Helmet and Number Plate Detection and Recognition using YOLOv3

Abstract

Motorcycles have always been the primary mode of transportation in developing

countries. Motorcycle accidents have increased in recent years. One of the main
reasons for fatalities in accidents is that a motorcyclist does not wear a protective
helmet. The most common way to ensure that motorcyclists wear a helmet is by
traffic police to manually monitor motorcyclists at road junctions or through
CCTV footage and to penalize those without a helmet. But it requires human
intervention and effort. This system proposes an automated system for detecting
motorcyclists who do not wear a helmet and a system for retrieving motorcycle
number plates from CCTV video footage. First, the system classifies moving
objects as motorcycling or non-motorcycling. In the case of a classified
motorcyclist, the head portion is located and classified as a helmet or non-helmet.
Finally, the motorcyclist without a helmet is identified. Further we have developed
a system which identifies the number plates
INTRODUCTION

Motorcycle Accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many
countries. The helmet is the main safety equipment of motorcyclists. However,
many drivers do not use it. The main goal of helmet is to protect the drivers head in
case of an accident. In such a case, if the motorcyclist does not use a helmet, it can
be fatal. It is not possible for traffic police force to watch every motorcycle and
detect the person who is not wearing a helmet. There was need to propose an
automated system that monitors motorcycles and detects the persons wearing
helmet or not and a system to detect number plates. In India, road accidents are
increasing very rapidly and lots of deaths occur due to head injuries as number of
people does not wear helmets. To avoid these actions, there is need for a system
that automatically detects the people who are not wearing a helmet and a system
that detects number plates of the motorcycles and extracts the vehicle number
which would help find the motorcyclist to be penalized. By doing this we propose
that rate of accidents will reduce and many lives will be saved
Existing system

The existing system first identifies motorcyclists and then checks whether rider and
pillion rider are wearing helmet or not using OpenCV and extracts number plate
using OCR. Our method is superior to existing algorithms in terms of both
resilience and effectiveness. A CNN model was created for the purpose of
detecting HELMETS and license plates in various photos. The major form of
mobility for motorcycles in poor countries has traditionally been the bicycle.
Recently, the number of motorcycle accidents has risen. One of the most common
causes of motorcycle-related deaths is that the rider is not wearing a helmet. In
order to ensure that motorcyclists wear a helmet, traffic police patrol road junctions
or review CCTV footage and penalize individuals who are spotted without a
protective device. Human intervention and effort are required to make this happen.
As a result, this method proposes an automated technique for detecting and
obtaining motorcycle number plates from CCTV video footage of riders who are
not wearing helmets. Motorcyclists and non-motorcyclists are first categorized by
the system. The classification of a motorcyclist's head is based on whether or not
he or she wears a helmet. At long last, the OCR algorithm can decipher the number
plate of the motorcycle driven by the rider who was not wearing a helmet
Proposed system

The Proposed system implements Helmet and Number Plate Detection and
Recognition in Python using YOLOv3 and some other Computer Vision
techniques. YOLOv3 target identification method is frequently utilized in industry;
however it does have certain drawbacks, such as accuracy loss in unbalanced
datasets. YOLO framework (You Only Look Once) approaches object
identification in a unique way. It predicts the bounding box coordinates and class
probabilities for these boxes using the full image as a single instance. The most
significant benefit of adopting YOLO is its incredible speed; it can process 45
frames per second. YOLO is also aware of the concept of generic object
representation. This is one of the best object detection algorithms.
Block Diagram
Modules

Phases of Development

1. Designing a module for functions to detect the helmet in the frame.

2. Designing a module to detect the number plate and extract the vehicle number
from frame.

3. Connecting all the modules together and testing the integrity and accuracy of the
system.

Implementation

1. Taking video as input.

2. Taking single frame from that input.
3. Checking if that frame contains a helmet.
4. Image Pre-processing In this step we will apply the image pre-processing
methods like grey scale conversion, image noise removal.
5. Image Feature Extraction In this step we will apply the image pixel
extraction methods to remove the image features from image.
6. Image Classification In this stage we will apply the picture classification
methods to distinguish the contaminated region and safe area from features.
7. Result In this step will show the final result detection result
8. If the helmet is present then going back to 2nd stage
9. If helmet is not present then giving this frame to the function which detects
number plate and extracts characters from it.
10.Repeating this procedure till the input is not empty/null
 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION: (MINIMUM REQUIREMENT)

PROCESSOR : DUAL CORE

HARD DISK CAPACITY : 400 GB

MONITOR : 14 “SAMTRON MONITOR

INTERNAL MEMORY CA : 2 GB

KEYBOARD : LOGITECH OF 104 KEYS

CPU CLOCK : 1.08 GHz

MOUSE : LOGITECH MOUSE

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:

OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7

LANGUAGE : PYTHON

BACKEND : MYSQL

TOOLS USED : FLASK

 PYTHON
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-
level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented
programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its
interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in
source or binary form for all major platforms. Python is a high-level, interpreted,
interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly
readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use
punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages. Python
can be used on a server to create web applications. Python works on different
platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc). Python can connect to
database systems. It can also read and modify files.
Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You
do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL
and PHP.
Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or
technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-
level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications
from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C+
+, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.
Often, programmers fall in love with Python because of the increased
productivity it provides. Since there is no compilation step, the edit-test-debug
cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging Python programs is easy: a bug or bad input will
never cause a segmentation fault. Instead, when the interpreter discovers an error, it
raises an exception. When the program doesn't catch the exception, the interpreter
prints a stack trace. A source level debugger allows inspection of local and global
variables, evaluation of arbitrary expressions, setting breakpoints, stepping through
the code a line at a time, and so on. The debugger is written in Python itself,
testifying to Python's introspective power. On the other hand, often the quickest
way to debug a program is to add a few print statements to the source: the fast edit-
test-debug cycle makes this simple approach very effective.
Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
language (itself inspired by SETL), capable of exception handling and interfacing
with the Amoeba operating system. Its implementation began in December 1989.
Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer,
until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from his
responsibilities as Python's Benevolent Dictator For Life, a title the Python
community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's
chief decision-maker.[37] He now shares his leadership as a member of a five-
person steering council. In January 2019, active Python core developers elected
Brett Cannon, Nick Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Carol Willing and Van Rossum to a
five-member "Steering Council" to lead the project.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 with many major new features,
including a cycle-detecting garbage collector and support for Unicode.

Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008. It was a major revision of the
language that is not completely backward-compatible. Many of its major features
were backported to Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x version series. Releases of Python 3
include the 2to3 utility, which automates (at least partially) the translation of
Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life date was initially set at 2015 then postponed to 2020 out
of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to
Python 3.
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented
programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of its
features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming
(including by metaprogramming and metaobjects (magic methods)). Many other
paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic
programming.
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a
cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management. It also features dynamic
name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during
program execution.
Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp
tradition. It has filter, map, and reduce functions; list comprehensions, dictionaries,
sets, and generator expressions. The standard library has two modules (itertools and
functools) that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML
Rather than having all of its functionality built into its core, Python was designed
to be highly extensible. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as
a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's
vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible
interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which espoused the opposite
approach
 MYSQL
MySQL Server is a powerful database management system and the user can create
application that requires little or no programming. It supports GUI features and an
entire programming language, Phpmyadmin which can be used to develop richer
and more developed application. There are quite a few reasons, the first being that
MySQL is a feature rich program that can handle any database related task you
have. You can create places to store your data build tools that make it easy to read
and modify your database contents, and ask questions of your data. MySQL is a
relational database, a database that stores information about related objects. In
MySQL that database means a collection of tables that hold data. It collectively
stores all the other related objects such as queries, forms and reports that are used to
implement function effectively.

The MySQL database can act as a back end database for PHP as a front end,
MySQL supports the user with its powerful database management functions. A
beginner can create his/her own database very simply by some mouse clicks.
Another good reason to use MySQL as backend tool is that it is a component of the
overwhelmingly popular Open source software.

MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System

(RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is the most popular
language for adding, accessing and managing content in a database. It is most
noted for its quick processing, proven reliability, ease and flexibility of use.
MySQL is an essential part of almost every open source PHP application. One of
the most important things about using MySQL is to have a MySQL specialized
host. Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael
Widenius's daughter and "SQL", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language.
MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General
Public License, and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses.
MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB, which
was bought by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation). In 2010, when Oracle
acquired Sun, Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create
MariaDB.

MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a
home-brewed lexical analyzer.[15] MySQL works on many system platforms,
including AIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, eComStation, i5/OS, IRIX, Linux,
macOS, Microsoft Windows, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris,
OS/2 Warp, QNX, Oracle Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO
UnixWare, Sanos and Tru64. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS also exists.

MySQL was created by a Swedish company, MySQL AB, founded by David

Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius. Original development of
MySQL by Widenius and Axmark began in 1994. The first version of MySQL
appeared on 23 May 1995. It was initially created for personal usage from mSQL
based on the low-level language ISAM, which the creators considered too slow and
inflexible. They created a new SQL interface, while keeping the same API as
mSQL. By keeping the API consistent with the mSQL system, many developers
were able to use MySQL instead of the (proprietarily licensed) mSQL antecedent.

MySQL is based on a client-server model. The core of MySQL is MySQL server,

which handles all of the database instructions (or commands). MySQL server is
available as a separate program for use in a client-server networked environment
and as a library that can be embedded (or linked) into seperate applications.
MySQL operates along with several utility programs which support the
administration of MySQL databases. Commands are sent to MySQLServer via the
MySQL client, which is installed on a computer. MySQL was originally developed
to handle large databases quickly. Although MySQL is typically installed on only
one machine, it is able to send the database to multiple locations, as users are able
to access it via different MySQL client interfaces. These interfaces send SQL
statements to the server and then display the results.

MySQL enables data to be stored and accessed across multiple storage engines,
including InnoDB, CSV, and NDB. MySQL is also capable of replicating data and
partitioning tables for better performance and durability. MySQL users aren't
required to learn new commands; they can access their data using standard SQL
commands.

The RDBMS supports large databases with millions records and supports many
data types including signed or unsigned integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 bytes long;
FLOAT; DOUBLE; CHAR; VARCHAR; BINARY; VARBINARY; TEXT;
BLOB; DATE; TIME; DATETIME; TIMESTAMP; YEAR; SET; ENUM; and
OpenGIS spatial types. Fixed- and variable-length string types are also supported
HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML)

HTML is an application of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML),

which was approved as an international standard in the year 1986. SGML provides
a way to encode hyper documents so they can be interchanged.

SGML is also a Meta language for formally describing document markup system.
Infact HTML uses SGML to define a language that describes a WWW hyper
document’s structure and inter connectivity.

