SHOULD BE:
 Resourceful
 Caring
 Gentle
 Humanitarian
4 LIFE SAVING STEPS
1. STOP THE BLEEDING – By elevating, direct pressure & by applying tourniquet.
2. PROTECT THE WOUND – By applying first aid dressing.
3. PREVENT OR TREAT SHOCK:
 Keep the victims lying down with his/her head lower than the body.
 Loosen any tilt clothing.
 Keep the casualty convertible warm by wrapping with blanket.
 Give him fluid by mouth with warm stimulants such as coffee, tea or cocoa remember
alcohol is not stimulants fluid.

4. RESTORE BREATHING – If a casualty stops breathing you must give artificial

respiration immediately. The sooner you begin artificial respiration, the more likely you are to
succeed in restoring breathing.
WOUNDS
WOUNDS – Any break in the continuity of the skin/tissue of the body.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
1. OPEN WOUND – There is a break in the skin or mucus membrane.
2. CLOSE WOUND – Involves underlying tissues without a break in the skin or mucus
membrane.
TYPES OF WOUNDS

A.L.I.P.A.
1. ABRASIONS – Results from scraping the skin. Bleeding is minimal & limited to ruptured
small veins and capillaries.
2. LACERATED WOUND – Rough, Jagged, irregular or blunt breaks or tears in the skin
caused by rough-edged instruments like broken glass, tin cans, barbed wire or blunt instruments.
The destruction of tissues is greater.
3. INCISED WOUND – Cuts, commonly caused by sharp objects the degree of bleeding
depends on the deep & extent of a cut. Deep cuts may involve blood vessels & may cause
extensive bleeding; they may also damage muscles tendons & nerves.
4. PUNCTURED WOUNDS: – Irregularly caused by pointed objects like pins, nails, ice pick,
dagger, knives & splinters.
 - External bleeding is usually minor, but the fracturing object may penetrate deeply into the
body & thus damage organs & cause severe internal bleeding.
- Generally are not flushed out by external bleeding, therefore they are more likely than
other wounds to become infected, tetanus organism grow rapidly in the absence of air.
5. AVULSION – Involve forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body,
commonly caused by animal’s bites & accidents involving motor vehicles, explosions & heavy
machinery.
COMPLICATION OF WOUNDS
1. BLEEDING – Continuation of blood flowing from the wounds.
2. INFECTIONS – The healing process is delayed by infection.
KINDS OF BLEEDING:
A. Arterial bleeding.
* Bright red in colour
* Blood Spurs from the vessel
B. Venous bleeding.
* Dark red
* Blood oozes from the wound
C. Capillary Bleeding.
* Dark red turning bright red
* Little blood can be lost.
* Clotting is spontaneous.
TREATMENT
1. CONTROL BLEEDING: (D.E.P.P.)
A. DIRECT PRESSURE – Is a place where the main artery to the injured person or part
lies near the skin surface & over a bone. Pressure at such a point applied with the fingers or with
the hand, no first aid materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress the artery
against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from heart to the wounds.
B. ELEVATION – Elevate the affected part.
C. PRESSURE BANDAGE
D. PRESURE POINTS
1) Nearest to the wound.
2) Between the wound & the main part of the body.
It can be seldom being maintained for more than 15 minutes. Pressure points are
recommended for use while direct pressure is being applied to a serious wound. If
bleeding continues, you may apply a tourniquet.
2. USE OF TOURNIQUET:
A TOURNIQUET is a constricting or compressing device, specially like a bandage,
used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time. pressure is
applied circumferentially upon the skin and underlying tissues of a limb. this pressure is
transferred to the walls of vessel, causing them to become temporarily occluded. tourniquet is
usually applied when the patient in in a life-threatening state as a result of continuous bleeding.
 Only when the direct pressure, elevation & pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from
a limb, or when blood is gushing from a major wound such as a limb amputation, should a
tourniquet be applied. The use of tourniquet can cause the loss of the limb below the hand; hence
it must be used as last-resort measure.
TOURNIQUET APPLICATION
1) Place the tourniquet around the limb & between the wound and the heart. Never place
directly over the wound or fracture.
2) For amputation or partial amputation of the foot, leg, hand & arm, the upper arm or thigh,
place the tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.
3) For haemorrhage from the forearm with no associated amputation, place the tourniquet
just above the wound or amputation.
4) When possible, place the tourniquet over the smooth sleeve or trouser leg to prevent skin
from being pinched or twisted.
5) Once a tourniquet has been applied, inspect it & the dressing frequently to see if the
tourniquet has slipped & if any sign or further bleeding is present.
If necessary tighten the tourniquet, but under no circumstances loosen it. It should only
be loosened by medical personnel.
6) If needed, loosen for 2 – 3 seconds in every 20 –30 minutes.
FRACTURE

FRACTURE – Are broken bone & skull.

