USED CAR PRICE PREDICTION

Abstract

The price of a new car in the industry is fixed by the manufacturer with some
additional costs incurred by the Government in the form of taxes. So, customers
buying a new car can be assured of the money they invest to be worthy. But,
due to the increased prices of new cars and the financial incapability of the
customers to buy them, Used Car sales are on a global increase. Therefore, there
is an urgent need for a Used Car Price Prediction system which effectively
determines the worthiness of the car using a variety of features. Existing System
includes a process where a seller decides a price randomly and buyer has no
idea about the car and it’s value in the present day scenario. In fact, seller also
has no idea about the car’s existing value or the price he should be selling the
car at. To overcome this problem we have developed a model which will be
highly effective. Regression Algorithms are used because they provide us with
continuous value as an output and not a categorized value. Because of which it
will be possible to predict the actual price a car rather than the price range of a
car. User Interface has also been developed which acquires input from any user
and displays the Price of a car according to user’s inputs.
Introduction

Determining whether the listed price of a used car is a challenging task, due to the many factors that
drive a used vehicle’s price on the market. The focus of this project is developing machine learning
models that can accurately predict the price of a used car based on its features, in order to make
informed purchases. We implement and evaluate various learning methods on a dataset consisting
of the sale prices of different makes and models . We will compare the performance of various
machine learning algorithms like Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Elastic Net,
Decision Tree Regressor and choose the best out of it. Depending on various parameters we will
determine the price of the car. Regression Algorithms are used because they provide us with
continuous value as an output and not a categorized value because of which it will be possible to
predict the actual price a car rather than the price range of a car. User Interface has also been
developed which acquires input from any user and displays the Price of a car according to user’s
inputs.
EXISTING SYSTEM

Car price prediction is somehow interesting and popular problem. This number
is increased by 2.7% since 2013 and it is likely that this trend will continue, and
the number of cars will increase in future. This adds additional significance to
the problem of the car price prediction. Accurate car price prediction involves
expert knowledge, because price usually depends on many distinctive features
and factors. Typically, most significant ones are brand and model, age,
horsepower and mileage. The fuel type used in the car as well as fuel
consumption per mile highly affect price of a car due to a frequent changes in
the price of a fuel. Different features like exterior color, door number, type of
transmission, dimensions, safety, air condition, interior, whether it has
navigation or not will also influence the car price. In this paper, we applied
different methods and techniques in order to achieve higher precision of the
used car price prediction. Support Vector Machines (SVM) can predict the price
of a car that has been leased with better precision than multivariate regression or
some simple multiple regression.

Disadvantages

Since manual data collection is time consuming task, especially when there are
numerous records to process, a “web scraper” as a part of this research is
created to get this job done automatically and reduce the time for data gathering.
Web scraping is well known technique to extract information from websites and
save data into local file or database. Manual data extraction is time consuming
and therefore web scrapers are used to do this job in a fraction of time. Web
scrapers are programmed for specific websites and can mimic regular users
from website’s point of view. After raw data has been collected and stored to
local database, data pre processing step was applied. Many of the attributes
were sparse and they do not contain useful information for prediction. Hence, it
is decided to remove them from the dataset. The attributes “state”, “city”, and
“damaged” were completely removed.
Proposed system

Data was collected from online dataset repository, dataset contains

Car_Name,Year,Selling_Price,Present_Price,Kms_Driven,Fuel_Type,Seller_Ty
pe,Transmission,Owner. Data Preprocessing which includes Data cleaning,
Data reduction, Data Transformation. Then, using various machine learning
algorithms we will predict the price. The algorithms involve Linear Regression,
Ridge Regression and Lasso Regression. The best model which predicts the
most accurate price is selected. After selection of the best model the predicted
price is displayed to the user according to user’s inputs. User can give input
through website to for used car price prediction to machine learning model.

Advantages

Re-sale platform: A centralized platform for car resale that will predict prices.

The system is more effective since it measures the vehicle combinations by their
prices.

The system is very fast in query retrieval due to Machine learning algorithm.
Modules

Collection of data

Data processing techniques and processes are numerous. We collected data

properties from various real estate websites. The data would be having
attributes. We must collect the quantitative data which is structured and
categorized. Data collection is needed before any kind of machine learning
research is carried out. Dataset validity is a must otherwise there is no point in
analyzing the data.

Data pre-processing

Data pre-processing is the process of cleaning our data set. There might be
missing values or outliers in the dataset. These can be handled by data cleaning.
If there are many missing values in a variable we will drop those values or
substitute it with the average value. The parameters were handled for their
missing values. The target attribute is also dropped off from the training dataset.
Pandas library is used for this purpose.

Training the model

Since the data is broken down into two modules: a Training set and Test set, we
must initially train the model. The training set includes the target variable. The
decision tree regressor algorithm is applied to the training data set. The
Decision tree builds a regression model in the form of a tree structure. For
statistical visualization of the dataset, the min, max, standard deviation, mean of
the target attribute were found out. We split the dataset into a training set (80%)
and a test set (20%). From the Scikit-learn library, a Decision tree regressor is
used to train the model. The predict function is used to predict the test set results
Testing and Integrating with UI

The trained model is applied to test dataset and house prices are predicted. The
trained model is then integrated with the front end using Flask in python.