Following the rigors of SGML, TBL bore HTML to the world in 1990. Since then,
many of us have it to be easy to use but sometimes quite limiting. These limiting
factors are being addressed but the World Wide Web Consortium (aka W3c) at
MIT. But HTML had to start somewhere, and its success argues that it didn’t start
out too badly.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for

documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by
technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as
JavaScript. HTML is a computer language devised to allow website creation.
These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the Internet. It is
relatively easy to learn, with the basics being accessible to most people in one
sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is constantly
undergoing revision and evolution to meet the demands and requirements of the
growing Internet audience under the direction of the W3C, the organisation
charged with designing and maintaining the language.

HyperText is the method by which you move around on the web — by clicking on
special text called hyperlinks which bring you to the next page. The fact that it is
hyper just means it is not linear — i.e. you can go to any place on the Internet
whenever you want by clicking on links — there is no set order to do things in.
Markup is what HTML tags do to the text inside them. They mark it as a certain
type of text (italicised text, for example). HTML is a Language, as it has code-
words and syntax like any other language.

HTML consists of a series of short codes typed into a text-file by the site author —
these are the tags. The text is then saved as a html file, and viewed through a
browser, like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This browser reads the file
and translates the text into a visible form, hopefully rendering the page as the
author had intended. Writing your own HTML entails using tags correctly to create
your vision. You can use anything from a rudimentary text-editor to a powerful
graphical editor to create HTML pages.

The tags are what separate normal text from HTML code. You might know them
as the words between the <angle-brackets>. They allow all the cool stuff like
images and tables and stuff, just by telling your browser what to render on the
page. Different tags will perform different functions. The tags themselves don’t
appear when you view your page through a browser, but their effects do. The
simplest tags do nothing more than apply formatting to some text

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage
and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the
structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the
appearance of the document.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs,
images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the
rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle
brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce content into the
page. Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information about document
text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the
HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript,

which affects the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the
look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former
maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has
encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML
Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It
describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML.
Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-
house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation
format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.

After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an
HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML
specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future
implementations should be based.

Of course, but since making websites became more popular and needs increased
many other supporting languages have been created to allow new stuff to happen,
plus HTML is modified every few years to make way for improvements.
Cascading Stylesheets are used to control how your pages are presented, and make
pages more accessible. Basic special effects and interaction is provided by
JavaScript, which adds a lot of power to basic HTML. Most of this advanced stuff
is for later down the road, but when using all of these technologies together, you
have a lot of power at your disposal.
CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the
presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a
cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content, including
layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility,
provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation
characteristics, enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the
relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the
structural content.

Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same
markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen,
in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-
based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is
accessed on a mobile device. The name cascading comes from the specified
priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches
a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by
RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS
documents. In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS
including XHTML, plain XML, SVG, and XUL.

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the
names of various style properties. A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule
or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.
Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were
contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element
alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly,
within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file,
the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML.

Stands for "Cascading Style Sheet." Cascading style sheets are used to format the
layout of Web pages. They can be used to define text styles, table sizes, and other
aspects of Web pages that previously could only be defined in a page's HTML.

CSS helps Web developers create a uniform look across several pages of a Web
site. Instead of defining the style of each table and each block of text within a
page's HTML, commonly used styles need to be defined only once in a CSS
document. Once the style is defined in cascading style sheet, it can be used by any
page that references the CSS file. Plus, CSS makes it easy to change styles across
several pages at once. For example, a Web developer may want to increase the
default text size from 10pt to 12pt for fifty pages of a Web site. If the pages all
reference the same style sheet, the text size only needs to be changed on the style
sheet and all the pages will show the larger text.

While CSS is great for creating text styles, it is helpful for formatting other aspects
of Web page layout as well. For example, CSS can be used to define the cell
padding of table cells, the style, thickness, and color of a table's border, and the
padding around images or other objects. CSS gives Web developers more exact
control over how Web pages will look than HTML does. This is why most Web
pages today incorporate cascading style sheets.

CSS is created and maintained through a group of people within the W3C called
the CSS Working Group. The CSS Working Group creates documents called
specifications. When a specification has been discussed and officially ratified by
the W3C members, it becomes a recommendation. These ratified specifications are
called recommendations because the W3C has no control over the actual
implementation of the language. Independent companies and organizations create
that software.

JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and

most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-
side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted
programming language with object-oriented capabilities. JavaScript was first
known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript, possibly
because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first
appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-purpose
core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other
web browsers

Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should
be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted
by the browser. It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can
include programs that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically
create HTML content. The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many
advantages over traditional CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use
JavaScript to check if the user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the
entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server. JavaScript can be
used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link navigation, and other
actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within
the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your
web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the
<head> tags.

The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script.

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs.
You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to
format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code
easy to read and understand. Simple statements in JavaScript are generally
followed by a semicolon character, just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript,
however, allows you to omit this semicolon if each of your statements are placed
on a separate line. For example, the following code could be written without
semicolons.

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,

variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters. So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey
different meanings in JavaScript.