CLASSES OF FRACTURE:
1) SIMPLE OR CLOSE FRACTURE – No break in the continuity or no injury to the skin.
It is free from air & infection.
2) COMPOUND OR OPEN FRACTURE – One in which there is wound arising from the
end of the broken bone. The bone is broken into more than two (2) pieces. Complicated when
there are also injuries in the adjoining vessels, nerves or muscles.
TREATMENT FOR FRACTURE:
1. Determine the full extent of injuries & dress the wound.
2. Immobilized by using a splint material to prevent further damage.
TREATMENT FOR THE NECK & BACK FRACTURE:
1. Lay the patient on his back.
2. Place a small pad under his back & under the hollow of his neck.
3. Prepare improvised litter.
SHOCK
SHOCK- A depressed condition of many of the body functions due to the failure of enough
blood to circulate through the body.
Causes:
* Primary pump failure
*. Fluid losses
* Vasodilation/ Relative Hypovolemic
Factors contributing to shock:
 P---pain
 R---Rough handling
 I----Improper transformation
 C---Continuous bleeding
 E---Exposure to heat
 F---Fatigue
: Signs and symptoms
a. Early stage
* Eyes vacant, lack lustre
* Face (Pale)-Pupils dilated
* Skin (cold and clammy)
* Respiration (Raped, Shallow)
* Pulse (Rapid, weak)
* Nausea and vomiting Temperature (low)
b. Late stage
* Restless
* Dilated pupils
*Unconscious
MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
Early signs
 Proper position
 Proper temperature
 Proper transfer
Late signs
S------Saline solution
H------Heat
O------Oxygen therapy
C------Careful handling
K------Keep the victim in comfortable position.

SHOCK MANAGEMENT
 Place the victim in shock position
 Keep the person warm and comfortable
 Turn the victims head to one side if neck injury is not suspected.

BURNS
BURNS – An injury that result from heat, chemical agents or radiation.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. FIRST DEGREE BURNS – Involve the superficial layer of the skin, healing occurs rapidly
with redness and swelling of the affected area and pain.
2. SECOND DEGREE BURNS – Deeper than first degree burns, blister formation,
considerable swelling, more painful because the nerve endings are destroyed.
3. THIRD DEGREE BURNS – Involve complete loss of all layers of the skin.
TREATMENT:
A. 1ST DEGREE BURNS – This can be immersing immediately in cold water or place ice
wrapped.
B. 2ND DEGREE BURNS – Causing skin blister, cover the skin with sterile dressing but don’t
open the blister.
C. 3RD DEGREE BURNS – Don’t pull stock clothing from burns, cut clothing away from
burned area, scrubs hand with alcohol or similar collation before applying dressing to prevent
contamination.
EMERGENCY RESCUE AND TRANSFER
EMERGENCY RESCUE- is a procedure of moving victim from an unsafe place to a place of
safety.
Indications:
 Danger of fire or explosion.
 Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen
 Danger of electrocution
 Danger of collapsing Wall
 Exposure to cold or intense weather condition
 Danger of pinning by machinery.
TRANSFER – Is a procedure of moving a victim from a safe place to a much safer place.
Factors to consider:
 Nature and severity of injury
 Size and weight of the victim
 Physical capabilities of the first aider
 Number of available personnel and equipment
 Distance to be travelled
Basic principles:
 The airways are maintained open
 Haemorrhage is controlled
 The victim is safely maintained in the correct position
 The victim is secured
 Regular checking of the victim’s condition
 Supporting bandages and dressing must be checked for safety and security
 The victim’s body is moved as a unit

TRANSPORTATION OF THE SICK & WOUNDED

1. By means of improvised litter.
a. Material, jacket, pole or strong pole.
b. Rolled blanket.
c. Empty sock of rice.
2. By means of one (1) man, two (2) man, three (3) man, six to eight (6-*=8) man carry.
a. Arm carry
b. Supporting carry
c. Chair
BANDAGING & SPLINTING FRACTURE
Bandage- Any clean cloth or material used to hold the dressing
Uses:
 To control bleeding
 To secure splint
 To immobilize and support body parts.
Standards in bandaging:
S----- Square knot as much as possible
C-----Careful handling
A-----Accurateness
N-----Neatness
S-----Speed
SNAKE BITE
1. POISONOUS SNAKE – Has elliptical eyes & leave two (2) fang mark.
2. NON POISONOUS SNAKE BITE – Has around eyes & single gang mark.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SNAKE BITE:
1. General discoloration on the skin due to destruction.
2. Marked pain and swelling.
3. General weakness and paralysis.
4. Shortness of vision.
5. Dimness of vision.
6. Dropping of eyelids.
7. Slurring of speech.
8. Nausea and vomiting.
9. Shock.
10. Increase salvation and sweating.
FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE
1. Keep the victim from not moving around.
2. Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably lying down.
3. Immobilized the bitten area & keep it at or below heat level.
4. Apply tourniquet 2 – 4 inches above the bitten area, but not around the joint & around the
head, neck or trunk.
5. Cut should be 1/8-inch-deep & ¼ wide directly over each fang marked or bite.
6. Transport the victim immediately to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.
DROWNING
DROWNING – Aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the airway caused by spasm of the larynx
in the water.
CAUSE:
1. CRAMPS – Muscles undergo marked spasm & would totally incapacitates a swimmer
because of severe pain.
2. HYPERVENTILATION –Excessive deep breathing of the lungs before swimming under
water, the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to the brain & normal functioning of the
brain may be greatly altered. There is lung congestion in salt water drowning & lung collapse in
fresh water submission
POISONING

POISONING – Any substance solid, liquid or gas that tends to impair health a cause death when
introduced into the body.
TREATMENT
1. Induce vomiting – insert the blunt end of a spoon or your finger in the back of a victim
mouth.
2. Neutralize & dilute the poison by giving a pure milk or water with charcoal.
3. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.

END OF TOPIC