FLASK INTEGRATION

After building the model and successfully giving the result, the next step is to
do the integration with the UI, for this purpose flask is used. Flask is a web
framework. This means flask provides you with tools, libraries, and
technologies that allow you to build a web application. Flask is easy to put away
routes together and this framework is mainly used for integrating python
models.
DECISION TREE REGRESSOR:

The decision tree regressor observes features of an attribute and trains a model
in the form of a tree to predict data in the future to produce meaningful output.
Decision tree regressor learns from the max depth, min depth of a graph and
according to system analyzes the data. Grid Search CV is a way to deal with
parameter tuning that will efficiently manufacture and assess a model for every
mix of calculation parameters indicated in a grid. Grid Search CV in this
algorithm is used to assess the best value for max-depth, using which the
decision tree is constructed.
 Used car Data Pre-processing
Admin
price
Prediction
System

Used car
User price View Predictions
Prediction
System

Admin Data
Used_car.csv
Collection

Data Used_car.csv
Acquisition

Data Pre- Used_car.csv

processing

Prediction using
ANN Used_car.csv

Create
Model File

User View
Used_car.csv
Prediction
 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION: (MINIMUM REQUIREMENT)

PROCESSOR : DUAL CORE

HARD DISK CAPACITY : 400 GB

MONITOR : 14 “SAMTRON MONITOR

INTERNAL MEMORY CA : 2 GB

KEYBOARD : LOGITECH OF 104 KEYS

CPU CLOCK : 1.08 GHz

MOUSE : LOGITECH MOUSE

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:

OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7

LANGUAGE : PYTHON

BACKEND : MYSQL

TOOLS USED : FLASK

PYTHON
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient
high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented
programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its
interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in
source or binary form for all major platforms. Python is a high-level,
interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is
designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as
other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than
other languages. Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.
Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You
do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to
PERL and PHP.
Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or
technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the
beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of
applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C+
+, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.
Often, programmers fall in love with Python because of the increased
productivity it provides. Since there is no compilation step, the edit-test-debug
cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging Python programs is easy: a bug or bad input
will never cause a segmentation fault. Instead, when the interpreter discovers an
error, it raises an exception. When the program doesn't catch the exception, the
interpreter prints a stack trace. A source level debugger allows inspection of
local and global variables, evaluation of arbitrary expressions, setting
breakpoints, stepping through the code a line at a time, and so on. The debugger
is written in Python itself, testifying to Python's introspective power. On the
other hand, often the quickest way to debug a program is to add a few print
statements to the source: the fast edit-test-debug cycle makes this simple
approach very effective.
Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
language (itself inspired by SETL), capable of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Its implementation began in
December 1989. Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as
the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent
vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's Benevolent Dictator For Life, a
title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term
commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.[37] He now shares his
leadership as a member of a five-person steering council. In January 2019,
active Python core developers elected Brett Cannon, Nick Coghlan, Barry
Warsaw, Carol Willing and Van Rossum to a five-member "Steering Council"
to lead the project.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 with many major new features,
including a cycle-detecting garbage collector and support for Unicode.

Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008. It was a major revision of the
language that is not completely backward-compatible. Many of its major
features were backported to Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x version series. Releases of
Python 3 include the 2to3 utility, which automates (at least partially) the
translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life date was initially set at 2015 then postponed to 2020 out
of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported
to Python 3.
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented
programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of its
features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming
(including by metaprogramming and metaobjects (magic methods)). Many other
paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic
programming.
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a
cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management. It also features
dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable
names during program execution.
Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp
tradition. It has filter, map, and reduce functions; list comprehensions,
dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions. The standard library has two
modules (itertools and functools) that implement functional tools borrowed
from Haskell and Standard ML
Rather than having all of its functionality built into its core, Python was
designed to be highly extensible. This compact modularity has made it
particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing
applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large
standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations
with ABC, which espoused the opposite approach
HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML)

HTML is an application of the Standard Generalized Markup Language

(SGML), which was approved as an international standard in the year 1986.
SGML provides a way to encode hyper documents so they can be interchanged.

SGML is also a Meta language for formally describing document markup

system. Infact HTML uses SGML to define a language that describes a WWW
hyper document’s structure and inter connectivity.

Following the rigors of SGML, TBL bore HTML to the world in 1990. Since
then, many of us have it to be easy to use but sometimes quite limiting. These
limiting factors are being addressed but the World Wide Web Consortium (aka
W3c) at MIT. But HTML had to start somewhere, and its success argues that it
didn’t start out too badly.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for

documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by
technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages
such as JavaScript. HTML is a computer language devised to allow website
creation. These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the
Internet. It is relatively easy to learn, with the basics being accessible to most
people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is
constantly undergoing revision and evolution to meet the demands and
requirements of the growing Internet audience under the direction of the W3C,
the organisation charged with designing and maintaining the language.

HyperText is the method by which you move around on the web — by clicking
on special text called hyperlinks which bring you to the next page. The fact that
it is hyper just means it is not linear — i.e. you can go to any place on the
Internet whenever you want by clicking on links — there is no set order to do
things in. Markup is what HTML tags do to the text inside them. They mark it
as a certain type of text (italicised text, for example). HTML is a Language, as it
has code-words and syntax like any other language.