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently,
you may need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains the
procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers: Internet
Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript often abbreviated as JS, is an interpreted programming language that

conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-
time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic typing,
prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. Alongside HTML and
CSS, JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web.
JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web
applications. The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior, and
all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it. As a
multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional, and
imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs)
for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the
Document Object Model (DOM). However, the language itself does not include
any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities, as the
host environment (usually a web browser) provides those APIs. Originally used
only in web browsers, JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side
website deployments and non-browser applications. Although there are similarities
between JavaScript and Java, including language name, syntax, and respective
standard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.
Flask

Flask is a web application framework written in Python. Armin Ronacher, who

leads an international group of Python enthusiasts named Pocco, develops it. Flask
is based on Werkzeug WSGI toolkit and Jinja2 template engine. Both are Pocco
projects. Flask is a micro web framework written in Python. It is classified as a
microframework because it does not require particular tools or libraries. It has no
database abstraction layer, form validation, or any other components where pre-
existing third-party libraries provide common functions. However, Flask supports
extensions that can add application features as if they were implemented in Flask
itself. Extensions exist for object-relational mappers, form validation, upload
handling, various open authentication technologies and several common
framework related tools. Extensions are updated far more frequently than the core
Flask program.

Web Application Framework or simply Web Framework represents a collection of

libraries and modules that enables a web application developer to write
applications without having to bother about low-level details such as protocols,
thread management etc. Flask is a web application framework written in Python. It
is developed by Armin Ronacher, who leads an international group of Python
enthusiasts named Pocco. Flask is based on the Werkzeug WSGI toolkit and Jinja2
template engine. Both are Pocco projects. Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)
has been adopted as a standard for Python web application development. WSGI is
a specification for a universal interface between the web server and the web
applications.

Python 2.6 or higher is usually required for installation of Flask. Although Flask
and its dependencies work well with Python 3 (Python 3.3 onwards), many Flask
extensions do not support it properly. Hence, it is recommended that Flask should
be installed on Python 2.7. virtualenv is a virtual Python environment builder. It
helps a user to create multiple Python environments side-by-side. Thereby, it can
avoid compatibility issues between the different versions of the libraries. This
command needs administrator privileges. Add sudo before pip on Linux/Mac OS.
If you are on Windows, log in as Administrator. On Ubuntu virtualenv may be
installed using its package manager. The route() function of the Flask class is a
decorator, which tells the application which URL should call the associated
function. Importing flask module in the project is mandatory. An object of Flask
class is our WSGI application. Flask constructor takes the name of current module
(__name__) as argument. The rule parameter represents URL binding with the
function. The options is a list of parameters to be forwarded to the underlying Rule
object. Finally the run() method of Flask class runs the application on the local
development server.

A Flask application is started by calling the run() method. However, while the
application is under development, it should be restarted manually for each change
in the code. To avoid this inconvenience, enable debug support. The server will
then reload itself if the code changes. It will also provide a useful debugger to track
the errors if any, in the application. The Debug mode is enabled by setting the
debug property of the application object to True before running or passing the
debug parameter to the run() method.

Modern web frameworks use the routing technique to help a user remember
application URLs. It is useful to access the desired page directly without having to
navigate from the home page. The route() decorator in Flask is used to bind URL
to a function. As a result, if a user visits http://localhost:5000/hello URL, the
output of the hello_world() function will be rendered in the browser. The
add_url_rule() function of an application object is also available to bind a URL
with a function as in the above example, route() is used. It is possible to build a
URL dynamically, by adding variable parts to the rule parameter. This variable
part is marked as <variable-name>. It is passed as a keyword argument to the
function with which the rule is associated. In the following example, the rule
parameter of route() decorator contains <name> variable part attached to URL
‘/hello’. Hence, if the http://localhost:5000/hello/TutorialsPoint is entered as a
URL in the browser, ‘TutorialPoint’ will be supplied to hello() function as
argument.

An advantage of using Flask might be the fact that this framework is light, and the
risk for encountering Flask security bugs is minimal. At the same time, a drawback
might be the fact that it requires quite some effort from the part of the programmer
in order to boost the list of dependencies via plugins. A great thing about Flask is
the template engine available. The purpose of such templates is to allow basic
layout configuration for web pages with the purpose of mentioning which element
is susceptible to change. As such, you will be able to define your template once
and keep it the same all over the pages of a website. With the aid of a template
engine, you will be able to save a lot of time when setting up your application, and
even when it comes to updates or maintenance issues. Overall, Flask is easy to
learn and manage as a scalable tool. It allows any type of approach or
programming technique, as there are no restrictions included on the app
architecture or data abstraction layers. You can even run it on embedded systems
like a Raspberry Pi. Your web app can be loaded on any device, including mobile
phone, desktop pc or even a tv. Besides, it benefits from a community that offers
support and solutions suggestions to a multitude of problems that programmers
might face when using Flask in Python. The core benefit of Flask is that the
programmer controls everything, while he or she will get a deeper understanding of
how internal mechanics of frameworks function.

Werkzeug

Werkzeug is a utility library for the Python programming language, in other words
a toolkit for Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) applications, and is licensed
under a BSD License. Werkzeug can realize software objects for request, response,
and utility functions. It can be used to build a custom software framework on top
of it and supports Python 2.6, 2.7 and 3.3

Jinja

Jinja (template engine)

Jinja, also by Ronacher, is a template engine for the Python programming language
and is licensed under a BSD License. Similar to the Django web framework, it
provides that templates are evaluated in a sandbox.

