01/10/2021

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSECE

• A first order differential equation of first degree may be written

in the various forms:

𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Differential form

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 𝒚) Derivative form

𝒂𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) Standard form

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Separable Equations

Homogeneous Equations

Exact Equations

Nonexact Equations

Linear Equations

Bernoulli Equations

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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• Consider the differential equations

𝒅𝒚
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation 9yy’ + 4x = 0. Express your final answer
as an explicit function of x

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Review of Conic Sections

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation yy’ – x = 0. Describe the
graph of its solution.

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation y’ = x(y – 1).

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation y’ = 2x(y – 1)2.
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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the initial value problem y’ = ay – b, y(0) = y0
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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the initial value problem y’ = ay – b, y(0) = y0

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation (1 + x2)y’ + xy = 0

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the IVP xy2dx – x2y2dy = 0, y(10) = 0.

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Solve the equation xy3dx + (y + 1)e–xdy = 0.

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
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Solve the equation y’ = 2x(1 + y2)ex .

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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• The first order differential equation in the form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

is homogeneous when M and N are homogeneous functions of the

same degree in x and y.
• A function F(x, y) is homogeneous (degree n) in x and y provided
F(kx, ky)  knF(x, y).

The equation is homogeneous if the sums of the exponents

for each term in the equation are all the same.

Example: 2xydy +(x2 – y2)dx = 0

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

Which of the following equations is not homogeneous?

𝐀. 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒆𝒙/𝒚
𝐁. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 sin 𝒙⁄𝒚

𝐂. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝐃. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒚′ = 𝟎

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

Solve the equation (y2 – xy)dx + x2dy = 0.

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

Solve the equation 2xydy + (x2 – y2)dx = 0

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

Solve the equation xy’ = x + y.

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

Solve the equation x(ln x – ln y)dy – ydx = 0.

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

𝒗 𝒍𝒏 𝒗 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎

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EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

𝒚
Solve the equation 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 – 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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• The first order differential equation in the form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
is exact if = Test for exactness
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Examples:
x2y dx +(x + 2y) dy = 0 3x2y dx +(y + x3) dy = 0

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• The general solution of an exact differential equation ay be obtained

as follows

𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝒄

𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒚 + 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝒄

General solution 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒚 + 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒄

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the equation 3x2ydx + (y + x3)dy = 0.

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the equation (2xy – 3x2) dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0.

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve [cos x cos y – cot x] dx – sin x sin y dy = 0.

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve (2x + y – 3)dx + (x – 4y + 1)dy = 0.

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve (2xy – tan y)dx + (x2 – x sec2 y)dy = 0.

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EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

𝟐 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚
Solve the equation 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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• Given the first order equation 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢

𝑢 +𝑀 =𝑢 +𝑁
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

• If the equation is not exact, it can 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

be multiplied by a certain suitable 𝑢 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=𝑁
𝜕𝑥
−𝑀
𝜕𝑦
function to make it exact.
• This function is called the Let = 𝑀 and =𝑁
integrating factor.
𝑢 = integrating factor (IF) If u is a function of x alone
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑀 −𝑁
𝑢𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 exact 𝑢 𝑀 −𝑁 =𝑁 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑁
𝜕 𝑢𝑀 𝜕 𝑢𝑁
= ln 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒖 𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 − =𝑁 −𝑀
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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• Solve the equation 2𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

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• Solve the equation 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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• Solve the equation 𝑦 4𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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• Solve the equation 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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• The linear differential equation 𝑢 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑢 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑀 =𝑁 𝑢 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 =𝑢 𝑥
• can be expressed in standard form: 𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑢 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥
𝒚 + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒒(𝒙)
𝑢𝑦 =𝑢 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥
𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦𝑢 = 𝑞 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒖 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
𝑀 =𝑝 𝑥 𝑁 =0
For the general solution,
𝒖 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙 IF
Exact equation: 𝒚𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙 = 𝒒𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑢 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑢 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥

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• Solve the equation 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥

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• Solve 𝑦 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 𝑥.

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• Solve the equation y’ + y tan t = sin 2t , y(0) = 1

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• Solve the equation 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0

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• Solve the IVP: + 2𝑥 = 4 cos 3𝑡. Find 𝑥(2).

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