HTML consists of a series of short codes typed into a text-file by the site author
— these are the tags. The text is then saved as a html file, and viewed through a
browser, like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This browser reads the
file and translates the text into a visible form, hopefully rendering the page as
the author had intended. Writing your own HTML entails using tags correctly to
create your vision. You can use anything from a rudimentary text-editor to a
powerful graphical editor to create HTML pages.

The tags are what separate normal text from HTML code. You might know
them as the words between the <angle-brackets>. They allow all the cool stuff
like images and tables and stuff, just by telling your browser what to render on
the page. Different tags will perform different functions. The tags themselves
don’t appear when you view your page through a browser, but their effects do.
The simplest tags do nothing more than apply formatting to some text

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local
storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes
the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the
appearance of the document.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML
constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded
into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents
by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written
using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce
content into the page. Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information
about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do
not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript,

which affects the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines
the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),
former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards,
has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called

"HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.
It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of
HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by
SGMLguid, an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-
based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in
HTML 4.

After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an
HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML
specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future
implementations should be based.

Of course, but since making websites became more popular and needs increased
many other supporting languages have been created to allow new stuff to
happen, plus HTML is modified every few years to make way for
improvements. Cascading Stylesheets are used to control how your pages are
presented, and make pages more accessible. Basic special effects and interaction
is provided by JavaScript, which adds a lot of power to basic HTML. Most of
this advanced stuff is for later down the road, but when using all of these
technologies together, you have a lot of power at your disposal.
CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the
presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a
cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and
JavaScript. CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and
content, including layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content
accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of
presentation characteristics, enable multiple web pages to share formatting by
specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and
repetition in the structural content.

Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same
markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-
screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on
Braille-based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the
content is accessed on a mobile device. The name cascading comes from the
specified priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one
rule matches a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS
by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service
for CSS documents. In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the
use of CSS including XHTML, plain XML, SVG, and XUL.

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the
names of various style properties. A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each
rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.
Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were
contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles,
element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often
repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information
to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML.

Stands for "Cascading Style Sheet." Cascading style sheets are used to format
the layout of Web pages. They can be used to define text styles, table sizes, and
other aspects of Web pages that previously could only be defined in a page's
HTML.

CSS helps Web developers create a uniform look across several pages of a Web
site. Instead of defining the style of each table and each block of text within a
page's HTML, commonly used styles need to be defined only once in a CSS
document. Once the style is defined in cascading style sheet, it can be used by
any page that references the CSS file. Plus, CSS makes it easy to change styles
across several pages at once. For example, a Web developer may want to
increase the default text size from 10pt to 12pt for fifty pages of a Web site. If
the pages all reference the same style sheet, the text size only needs to be
changed on the style sheet and all the pages will show the larger text.

While CSS is great for creating text styles, it is helpful for formatting other
aspects of Web page layout as well. For example, CSS can be used to define the
cell padding of table cells, the style, thickness, and color of a table's border, and
the padding around images or other objects. CSS gives Web developers more
exact control over how Web pages will look than HTML does. This is why most
Web pages today incorporate cascading style sheets.

CSS is created and maintained through a group of people within the W3C called
the CSS Working Group. The CSS Working Group creates documents called
specifications. When a specification has been discussed and officially ratified
by the W3C members, it becomes a recommendation. These ratified
specifications are called recommendations because the W3C has no control over
the actual implementation of the language. Independent companies and
organizations create that software.

JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and

most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow
client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities. JavaScript
was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript,
possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its
first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-
purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer,
and other web browsers

Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script
should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be
interpreted by the browser. It means that a web page need not be a static HTML,
but can include programs that interact with the user, control the browser, and
dynamically create HTML content. The JavaScript client-side mechanism
provides many advantages over traditional CGI server-side scripts. For
example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has entered a valid e-
mail address in a form field. The JavaScript code is executed when the user
submits the form, and only if all the entries are valid, they would be submitted
to the Web Server. JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as
button clicks, link navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly
or implicitly.
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed
within the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within
your web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.

The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script.

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript

programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and
you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way
that makes the code easy to read and understand. Simple statements in
JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as they are in
C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if
each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the
following code could be written without semicolons.

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,

variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters. So the identifiers Time and TIME will
convey different meanings in JavaScript.

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently,
you may need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains
the procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers:
Internet Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript often abbreviated as JS, is an interpreted programming language that

conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, often just-
in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic
typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. Alongside
HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide
Web. JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web
applications. The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior,
and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it.
As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional,
and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces
(APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data
structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM). However, the language
itself does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or
graphics facilities, as the host environment (usually a web browser) provides
those APIs. Originally used only in web browsers, JavaScript engines are also
now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser
applications. Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java,
including language name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two
languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.
Flask

Flask is a web application framework written in Python. Armin Ronacher, who

leads an international group of Python enthusiasts named Pocco, develops it.
Flask is based on Werkzeug WSGI toolkit and Jinja2 template engine. Both are
Pocco projects. Flask is a micro web framework written in Python. It is
classified as a microframework because it does not require particular tools or
libraries. It has no database abstraction layer, form validation, or any other
components where pre-existing third-party libraries provide common functions.
However, Flask supports extensions that can add application features as if they
were implemented in Flask itself. Extensions exist for object-relational
mappers, form validation, upload handling, various open authentication
technologies and several common framework related tools. Extensions are
updated far more frequently than the core Flask program.