A framework "is a code library that makes a developer's life easier when building
reliable, scalable, and maintainable web applications" by providing reusable code
or extensions for common operations. There are a number of frameworks for
Python, including Flask, Tornado, Pyramid, and Django. Flask is an API of Python
that allows to build up web-applications. It was developed by Armin Ronacher.
Flask’s framework is more explicit than Django’s framework and is also easier to
learn because it have less base code to implement a simple web-Application. A
Web-Application Framework or Web Framework is the collection of modules and
libraries that helps the developer to write applications without writing the low-level
codes such as protocols, thread management, etc. Flask is based on WSGI(Web
Server Gateway Interface) toolkit and Jinja2 template engine
Why Flask?

 easy to use.
 built in development server and debugger
 integrated unit testing support
 RESTful request dispatching
 uses Jinja2 templating
 support for secure cookies (client side sessions)
 100% WSGI 1.0 compliant
 Unicode based
 extensively documented

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN CONCEPTS

System design is a “how to” approach to creation of a new system. System design
goes through 2 phases. They are

- Logical design

- Physical design

Logical design reviews the present physical system, prepares input and output
specifications, makes edit security and control specifications

Physical design maps out the details of the physical system, plans, system
implementation, device a test and implementation plan.
 DESIGN PROCESS

INPUT DESIGN

Input design is the process of converting the user-oriented. Input to a computer

based format. The goal of the input design is to make the data entry easier , logical
and free error. Errors in the input data are controlled by the input design. The
quality of the input determines the quality of the system output.

All the data entry screen are interactive in nature, so that the user can directly enter
into data according to the prompted messages. The user are also can directly enter
into data according to the prompted messages. The users are also provided with
option of selecting an appropriate input from a list of values. This will reduce the
number of error, which are otherwise likely to arise if they were to be entered by
the user itself.

Input design is one of the most important phase of the system design. Input design
is the process where the input received in the system are planned and designed, so
as to get necessary information from the user, eliminating the information that is
not required. The aim of the input design is to ensure the maximum possible levels
of accuracy and also ensures that the input is accessible that understood by the
user. The input design is the part of overall system design, which requires very
careful attention. If the data going into the system is incorrect then the processing
and output will magnify the errors.

The objectives considered during input design are:

 Nature of input processing.
 Flexibility and thoroughness of validation rules.
  Handling of properties within the input documents.
 Screen design to ensure accuracy and efficiency of the input relationship
with files.
 Careful design of the input also involves attention to error handling,
controls, batching and validation procedures.
Input design features can ensure the reliability of the system and produce result
from accurate data or they can result in the production of erroneous information.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

The first step is to draw a data flow diagram (DFD). The DFD was first developed
by Larry Constantine as a way of expressing system requirements in graphical
form.

A DFD also known as a “bubble chart” has the purpose of clarifying system
requirements and identifying major transformations that will become programs in
system design. So, it is the starting point of the design phase that functionally
decomposes the requirements specifications down to the lowest level of detail. A
DFD consists of series of bubbles join by the data flows in the system.

The purpose of data flow diagrams is to provide a semantic bridge between users
and systems developers. The diagrams are:

• Graphical, eliminating thousands of words;

• Logical representations, modeling WHAT a system does, rather than

physical models showing HOW it does it;

• Hierarchical, showing systems at any level of detail; and

• jargon less, allowing user understanding and reviewing.

 The goal of data flow diagramming is to have a commonly understood model of
a system. The diagrams are the basis of structured systems analysis. Data flow
diagrams are supported by other techniques of structured systems analysis such as
data structure diagrams, data dictionaries, and procedure-representing techniques
such as decision tables, decision trees, and structured English.

External Entity

An external entity is a source or destination of a data flow, which is outside the

area of study. Only those entities, which originate or receive data, are represented
on a business process diagram. The symbol used is an oval containing a
meaningful and unique identifier.

Process

A process shows a transformation or manipulation of data flows within the system.

The symbol used is a rectangular box, which contains 3 descriptive elements:
Firstly an identification number appears in the upper left hand corner. This is
allocated arbitrarily at the top level and serves as a unique reference. Secondly, a
location appears to the right of the identifier and describes where in the system the
process takes place.

Data Flow

A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A data
flow is represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow.
Information always flows to or from a process and may be written, verbal or
electronic. Each data flow may be referenced by the processes or data stores at its
head and tail, or by a description of its contents.

Data Store
A data store is a holding place for information within the system: It is represented
by an open ended narrow rectangle. Data stores may be long-term files such as
sales ledgers, or may be short-term accumulations: for example batches of
documents that are waiting to be processed. Each data store should be given a
reference followed by an arbitrary number.

Resource Flow

A resource flow shows the flow of any physical material from its source to its
destination. For this reason they are sometimes referred to as physical flows. The
physical material in question should be given a meaningful name. Resource flows
are usually restricted to early, high-level diagrams and are used when a description
of the physical flow of materials is considered to be important to help the analysis.

OUTPUT DESIGN

The output form of the system is either by screen or by hard copies. Output design
aims at communicating the results of the processing of the users. The reports are
generated to suit the needs of the users .The reports have to be generated with
appropriate levels. In our project outputs are generated by asp as html pages. As its
web application output is designed in a very user-friendly this will be through
screen most of the time.

CODE DESIGN

The main purpose of code design is to simplify the coding and to achieve better
performance and quality with free of errors. The coding is prepared in such a way
that the internal procedures are more meaningful validation manager is displayed
for each column. The coding of the variables is done in such a way that one other
than person who developed the packages can understand its purpose.
To reduce the server load, the project is designed in a way that most of the
Validation of fields is done as client side validation, which will be more effective.

