DEMA0304 - Cálculo Diferencial e Integral II

Exercı́cio (Integração usando frações parciais)

R P (x)
Para calcular a integral I(x) = Q(x)
dx, onde

P (x) = 3x5 + 2x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 − 2x + 1

Q(x) = 2x4 − x3 + x2 − x − 1
primeiramente realizamos uma divisão polinomial para obter
P (x) 3 7 − 19 x3 + 15 x2 + 45 x + 11
= x + + 44 4 4
Q(x) 2 4 2x − x3 + x2 − x − 1
Note que, dividindo Q(x) pelo fator (x − 1) tem-se
Q(x) = (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x2 + 1)
Agora, econtremos constantes A, B, C, D tais que
− 19
4
x3 + 15
4
x2 + 54 x + 11
4 A B Cx + D
2
= + + 2
(x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 1) x − 1 2x + 1 x +1
De fato, multiplicando a última equação pelo polinômio Q(x), obtemos
19 3 15 2 5 11
− x + x + x+ = (2A + B + 2C)x3 + (A − B − C + 2D)x2
4 4 4 4
+(2A + B − C − D)x + (A − B − D)
de onde, resulta o sistema linear
19
2A + B + 2C = −
4
15
A − B − C + 2D =
4
5
2A + B − C − D =
4
11
A−B−D =
4
1
que pode ser escrito na forma matricial
    
2 1 2 0 A −19/4
 1 −1 −1 2   B
 =  15/4 
  
 
 2 1 −1 −1   C   5/4 
1 −1 0 −1 D 11/4

Algumas operações elementares podem ser feitas nas filas F1 , F2 , F3 e F4 da

matriz estendida
 
2 1 2 0 | −19/4
 1 −1 −1 2 | 15/4 
 
 2 1 −1 −1 | 5/4 
1 −1 0 −1 | 11/4

e obter a eliminação Gausiana

 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 1 −1 −1 2 | 15/4 
(1/2)F1 ∼  
 2 1 −1 −1 | 5/4 
1 −1 0 −1 | 11/4
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 −3/2 −2 2 | 49/8 
−F1 + F2 ∼  
 2 1 −1 −1 | 5/4 
1 −1 0 −1 | 11/4
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 −3/2 −2 2 | 49/8 
−2F1 + F3 ∼  
 0 0 −3 −1 | 6 
1 −1 0 −1 | 11/4
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 −3/2 −2 2 | 49/8 
−F1 + F4 ∼  
 0 0 −3 −1 | 6 
0 −3/2 −1 −1 | 41/8
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
−(2/3)F2 ∼  
 0 0 −3 −1 | 6 
0 −3/2 −1 −1 | 41/8

2
  
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
(3/2)F2 + F4 ∼ 
 0 0 −3

−1 | 6 
0 0 1 −3 | −1
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
−(1/3)F3 ∼  
 0 0 1 1/3 | −2 
0 0 1 −3 | −1
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
−F3 + F4 ∼  
 0 0 1 1/3 | −2 
0 0 0 −10/3 | 1
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
−(3/10)F4 ∼  
 0 0 1 1/3 | −2 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 −4/3 | −49/12 
−(1/3)F4 + F3 ∼  
 0 0 1 0 | −19/10 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 4/3 0 | −269/60 
(4/3)F4 + F2 ∼  
 0 0 1 0 | −19/10 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10
 
1 1/2 1 0 | −19/8
 0 1 0 0 | −39/20 
−(4/3)F3 + F2 ∼  
 0 0 1 0 | −19/10 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10
 
1 1/2 0 0 | −19/40
 0 1 0 0 | −39/20 
−F3 + F1 ∼  
 0 0 1 0 | −19/10 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10

3
  
1 0 0 0 | 1/2
 0 1 0 0 | −39/20 
−(1/2)F2 + F1 ∼  
 0 0 1 0 | −19/10 
0 0 0 1 | −3/10

De onde, obtemos o vetor solução

   
A 1/2
 B   −39/20 
 C  =
   
 −19/10 
D −3/10

Com este vetor, agora conseguimos a igualdade

− 19
4
x3 + 15
4
x2 + 54 x + 11
4 1/2 −39/20 (−19/10)x + (−3/10)
= + +
(x − 1)(2x + 1)(x2 + 1) x−1 2x + 1 x2 + 1
e portanto, conseguimos a primitiva
Z
P (x)
I(x) = dx
Q(x)
Z  Z Z
3 7 1 1 39 1
= x+ dx + dx − dx +
2 4 2 x−1 20 2x + 1
Z Z
19 x 3 1
− 2
dx − 2
dx
10 x +1 10 x +1
3 2 7 1 39 19
= x + x + ln(x − 1) − ln(2x + 1) − ln(x2 + 1)
4 4 2 40 20
3
− tan−1 (x)
10
Na última integral se faz a mudança de variável x = tan(t).