Web Application Framework or simply Web Framework represents a collection

of libraries and modules that enables a web application developer to write
applications without having to bother about low-level details such as protocols,
thread management etc. Flask is a web application framework written in
Python. It is developed by Armin Ronacher, who leads an international group of
Python enthusiasts named Pocco. Flask is based on the Werkzeug WSGI toolkit
and Jinja2 template engine. Both are Pocco projects. Web Server Gateway
Interface (WSGI) has been adopted as a standard for Python web application
development. WSGI is a specification for a universal interface between the web
server and the web applications.

Python 2.6 or higher is usually required for installation of Flask. Although Flask
and its dependencies work well with Python 3 (Python 3.3 onwards), many
Flask extensions do not support it properly. Hence, it is recommended that Flask
should be installed on Python 2.7. virtualenv is a virtual Python environment
builder. It helps a user to create multiple Python environments side-by-side.
Thereby, it can avoid compatibility issues between the different versions of the
libraries. This command needs administrator privileges. Add sudo before pip on
Linux/Mac OS. If you are on Windows, log in as Administrator. On Ubuntu
virtualenv may be installed using its package manager. The route() function of
the Flask class is a decorator, which tells the application which URL should call
the associated function. Importing flask module in the project is mandatory. An
object of Flask class is our WSGI application. Flask constructor takes the name
of current module (__name__) as argument. The rule parameter represents URL
binding with the function. The options is a list of parameters to be forwarded to
the underlying Rule object. Finally the run() method of Flask class runs the
application on the local development server.

A Flask application is started by calling the run() method. However, while the
application is under development, it should be restarted manually for each
change in the code. To avoid this inconvenience, enable debug support. The
server will then reload itself if the code changes. It will also provide a useful
debugger to track the errors if any, in the application. The Debug mode is
enabled by setting the debug property of the application object to True before
running or passing the debug parameter to the run() method.

Modern web frameworks use the routing technique to help a user remember
application URLs. It is useful to access the desired page directly without having
to navigate from the home page. The route() decorator in Flask is used to bind
URL to a function. As a result, if a user visits http://localhost:5000/hello URL,
the output of the hello_world() function will be rendered in the browser. The
add_url_rule() function of an application object is also available to bind a URL
with a function as in the above example, route() is used. It is possible to build a
URL dynamically, by adding variable parts to the rule parameter. This variable
part is marked as <variable-name>. It is passed as a keyword argument to the
function with which the rule is associated. In the following example, the rule
parameter of route() decorator contains <name> variable part attached to URL
‘/hello’. Hence, if the http://localhost:5000/hello/TutorialsPoint is entered as a
URL in the browser, ‘TutorialPoint’ will be supplied to hello() function as
argument.

An advantage of using Flask might be the fact that this framework is light, and
the risk for encountering Flask security bugs is minimal. At the same time, a
drawback might be the fact that it requires quite some effort from the part of the
programmer in order to boost the list of dependencies via plugins. A great thing
about Flask is the template engine available. The purpose of such templates is to
allow basic layout configuration for web pages with the purpose of mentioning
which element is susceptible to change. As such, you will be able to define your
template once and keep it the same all over the pages of a website. With the aid
of a template engine, you will be able to save a lot of time when setting up your
application, and even when it comes to updates or maintenance issues. Overall,
Flask is easy to learn and manage as a scalable tool. It allows any type of
approach or programming technique, as there are no restrictions included on the
app architecture or data abstraction layers. You can even run it on embedded
systems like a Raspberry Pi. Your web app can be loaded on any device,
including mobile phone, desktop pc or even a tv. Besides, it benefits from a
community that offers support and solutions suggestions to a multitude of
problems that programmers might face when using Flask in Python. The core
benefit of Flask is that the programmer controls everything, while he or she will
get a deeper understanding of how internal mechanics of frameworks function.

Werkzeug

Werkzeug is a utility library for the Python programming language, in other

words a toolkit for Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) applications, and is
licensed under a BSD License. Werkzeug can realize software objects for
request, response, and utility functions. It can be used to build a custom
software framework on top of it and supports Python 2.6, 2.7 and 3.3

Jinja

Jinja (template engine)

Jinja, also by Ronacher, is a template engine for the Python programming

language and is licensed under a BSD License. Similar to the Django web
framework, it provides that templates are evaluated in a sandbox.

A framework "is a code library that makes a developer's life easier when
building reliable, scalable, and maintainable web applications" by providing
reusable code or extensions for common operations. There are a number of
frameworks for Python, including Flask, Tornado, Pyramid, and Django. Flask
is an API of Python that allows to build up web-applications. It was developed
by Armin Ronacher. Flask’s framework is more explicit than Django’s
framework and is also easier to learn because it have less base code to
implement a simple web-Application. A Web-Application Framework or Web
Framework is the collection of modules and libraries that helps the developer to
write applications without writing the low-level codes such as protocols, thread
management, etc. Flask is based on WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)
toolkit and Jinja2 template engine

Why Flask?

 easy to use.
 built in development server and debugger
 integrated unit testing support
 RESTful request dispatching
 uses Jinja2 templating
  support for secure cookies (client side sessions)
 100% WSGI 1.0 compliant
 Unicode based
 extensively documented

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN CONCEPTS

System design is a “how to” approach to creation of a new system. System design goes
through 2 phases. They are

- Logical design

- Physical design

Logical design reviews the present physical system, prepares input and output specifications,
makes edit security and control specifications

Physical design maps out the details of the physical system, plans, system implementation,
device a test and implementation plan.