DATABASE DESIGN

The database design involves creation of tables that are represented in physical
database as stored files. They have their own existence. Each table constitute of
rows and columns where each row can be viewed as record that consists of related
information and column can be viewed as field of data of same type. The table is
also designed with some position can have a null value.

The database design of project is designed in such a way values are kept without
redundancy and with normalized format.

DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

TOP DOWN APPROACH

The importance of new system is that it is user friendly and a better interface with
user’s working on it. It can overcome the problems of manual system and the
security problem.

Top down approach of software development is the incremental approach to the

construction of program structure. Modules are integrated by moving through the
control hierarchy, beginning with the main control module. Module subordinate to
the main control modules is incorporate into the structure in either a depth first or
breadth first manner.

The top down approach is performed in a serious of five steps

1. The main module that is overall software is divided into five modules that
are under the control of the main control module.
 2. Depending on the top down approach selected subordinate stubs is replaced
one at a time with actual components.
3. Tests are conducted as each component is integrated
4. On completion of each test another stub is replaced with real time
component.
5. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure the new errors have not been
introduced.

TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

SYSTEM TESTING

It is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding and ultimately
correcting errors. This fundamental philosophy does not change for web
applications, because web based system and applications reside on network and
inter-operate with many different operating systems, browsers, hardware platforms
and communication protocols. Thus searching for errors is significant challenge for
web applications.

Testing issues:

1. Client GUI should be considered.

2. Target environment and platform considerations
3. Distributed database considerations
4. Distributed processing consideration

TESTING AND METHODLOGIES

System testing is the state of implementation, which is aimed at ensuring that the
system works accurately and efficiently as expect before live operation,
commences. It certifies that the whole set of programs hang together System
testing requires a test plan that consists of several key activities and steps for run
program, string, system and user acceptance testing. The implementation of newly
design package is important in adopting a successful new system

Testing is important stage in software development. System test is implementation

should be a confirmation that all is correct and an opportunity to show the users
that the system works as they expected It accounts the largest percentage of
technical effort in software development process.

Testing phase is the development phase that validates the code against the
functional specifications. Testing is a vital to the achievement of the system goals.
The objective of testing is to discover errors. To fulfill this objective a series of test
step such as the unit test, integration test, validation and system test where planned
and executed.

Unit testing

Here each program is tested individually so any error apply unit is debugged. The
sample data are given for the unit testing. The unit test results are recorded for
further references. During unit testing the functions of the program unit validation
and the limitations are tested.

Unit testing is testing changes made in a existing or new program this test is
carried out during the programming and each module is found to be working
satisfactorily. For example in the registration form after entering all the fields we
click the submit button. When submit button is clicked, all the data in form are
validated. Only after validation entries will be added to the database.
Unit testing comprises the set of tests performed by an individual prior to
integration of the unit into large system. The situation is illustrated in as follows

Coding-> Debugging ->Unit testing -> Integration testing

The four categories of test that a programmer will typically perform on a program
unit

1.Functional test
2.Performance test
3.Stress Test
4.Structure test
Functional test involve exercising the code with nominal input values for
which the expected results are known as well as boundary values and special
values.

Performance testing determines the amount of execution time spent in various

parts of unit program through put and response time and device utilization by the
program.

A variation of stress testing called sensitivity testing in same situations a very

small range of data contained in a bound of valid data may cause extreme and even
erroneous processing or profound performance degradation.

Structured testing is concerned with a exercising the internal logic of a

program and traversing paths. Functional testing, stress testing performance testing
are referred as “black box” testing and structure testing is referred as “white box”
testing

VALIDATION TESTING
 Software validation is achieved through a serious of testes that demonstrate
conformity with requirements. Thus the proposed system under consideration has
been tested by validation & found to be working satisfactory.

OUTPUT TESTING

Asking the user about the format required by them tests the output generated by the
system under consideration .It can be done in two ways, One on screen and other
on printer format. The output format on the screen is found to be correct as the
format designed n system test.

SYSTEM TESTING
In the system testing the whole system is tested for interface between
each module and program units are tested and recorded. This testing
is done with sample data. The securities, communication between
interfaces are tested

System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary

purpose is to fully exercise the computer based system although each
test has a different purpose all work to verify that all system
elements properly integrated and perform allocate function.

It involves two kinds of activities namely

1. Integrated testing

2. Acceptance testing

Integrated testing
Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing tests to uncover errors
associated with interface.

Objective is to take unit tested modules and build a program structure that has been
dictated by design

Acceptance testing

Acceptance testing involves planning an execution of a functional test,

performance test and stress test to verify that the implemented system satisfies the
requirement.

The acceptance testing is the final stage of the user the various possibilities of the
data are entered and the results are tested.

Validation testing

Software validation is achieved through a series of test that demonstrates the

conformity and requirements. Thus the proposed system under consideration has to
be tested by validation and found to be working satisfactorily. For example in
customer enters phone number field should contain number otherwise it produces
an error message similarly in all the forms the fields are validated

Testing results

All the tests should be traceable to customer requirements the focus of testing will
shift progressively from programs Exhaustive testing is not possible To be more
effective testing should be which has probability of finding errors

The following are the attributes of good test

1. A good test has a probability of finding a errors

2. A good test should be “best of breeds”

3. A good test to neither simple nor too complex

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality assurance consists of the auditing and reporting functions of management.