DESIGN PROCESS

INPUT DESIGN

Input design is the process of converting the user-oriented. Input to a computer based format.
The goal of the input design is to make the data entry easier , logical and free error. Errors in
the input data are controlled by the input design. The quality of the input determines the
quality of the system output.

All the data entry screen are interactive in nature, so that the user can directly enter into data
according to the prompted messages. The user are also can directly enter into data according
to the prompted messages. The users are also provided with option of selecting an appropriate
input from a list of values. This will reduce the number of error, which are otherwise likely to
arise if they were to be entered by the user itself.

Input design is one of the most important phase of the system design. Input design is the
process where the input received in the system are planned and designed, so as to get
necessary information from the user, eliminating the information that is not required. The aim
of the input design is to ensure the maximum possible levels of accuracy and also ensures that
the input is accessible that understood by the user. The input design is the part of overall
system design, which requires very careful attention. If the data going into the system is
incorrect then the processing and output will magnify the errors.

The objectives considered during input design are:

 Nature of input processing.
 Flexibility and thoroughness of validation rules.
 Handling of properties within the input documents.
 Screen design to ensure accuracy and efficiency of the input
relationship with files.
 Careful design of the input also involves attention to error handling,
controls, batching and validation procedures.
Input design features can ensure the reliability of the system and produce result from accurate
data or they can result in the production of erroneous information.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

The first step is to draw a data flow diagram (DFD). The DFD was first developed by Larry
Constantine as a way of expressing system requirements in graphical form.

A DFD also known as a “bubble chart” has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and
identifying major transformations that will become programs in system design. So, it is the
starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the requirements
specifications down to the lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of series of bubbles join by
the data flows in the system.

The purpose of data flow diagrams is to provide a semantic bridge between users and systems
developers. The diagrams are:

• Graphical, eliminating thousands of words;

 • Logical representations, modeling WHAT a system does, rather than physical models
showing HOW it does it;

• Hierarchical, showing systems at any level of detail; and

• jargon less, allowing user understanding and reviewing.

The goal of data flow diagramming is to have a commonly understood model of a system.
The diagrams are the basis of structured systems analysis. Data flow diagrams are supported
by other techniques of structured systems analysis such as data structure diagrams, data
dictionaries, and procedure-representing techniques such as decision tables, decision trees,
and structured English.
External Entity

An external entity is a source or destination of a data flow, which is outside the area of study.
Only those entities, which originate or receive data, are represented on a business process
diagram. The symbol used is an oval containing a meaningful and unique identifier.

Process

A process shows a transformation or manipulation of data flows within the system. The
symbol used is a rectangular box, which contains 3 descriptive elements: Firstly an
identification number appears in the upper left hand corner. This is allocated arbitrarily at the
top level and serves as a unique reference. Secondly, a location appears to the right of the
identifier and describes where in the system the process takes place.

Data Flow

A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A data flow is
represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow. Information always
flows to or from a process and may be written, verbal or electronic. Each data flow may be
referenced by the processes or data stores at its head and tail, or by a description of its
contents.

Data Store

A data store is a holding place for information within the system: It is represented by an open
ended narrow rectangle. Data stores may be long-term files such as sales ledgers, or may be
short-term accumulations: for example batches of documents that are waiting to be processed.
Each data store should be given a reference followed by an arbitrary number.

Resource Flow

A resource flow shows the flow of any physical material from its source to its destination.
For this reason they are sometimes referred to as physical flows. The physical material in
question should be given a meaningful name. Resource flows are usually restricted to early,
high-level diagrams and are used when a description of the physical flow of materials is
considered to be important to help the analysis.
OUTPUT DESIGN

The output form of the system is either by screen or by hard copies. Output design aims at
communicating the results of the processing of the users. The reports are generated to suit the
needs of the users .The reports have to be generated with appropriate levels. In our project
outputs are generated by asp as html pages. As its web application output is designed in a
very user-friendly this will be through screen most of the time.

CODE DESIGN

The main purpose of code design is to simplify the coding and to achieve better performance
and quality with free of errors. The coding is prepared in such a way that the internal
procedures are more meaningful validation manager is displayed for each column. The
coding of the variables is done in such a way that one other than person who developed the
packages can understand its purpose.

To reduce the server load, the project is designed in a way that most of the Validation of
fields is done as client side validation, which will be more effective.

DATABASE DESIGN

The database design involves creation of tables that are represented in physical database as
stored files. They have their own existence. Each table constitute of rows and columns where
each row can be viewed as record that consists of related information and column can be
viewed as field of data of same type. The table is also designed with some position can have a
null value.

The database design of project is designed in such a way values are kept without redundancy
and with normalized format.
 DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

TOP DOWN APPROACH

The importance of new system is that it is user friendly and a better interface with user’s
working on it. It can overcome the problems of manual system and the security problem.

Top down approach of software development is the incremental approach to the construction
of program structure. Modules are integrated by moving through the control hierarchy,
beginning with the main control module. Module subordinate to the main control modules is
incorporate into the structure in either a depth first or breadth first manner.

The top down approach is performed in a serious of five steps

1. The main module that is overall software is divided into five modules
that are under the control of the main control module.
2. Depending on the top down approach selected subordinate stubs is
replaced one at a time with actual components.
3. Tests are conducted as each component is integrated
4. On completion of each test another stub is replaced with real time
component.
5. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure the new errors have not
been introduced.
 TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

SYSTEM TESTING

It is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding and ultimately correcting
errors. This fundamental philosophy does not change for web applications, because web
based system and applications reside on network and inter-operate with many different
operating systems, browsers, hardware platforms and communication protocols. Thus
searching for errors is significant challenge for web applications.

Testing issues:

1. Client GUI should be considered.

2. Target environment and platform considerations
3. Distributed database considerations
4. Distributed processing consideration

TESTING AND METHODLOGIES

System testing is the state of implementation, which is aimed at ensuring that the system
works accurately and efficiently as expect before live operation, commences. It certifies that
the whole set of programs hang together System testing requires a test plan that consists of
several key activities and steps for run program, string, system and user acceptance testing.
The implementation of newly design package is important in adopting a successful new
system

Testing is important stage in software development. System test is implementation should be

a confirmation that all is correct and an opportunity to show the users that the system works
as they expected It accounts the largest percentage of technical effort in software
development process.

Testing phase is the development phase that validates the code against the functional
specifications. Testing is a vital to the achievement of the system goals. The objective of
testing is to discover errors. To fulfill this objective a series of test step such as the unit test,
integration test, validation and system test where planned and executed.
Unit testing

Here each program is tested individually so any error apply unit is debugged. The sample
data are given for the unit testing. The unit test results are recorded for further references.
During unit testing the functions of the program unit validation and the limitations are tested.

Unit testing is testing changes made in a existing or new program this test is carried out
during the programming and each module is found to be working satisfactorily. For example
in the registration form after entering all the fields we click the submit button. When submit
button is clicked, all the data in form are validated. Only after validation entries will be added
to the database.

Unit testing comprises the set of tests performed by an individual prior to integration of the
unit into large system. The situation is illustrated in as follows

Coding-> Debugging ->Unit testing -> Integration testing

The four categories of test that a programmer will typically perform on a program unit

1. Functional test
2. Performance test
3. Stress Test
4. Structure test
Functional test involve exercising the code with nominal input values for which the
expected results are known as well as boundary values and special values.

Performance testing determines the amount of execution time spent in various parts of
unit program through put and response time and device utilization by the program.

A variation of stress testing called sensitivity testing in same situations a very small
range of data contained in a bound of valid data may cause extreme and even erroneous
processing or profound performance degradation.

Structured testing is concerned with a exercising the internal logic of a program and
traversing paths. Functional testing, stress testing performance testing are referred as “black
box” testing and structure testing is referred as “white box” testing

VALIDATION TESTING
 Software validation is achieved through a serious of testes that demonstrate conformity with
requirements. Thus the proposed system under consideration has been tested by validation &
found to be working satisfactory.

OUTPUT TESTING

Asking the user about the format required by them tests the output generated by the system
under consideration .It can be done in two ways, One on screen and other on printer format.
The output format on the screen is found to be correct as the format designed n system test.

SYSTEM TESTING
In the system testing the whole system is tested for interface between each module
and program units are tested and recorded. This testing is done with sample
data. The securities, communication between interfaces are tested

System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary purpose is

to fully exercise the computer based system although each test has a
different purpose all work to verify that all system elements properly integrated
and perform allocate function.

It involves two kinds of activities namely

1. Integrated testing

2. Acceptance testing

Integrated testing

Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing tests to uncover errors associated
with interface.

Objective is to take unit tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated
by design

Acceptance testing

Acceptance testing involves planning an execution of a functional test, performance test and
stress test to verify that the implemented system satisfies the requirement.
The acceptance testing is the final stage of the user the various possibilities of the data are
entered and the results are tested.

Validation testing

Software validation is achieved through a series of test that demonstrates the conformity and
requirements. Thus the proposed system under consideration has to be tested by validation
and found to be working satisfactorily. For example in customer enters phone number field
should contain number otherwise it produces an error message similarly in all the forms the
fields are validated

Testing results

All the tests should be traceable to customer requirements the focus of testing will shift
progressively from programs Exhaustive testing is not possible To be more effective testing
should be which has probability of finding errors

The following are the attributes of good test

1. A good test has a probability of finding a errors

2. A good test should be “best of breeds”

3. A good test to neither simple nor too complex

QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality assurance consists of the auditing and reporting functions of management. The goal
of quality assurance is to provide management with the data entries necessary to be informed
about the product quality thereby gaining the goal of insight and confidence that the product
quality is meeting

Greater emphasis on quality in organization requires quality assurance. To be an integral part

of the information system development .The development process must include checks
throughout the process to ensure that the final product meets the original user requirements.