The goal of quality assurance is to provide management with the data entries
necessary to be informed about the product quality thereby gaining the goal of
insight and confidence that the product quality is meeting

Greater emphasis on quality in organization requires quality assurance. To be an

integral part of the information system development .The development process
must include checks throughout the process to ensure that the final product meets
the original user requirements.

Quality assurance thus becomes an important component of the development

process It’s included in the industry standard (IEEE 1993) On the development
process quality assurance process is integrated into a linear development cycle
through validation and verification performed at crucial system development
steps .The goals of the management is to institute and monitor a quality assurance
program with in the development process

Quality assurance induces

1. Validation of the system against requirements

2. Checks for errors in design documents and in the system itself

3. Quality assurance for usability

Quality assurance Goals:

Correctness: The extent to which the program meets the system

specifications and user objectives

Reliablility: The degree to which the system performs its intended functions
overtime

Efficiency: The amount of computer resources required by a program to

perform a function

Usability: The effort required learning and operating a system

Maintainability: To use with which program errors are located and corrected

Testability: The effort required a testing a program to ensure its correct

performance

Portability: To ease of transporting a program from hardware configuration to

another

Accuracy: The required position in input editing computation and output

GENERIC RISKS

Risk identification is the systematic attempt to specify threats to the project plan
(estimates the schedule resource overloading etc.). By identifying know and
predictable risk the first step is to avoiding them. When possible and controlling
them when necessary there are two types of risk.

1. Generic Risk
 2. Product specific risk
Generic risks are potential threats to every software project. Only those with a
clear understanding of technology can identify product specific risk The people
and the environment that is specific to the project at a hand and to identify the
product specific risk and the project the plan and the software statement of scope
are examined and answer to the following question is developed.

What special characteristics of this product may threaten the project plan.

One method for identifying risk is to create a risk item and checklists. The
checklist can be used for risk identification and focus on some subset to know and
predictable risk in the following sub categories.

1. Product risk
2. Risk associated with overall size of software to built or modified
3. Business imparts
4. Risk associated with constraints imposed with management
5. Customer characteristics

Risk associated with sophisticated of the customer and developers ability to

communicate with the customer in a timely manner.

Different categories of risks are considered

Project Risks
It identify a potential budgetary, schedule, personnel like staffing, organizing,
resource, customer requirement, problems and their impact on a software project

Technical risks
Technical risks identify potential design implementation interface, verification, and
maintenance problems.

SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICIES

Any system developed should be secured & protected against possible hazards.
Security measures are provided to prevent unauthorized access to database at
various levels. Password protection & simple procedures to change the
unauthorized access are provided to the users.

The user will have to enter the user name and password and if it is validated he can
participate in auction. Otherwise if he/she is a new user he should get registered
and then he can place an order

When he/she registered they should provide authentication through jpg files (like
ration card Xerox, voter identity card Xerox). A multi layer security architecture
comprising firewalls filtering routers encryption & digital certification must be
assured in this project in real time that order details are protected from
unauthorized access.

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned
into a working system. The most crucial stage is achieving a successful new
system and giving a user confidence in that the new system will work efficiently
and effectively in the implementation stage. The stage consist of

 Testing a developed program with sample data

 Detection and correction of error
  Creating whether the system meets a user requirement.
 Making necessary changes as desired by users.
 Training user personal

IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES

The implementation phase is less creative than system design. A system design
may be dropped at any time prior to implementation, although it becomes more
difficult when it goes to the design phase. The final report of the implementation
phase includes procedural flowcharts, record layouts, and a workable plan for
implementing the candidate system design into a operational design.

USER TRAINING

It is designed to prepare the users for testing & converting the system. There is
several ways to trail the users they are:

1) User manual

2) Help screens

3) Training demonstrations.

1) User manual:
The summary of important functions about the system & software can be provided
as a document to the user. User training is designed to prepare the user for testing
and convening a system

The summary of important functions about the system and the software can be
provided as a document to the user
 1. Open http page
2. Type the file name with URL index .php in the address bar
3. Index. php is opened existing user the type the username and
password
4. Click the submit button
2) Help screens:
This features now available in every software package, especially when
it is used with a menu. The user selects the “Help” option from the menu. The
System success the necessary description or information for user reference.
3) Training demonstration:
Another user training element is a training demonstration. Live
demonstration with personal contact is extremely effective for training users.
OPERATIONAL DOCUMENTATION
Documentation means of communication; it establishes the design and
performance criteria of the project. Documentation is descriptive information that
portrays the use and /or operation of the system. The user will have to enter the
user name and password if it is valid he participate in auction. Otherwise if it is
new user he needs to register

Documentation means of communication; it establishes design & performance

criteria for phases of the project. Documentation is descriptive information that
portrays he use &/or operation of the system.

1) Documentation tools:

Document production & desktop publishing tool support nearly ever aspect of
software developers. Most software development organizations spend a substantial
amount of time developing documents, and in many cases the documentation
process itself is quite inefficient. It is not use unusual for a software development
effort on documentation. For this reason, Documentation tools provide an
important opportunity to improve productivity.
2) Document restructuring:

Creating document is far too timed consuming. If the system work’s, we’ll live
with what we have. In some cases, this is the correct approach. It is not possible to
recreate document for hundreds of computer programs.

Documentation must be updated, but we have limited resources. It may not be

necessary to fully redocument an application. Rather, those portions of the system
that are currently undergoing change are fully documented.

The system is business critical and must be fully redocumented. Even in this case,
an intelligent approach is to pare documentation to an essential minimum.

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is actually implementation of the review plan as important as it

is programmers and analyst is to perform or identify with him or herself with the
maintenance. There are psychologically personality, and professional reasons for
this. Analyst and programmers spend fair more time maintaining programmer then
they do writing them Maintenances account for 50-80% of total system
development. Maintenance is expensive .One way to reduce the maintenance costs
are through maintenance mgt and software modification audits Types of
maintenance are

1. Perfecti
ve maintenance
2. Prevent
ive maintenance
Perfective maintenance:

Changes made to the system to add features or to improve the performance.

Preventive maintenance:

Changes made to the system to avoid future problems. Any changes can be
made in the future and our project can adopt the changes.
Book Reference

1) Head-First Python, 2nd edition Paul Barry (O’Reilly, 2016)

2) Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist, 2nd edition Allen B.
Downey (O’Reilly, 2015)

3) Learn Python 3 the Hard Way Zed A. Shaw (Addison-Wesley, 2016)

4) Real Python Course, Part 1 Real Python Team (Real Python, 2017)

5) Learning Python: Learn to code like a professional with Python by Fabrizio

Romano (Recommended and reviewed by Jay LaCroix)

WEBSITES

1) https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_reference.asp

2) http://webreference.com/programming/python/index-2.html

3) https://www.python.org/doc/

4) https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/basics/python-websites-tutorials

5) https://realpython.com/tutorials/web-dev/

6) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python_web_development_libraries/
index.htm

7) https://pythonprogramming.net/web-development-tutorials/

8) https://www.fullstackpython.com/web-development.html

9) https://pythonspot.com/web-dev/
Screenshot

With helmet

Without helmet

Numberplate
Sample Code

import cv2

import numpy as np

import random

import os

from PIL import Image

import time

import imutils

from tensorflow.keras.models import load_model

os.environ['TF_FORCE_GPU_ALLOW_GROWTH'] = 'true'

net = cv2.dnn.readNet("yolov3-custom_7000.weights", "yolov3-custom.cfg")

net.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_CUDA)

net.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CUDA)

model = load_model('helmet-nonhelmet_cnn.h5')

print('model loaded!!!')

cap = cv2.VideoCapture('testing videos/test2.mp4')

COLORS = [(0,255,0),(0,0,255)]
fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*"XVID")

writer = cv2.VideoWriter('output.avi', fourcc, 5,(888,500))

writer = VideoWriter('output.avi',(frame.shape[1], frame.shape[0]))

writer.open()

def helmet_or_nohelmet(helmet_roi):

try:

helmet_roi = cv2.resize(helmet_roi, (224, 224))

helmet_roi = np.array(helmet_roi,dtype='float32')

helmet_roi = helmet_roi.reshape(1, 224, 224, 3)

helmet_roi = helmet_roi/255.0

return int(model.predict(helmet_roi)[0][0])

except:

pass

layer_names = net.getLayerNames()

output_layers = [layer_names[i[0] - 1] for i in net.getUnconnectedOutLayers()]

ret = True

while ret:
 ret, img = cap.read()

img = imutils.resize(img,height=500)

# img = cv2.imread('test.png')

height, width = img.shape[:2]

blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(img, 0.00392, (416, 416), (0, 0, 0), True,

crop=False)

net.setInput(blob)

outs = net.forward(output_layers)

confidences = []

boxes = []

classIds = []

for out in outs:

for detection in out:

scores = detection[5:]

class_id = np.argmax(scores)

confidence = scores[class_id]

if confidence > 0.3:

center_x = int(detection[0] * width)

center_y = int(detection[1] * height)

 w = int(detection[2] * width)

h = int(detection[3] * height)

x = int(center_x - w / 2)

y = int(center_y - h / 2)

boxes.append([x, y, w, h])

confidences.append(float(confidence))

classIds.append(class_id)

indexes = cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(boxes, confidences, 0.5, 0.4)

for i in range(len(boxes)):

if i in indexes:

x,y,w,h = boxes[i]

color = [int(c) for c in COLORS[classIds[i]]]

# green --> bike

# red --> number plate

if classIds[i]==0: #bike

helmet_roi = img[max(0,y):max(0,y)+max(0,h)//4,max(0,x):max(0,x)
+max(0,w)]

else: #number plate

x_h = x-60
 y_h = y-350

w_h = w+100

h_h = h+100

cv2.rectangle(img, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), color, 7)

# h_r = img[max(0,(y-330)):max(0,(y-330 + h+100)) , max(0,(x-

80)):max(0,(x-80 + w+130))]

if y_h>0 and x_h>0:

h_r = img[y_h:y_h+h_h , x_h:x_h +w_h]

c = helmet_or_nohelmet(h_r)

cv2.putText(img,['helmet','no-helmet'][c],(x,y-
100),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,2,(0,255,0),2)

cv2.rectangle(img, (x_h, y_h), (x_h + w_h, y_h + h_h),(255,0,0), 10)

writer.write(img)

cv2.imshow("Image", img)

if cv2.waitKey(1) == 27:

break

writer.release()

cap.release()

cv2.waitKey(0)

cv2.destroyAllWindows()