Quality assurance thus becomes an important component of the development process It’s
included in the industry standard (IEEE 1993) On the development process quality assurance
process is integrated into a linear development cycle through validation and verification
performed at crucial system development steps .The goals of the management is to institute
and monitor a quality assurance program with in the development process

Quality assurance induces

1. Validation of the system against requirements

2. Checks for errors in design documents and in the system itself

3. Quality assurance for usability

Quality assurance Goals:

Correctness: The extent to which the program meets the system specifications and
user objectives

Reliablility: The degree to which the system performs its intended functions overtime

Efficiency: The amount of computer resources required by a program to perform a

function

Usability: The effort required learning and operating a system

Maintainability: To use with which program errors are located and corrected

Testability: The effort required a testing a program to ensure its correct performance
Portability: To ease of transporting a program from hardware configuration to another

Accuracy: The required position in input editing computation and output

GENERIC RISKS

Risk identification is the systematic attempt to specify threats to the project plan (estimates
the schedule resource overloading etc.). By identifying know and predictable risk the first
step is to avoiding them. When possible and controlling them when necessary there are two
types of risk.

1. Generic Risk
2. Product specific risk
Generic risks are potential threats to every software project. Only those with a clear
understanding of technology can identify product specific risk The people and the
environment that is specific to the project at a hand and to identify the product specific risk
and the project the plan and the software statement of scope are examined and answer to the
following question is developed.

What special characteristics of this product may threaten the project plan.

One method for identifying risk is to create a risk item and checklists. The checklist can be
used for risk identification and focus on some subset to know and predictable risk in the
following sub categories.

1. Product risk
2. Risk associated with overall size of software to built or modified
3. Business imparts
4. Risk associated with constraints imposed with management
5. Customer characteristics

Risk associated with sophisticated of the customer and developers ability to communicate
with the customer in a timely manner.

Different categories of risks are considered

Project Risks
It identify a potential budgetary, schedule, personnel like staffing, organizing, resource,
customer requirement, problems and their impact on a software project

Technical risks

Technical risks identify potential design implementation interface, verification, and

maintenance problems.

SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICIES

Any system developed should be secured & protected against possible hazards. Security
measures are provided to prevent unauthorized access to database at various levels. Password
protection & simple procedures to change the unauthorized access are provided to the users.

The user will have to enter the user name and password and if it is validated he can
participate in auction. Otherwise if he/she is a new user he should get registered and then he
can place an order

When he/she registered they should provide authentication through jpg files (like ration card
Xerox, voter identity card Xerox). A multi layer security architecture comprising firewalls
filtering routers encryption & digital certification must be assured in this project in real time
that order details are protected from unauthorized access.

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned into a
working system. The most crucial stage is achieving a successful new system and giving a
user confidence in that the new system will work efficiently and effectively in the
implementation stage. The stage consist of

 Testing a developed program with sample data

 Detection and correction of error
 Creating whether the system meets a user requirement.
 Making necessary changes as desired by users.
 Training user personal
 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES

The implementation phase is less creative than system design. A system design may be
dropped at any time prior to implementation, although it becomes more difficult when it goes
to the design phase. The final report of the implementation phase includes procedural
flowcharts, record layouts, and a workable plan for implementing the candidate system
design into a operational design.

USER TRAINING

It is designed to prepare the users for testing & converting the system. There is several ways
to trail the users they are:

1) User manual

2) Help screens

3) Training demonstrations.

1) User manual:
The summary of important functions about the system & software can be provided as a
document to the user. User training is designed to prepare the user for testing and convening
a system
The summary of important functions about the system and the software can be provided as a
document to the user

1. Open http page

2. Type the file name with URL index .php in the address bar
3. Index. php is opened existing user the type the username and password
4. Click the submit button
2) Help screens:
This features now available in every software package, especially when it is
used with a menu. The user selects the “Help” option from the menu. The System success the
necessary description or information for user reference.
3) Training demonstration:
Another user training element is a training demonstration. Live demonstration with
personal contact is extremely effective for training users.
OPERATIONAL DOCUMENTATION
Documentation means of communication; it establishes the design and performance criteria
of the project. Documentation is descriptive information that portrays the use and /or
operation of the system. The user will have to enter the user name and password if it is valid
he participate in auction. Otherwise if it is new user he needs to register

Documentation means of communication; it establishes design & performance criteria for

phases of the project. Documentation is descriptive information that portrays he use &/or
operation of the system.

1) Documentation tools:

Document production & desktop publishing tool support nearly ever aspect of software
developers. Most software development organizations spend a substantial amount of time
developing documents, and in many cases the documentation process itself is quite
inefficient. It is not use unusual for a software development effort on documentation. For this
reason, Documentation tools provide an important opportunity to improve productivity.

2) Document restructuring:

Creating document is far too timed consuming. If the system work’s, we’ll live with what we
have. In some cases, this is the correct approach. It is not possible to recreate document for
hundreds of computer programs.
Documentation must be updated, but we have limited resources. It may not be necessary to
fully redocument an application. Rather, those portions of the system that are currently
undergoing change are fully documented.

The system is business critical and must be fully redocumented. Even in this case, an
intelligent approach is to pare documentation to an essential minimum.

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is actually implementation of the review plan as important as it is

programmers and analyst is to perform or identify with him or herself with the maintenance.
There are psychologically personality, and professional reasons for this. Analyst and
programmers spend fair more time maintaining programmer then they do writing them
Maintenances account for 50-80% of total system development. Maintenance is
expensive .One way to reduce the maintenance costs are through maintenance mgt and
software modification audits Types of maintenance are

1. Perfective maintenance
2. Preventive maintenance
Perfective maintenance:

Changes made to the system to add features or to improve the performance.

Preventive maintenance:

Changes made to the system to avoid future problems. Any changes can be made in the
future and our project can adopt the changes.
Conclusion

The increased prices of new cars and the financial incapability of the customers to buy
them, Used Car sales are on a global increase. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a
Used Car Price Prediction system which effectively determines the worthiness of the car
using a variety of features. The proposed system will help to determine the accurate price
of used car price prediction.

FUTURE WORK

In future this machine learning model may bind with various website which can
provide real time data for price prediction. Also we may add large historical
data of car price which can help to improve accuracy of the machine learning
model. We can build an android app as user interface for interacting with user.
For better performance, we plan to judiciously design deep learning network
structures, use adaptive learning rates and train on clusters of data rather than
the whole dataset.
Book Reference

1) Head-First Python, 2nd edition Paul Barry (O’Reilly, 2016)

2) Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist, 2nd edition Allen B.
Downey (O’Reilly, 2015)

3) Learn Python 3 the Hard Way Zed A. Shaw (Addison-Wesley, 2016)

4) Real Python Course, Part 1 Real Python Team (Real Python, 2017)

5) Learning Python: Learn to code like a professional with Python by Fabrizio

Romano (Recommended and reviewed by Jay LaCroix)

WEBSITES

1) https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_reference.asp

2) http://webreference.com/programming/python/index-2.html

3) https://www.python.org/doc/

4) https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/basics/python-websites-tutorials

5) https://realpython.com/tutorials/web-dev/

6) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python_web_development_libraries/
index.htm

7) https://pythonprogramming.net/web-development-tutorials/

8) https://www.fullstackpython.com/web-development.html

9) https://pythonspot.com/web-dev/
DATASET

DATASET Import
DATA Pre Processing

X Split
Y Split

Predicted values

Accuracy score
Home page

Used car price Prediction

Sample Coding

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

import pickle

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

from sklearn.svm import SVR

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

df=pd.read_csv('dataset.csv')

df.info()

df.describe()

df.isnull().sum()

print(df['Fuel_Type'].unique())

print(df['Transmission'].unique())

print(df['Owner_Type'].unique())

df['Fuel_Type'] = df['Fuel_Type'].map({'CNG': 1 ,'Diesel': 2,'Petrol': 3,'LPG': 4, 'Electric':5})

df['Transmission'] = df['Transmission'].map({'Manual': 1 ,'Automatic': 2 })

df['Owner_Type'] = df['Owner_Type'].map({'First': 1 ,'Second': 2,'Third': 3,'Fourth & Above': 4})

cdf =
df[['Kilometers_Driven','Fuel_Type','Transmission','Owner_Type','Mileage','Engine','Power','Seats','Pr
ice']]

x = cdf.iloc[:, :8]

y = cdf.iloc[:, -1]
mileage=x['Mileage'].str.split(" ", expand = True)

Engine=x['Engine'].str.split(" ", expand = True)

Power=x['Power'].str.split(" ", expand = True)

x["Mileage"] = pd.to_numeric(mileage[0], errors = 'coerce')

x["Engine"] = pd.to_numeric(Engine[0], errors = 'coerce')

x["Power"] = pd.to_numeric(Power[0], errors = 'coerce')

print(sum(x["Mileage"].isnull()))

print(sum(x["Engine"].isnull()))

print(sum(x["Power"].isnull()))

print(sum(x["Seats"].isnull()))

x["Mileage"].fillna(x["Mileage"].astype("float64").mean(), inplace = True)

x["Engine"].fillna(x["Engine"].astype("float64").mean(), inplace = True)

x["Power"].fillna(x["Power"].astype("float64").mean(), inplace = True)

x["Seats"].fillna(x["Seats"].astype("float64").mean(), inplace = True)

#x= pd.get_dummies(x, columns = [ "Fuel_Type", "Transmission", "Owner_Type"], drop_first =

True)

x["Mileage"].astype("int")

x["Engine"].astype("int")

x["Power"].astype("int")

x["Seats"].astype("int")
app.py

import numpy as np

from flask import Flask,jsonify,render_template,request

import pickle

# from keras import models

file=open('my_model.pkl','rb')

model=pickle.load(file)

#file.close()

app=Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'])

def hello_world():

if request.method == 'POST':

mydict=request.form

Kilometers_Driven=mydict['Kilometers_Driven']

Fuel_Type=mydict['Fuel_Type']

Transmission=mydict['Transmission']

Owner_Type=mydict['Owner_Type']

Mileage=mydict['Mileage']

Engine=mydict['Engine']

Power=mydict['Power']

Seats=mydict['Seats']
input_feature=[Kilometers_Driven,Fuel_Type,Transmission,Owner_Type,Mileage,Engine,Power,Sea
ts]

#input_feature=[100,1,45,1,1,0]

#input_feature=[1,-1,0,1,-1,0,0,1,0]

infprob=model.predict([input_feature])

#infprob = infprob*100

return render_template('result.html',inf=infprob)

return render_template('index.html')

if __name__ == '__main__' :

app.run(debug=False)